اثر بخشی مشاوره گروهی مبتنی بر مرور زندگی بر معنای زندگی سالمندان

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری روانشناسی، دانشکده روانشناسی و علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران

2 استادیار گروه روانشناسی، دانشکده روانشناسی و علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران

3 دانشیار گروه روانشناسی، دانشکده روانشناسی و علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

معنای زندگی اصلی مهم در تشخیص بهزیستی، سلامت و کیفیت زندگی سالمندان است. با این وجود این موضوع کمتر مورد توجه پژوهشگرانقرار گرفته است. بر این اساس هدف اصلی این پژوهش تعیین اثربخشی مشاوره گروهی مبتنی بر مرور زندگی بر معنای زندگی سالمندان بود. پژوهش حاضر از نوع نیمه تجربی با طرح پیش‌آزمون-پس‌آزمون و پیگیری همراه با گروه کنترل بود. جامعه آماری شامل کلیه سالمندان عضو فرهنگ­سراهای شهر تهران بودند که از میان آنها فرهنگ­سرای ملل و امید به صورت تصادفی انتخاب شد. انتخاب اعضای نمونه از طریق نمونه‌گیری در دسترس بود و از بین افرادی که نمره پایین­تر از نقطه برش در پرسش‌نامه معنای زندگی گرامباف و ماهولیک داشتند تعداد 8 نفر از هر فرهنگ­سرا انتخاب شدند. مداخله مرور زندگی به صورت هفتگی در 15 جلسه 90 دقیقه­ای برگزار شد. تجزیه و تحلیل نتایج با استفاده از تحلیل کواریانس نشانگر آن بود که مشاوره مرور زندگی بر معناجویی سالمندان اثرگذار است (05/0>p ). با توجه به یافته‌های پژوهش می‌توان نتیجه گرفت که این درمان به عنوان یک درمان مؤثر می‌تواند توسط روان‌شناسان و مشاوران برای سالمندان مورد استفاده قرار گیرد. 
 

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

The Effectiveness of Life Review Based Group Counseling on Meaning in Life in the Elderly

نویسندگان [English]

  • mohammadhosein asoodeh 1
  • farshad mohsenzadeh 2
  • kyanoosh zahrakar 3
1 PhD Student of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
3 Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Meaning in life seems to be a significant factor in characterizing the elderly’s well-being, health and quality of life. However, meaning in life has scarcely been covered by researchers. Hence, the main purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of life review based group counseling on meaning in life in the elderly. This study was a quasi-experimental of pretest-posttest and control group with a follow-up design. The statistical population consisted of all the aged the member of community centers in Tