رابطه بین نگرش به سالمندی و احساس تنهایی از طریق نقش میانجی تاب‌آوری و عزت نفس در سالمندان ایرانی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه روان‌شناسی،دانشکده علوم اجتماعی،دانشگاه رازی،کرمانشاه،ایران

2 مرکز تحقیقات قلب و عروق، پژوهشکده سلامت، بیمارستان امام علی (ع)، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کرمانشاه، کرمانشاه، ایران

3 گروه روان‌شناسی بالینی و روان‌زیست‌شناسی، دانشگاه بارسلونا، بارسلونا، اسپانیا

10.22126/jap.2025.11692.1833

چکیده

نگرش افراد نسبت به سالمندی نقش مهمی در کیفیت زندگی آنها دارد و به‌ویژه می‌تواند در کاهش احساس تنهایی مؤثر باشد. عوامل روان‌شناختی مانند تاب‌آوری و عزت‌نفس ممکن است به عنوان میانجی‌های مؤثری در کاهش اثرات منفی تغییرات ناشی از سالمندی بر احساس تنهایی عمل کنند. بر این اساس، پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی رابطه‌ی نگرش نسبت به سالمندی و احساس تنهایی، با نقش میانجی تاب‌آوری و عزت‌نفس، در سالمندان ۶۰ سال به بالا در ایران انجام شد. این مطالعه از نوع توصیفی‌‌-همبستگی بوده و از مدل‌یابی معادلات ساختاری بهره گرفته است. جامعه‌ آماری شامل سالمندان ساکن استان کرمانشاه در سال 1403 بود و نمونه‌ای شامل ۳۲۰ نفر به روش نمونه‌گیری در دسترس انتخاب شد. داده‌ها به صورت حضوری و با پرسش‌نامه‌های استاندارد گردآوری شد که شامل مقیاس نگرش به سالمندی لیدلاو و همکاران، مقیاس تاب‌آوری کانر و دیویدسون، مقیاس عزت‌نفس روزنبرگ و مقیاس تنهایی UCLA بودند. داده‌های جمع‌آوری‌شده با نرم‌افزارهای SPSS-26 وAMOS-24 تحلیل شدند. یافته‌ها نشان داد که نگرش مثبت‌تر به سالمندی با احساس تنهایی کمتر ارتباط دارد. این رابطه هم به‌صورت مستقیم و هم از طریق میانجی‌گری تاب‌آوری و عزت‌نفس مشاهده شد. تاب‌آوری و عزت‌نفس نقش میانجی معناداری در رابطه‌ بین نگرش نسبت به سالمندی و احساس تنهایی ایفا کردند. اگرچه برای بررسی مسیر علّی، مطالعات طولی مورد نیاز است، اما نتایج این پژوهش بر اهمیت تقویت عوامل روان‌شناختی مانند تاب‌آوری و عزت‌نفس و نیز پرورش نگرش مثبت به سالمندی به عنوان راهبردهایی کلیدی برای کاهش انزوای اجتماعی در سالمندان تأکید دارد. این یافته‌ها می‌توانند بینش‌های ارزشمندی برای تدوین سیاست‌ها و برنامه‌های حمایتی و جامع در جهت کاهش احساس تنهایی در سالمندان ارائه دهند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

The Relationship Between Attitudes Toward Aging and Feelings of Loneliness Through the Mediating Role of Resilience and Self-Esteem in Iranian Older Adults

نویسندگان [English]

  • Khodamorad Momeni 1
  • Parisa Janjani 2
  • Serena Sabatini 3
  • Parisa Nosrati 1
1 Dept. of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
2 Cardiovascular Research Center, Health Institute, Imam Ali Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
3 Dept. of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
چکیده [English]

Individuals’ attitudes toward aging (ATA) play a crucial role in their quality of life, particularly in reducing feelings of loneliness. Psychological factors such as resilience and self-esteem may serve as effective mediators in mitigating the negative effects of aging-related changes on loneliness. Therefore, this study aims to examine the relationship between ATA and loneliness, with the mediating roles of resilience and self-esteem in older adults (60 and over) in Iran. This study utilized a descriptive-correlational design, using structural equation modeling (SEM). The target population consisted of older adults residing in Kermanshah Province, Iran in 2024. A sample of 320 participants was selected through convenience sampling. Data were collected in person using standardized questionnaires, including Laidlaw et al.’s ATA Scale, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and UCLA Loneliness Scale. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS26 and AMOS24 software. Findings revealed that higher positive ATA was associated with lower loneliness. This effect was observed both directly and indirectly through the mediation of resilience and self-esteem. Resilience and self-esteem played a significant mediating role in the relationship between ATA and loneliness. Although longitudinal evidence is needed to investigate the causal pathway, the results of the current study suggest that it may be important to enhance psychological factors, such as resilience and self-esteem, as well as to foster positive ATA, as key strategies to reduce social isolation among older adults. These results offer valuable insights for developing supportive policies and comprehensive programs to reduce the sense of loneliness in older adults.
EXTENDED ABSTRACT
 Introduction
Loneliness emerges as one of the critical challenges in the aging process, profoundly affecting individuals’ mental health, well-being, and longevity. Loneliness affects the emotional, social, and physical dimensions of life and is associated with negative outcomes such as depression, anxiety, and social isolation. Additionally, loneliness can itself be a consequence of social isolation, creating a reinforcing cycle. Among factors influencing loneliness, subjective aging is particularly significant, referring to individuals’ perceptions of their own aging process, which can differ from their chronological age. Several measures exist to assess subjective aging, including felt age, aging perceptions, awareness of age-related changes and attitudes toward aging (ATA, individuals’ feelings and beliefs about their personal aging experience). ATA is associated with better physical and mental health, improved cognitive functioning, and prolonged life expectancy. Individuals with positive ATA focus on age-related gains, such as greater freedom and accumulated wisdom. In contrast, negative ATA is characterized by a focus on losses, such as decreased energy and memory decline, which can contribute to loneliness and psychological distress. Resilience and self-esteem are vital psychological factors that mediate the relationship between ATA and loneliness. Resilience enables individuals to recover quickly and adapt to adversity, while self-esteem represents an individual’s sense of self-worth and competence. Despite the importance of these factors, their mediating roles in the context of ATA and loneliness remain insufficiently explored. This study aims to examine the relationship between ATA and loneliness, along with the mediating roles of resilience and self-esteem.
Method
This cross-sectional study employed a descriptive-correlational design using structural equation modeling (SEM). The statistical population included all individuals aged 60 years and older residing in Kermanshah Province, Iran, in 2024–2025. A total of 320 participants (148 men and 172 women) were recruited through convenience sampling. The inclusion criteria were: (1) being aged 60 years or older, (2) residing in Kermanshah Province, Iran, and (3) willingness to participate. Exclusion criteria included (1) having used psychiatric medication for less than six months, and (2) scoring below 21 on Folstein et al.’s Mini-Mental State Examination. Participants completed Laidlaw et al.’s ATA, Connor-Davidson resilience, Rosenberg self-esteem, and UCLA loneliness scales. For individuals who experienced difficulty completing the questionnaires due to age-related limitations or low literacy skills, family members were asked to read the questions aloud and record the answers. A total of 350 surveys were initially collected, of which 30 incomplete forms were excluded, resulting in a final sample of 320 participants. The collected data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficients and SEM in SPSS-24 and AMOS-24 software.
Results
Prior to conducting the analysis, the assumptions of SEM, including normal distribution, error independence, multicollinearity, and linearity, were assessed. The normality of the variables was examined using skewness and kurtosis, and the results confirmed that the distribution of all variables was normal (i.e., values ranging from –2 to +2). Error independence was evaluated using the Durbin-Watson test, which demonstrated no autocorrelation among the errors (D.W= 1.84; acceptable range
between 1.5 and 2.5). Multicollinearity among predictor variables was assessed using the Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) and tolerance values. The results indicated no multicollinearity, with VIF values less than 10 and tolerance values greater than 0.1. Lastly, the assumption of linearity between the independent and dependent variables was verified through Pearson's correlation analysis.
The results indicated that the direct effects among the research variables were statistically significant (p<.01). Path coefficients demonstrated the following relationships. ATA was associated with resilience (β=.19, t=3.49, p<.001), self-esteem (β=.29, t=6.40, p<.001), and loneliness (β=-.30, t=-8.04, p<.001). Resilience was negatively associated with loneliness (β=-.48, t=-5.77, p<.001), and self-esteem was negatively associated with loneliness (β=-.35, t =-6.63, p<.001). To assess the mediating roles of resilience and self-esteem in the relationship between ATA and loneliness, Sobel’s test was conducted. Results confirmed the significance of both mediators, with resilience (z=10.82, p<.001) and self-esteem (z=10.45, p<.001) playing substantial roles in mediating the relationship between ATA and loneliness.
Conclusion
This study aimed to explore the mediating roles of resilience and self-esteem in the relationship between ATA and loneliness. As hypothesized, both resilience and self-esteem significantly mediated this relationship. A negative correlation was observed between ATA and loneliness, indicating that a positive ATA is correlated with decreased feelings of loneliness. Positive ATA can mitigate the impact of age-related losses, while negative attitudes can exacerbate feelings of loneliness. The first hypothesis, asserting the relationship between ATA and loneliness via resilience, was supported. Higher resilience was associated with lower levels of loneliness, as resilience aids in reducing negative emotions and loneliness. Resilience plays a critical role in helping older adults adapt to changes, emotional needs, and social network contraction associated with aging. The second hypothesis, regarding the relationship between ATA and loneliness via self-esteem, was also supported. Higher self-esteem correlated with lower levels of loneliness, suggesting that individuals with higher self-esteem tend to maintain more satisfying interpersonal relationships and a more positive self-image. Furthermore, self-esteem reinforced by a positive ATA was found to predict loneliness effectively. Limitations include reliance on self-report measures, which may affect the validity of the results, and the cross-sectional design, limiting causal interpretations. Future research could employ longitudinal studies to establish causality, integrate additional predictors, and explore cultural differences to enhance the generalizability of findings. Addressing loneliness among older adults and fostering resilience and self-esteem through targeted interventions could significantly improve their psychological and social well-being.
Ethical Considerations
This research adhered to all ethical guidelines. Informed consent was obtained from participants, and their confidentiality was maintained. Participation in the study was voluntary, and data were used solely for research purposes.
Financial Support
This research did not receive any financial support.
Authors’ Contributions
Kh.M and P.J: Conceptualization, design, Writing - Review & editing, Visualization; S.S: Conceptualization, Writing - Review & Editing; P.N: Writing - Original draft, Data curation, Software, Validation, Formal analysis.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to express their gratitude to all the participants for their valuable contribution to this research.
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کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • attitudes toward aging
  • loneliness
  • self-esteem
  • resilience
  • older adults
منابع
خسروان، ش.، علویانی، م .، عالمی، ع .، و توکلی زاده، ج . (1393). همه گیرشناسی احساس تنهایی در زنان سالمند، پژوهش و سلامت، 4(4)، 871-778.
بحیرایی، ه.، دلاور، ع.، و احدی، ح. (1385). هنجاریابی مقیاس احساس تنهایی UCLA (نسخه سوم) در جامعه‌ی دانشجویان مستقر در تهران. روانشناسی کاربردی، 18(74)، 18-6.
علی‌پور، ف.، سجادی، ح.، فروزان، آ.، بیگلریان، ا.، و جلیلیان، ع. (1387). کیفیت زندگی سالمندان منطقه 2 تهران. سالمند: مجله سالمندی ایران، 3(3 و 4)، 83-75.
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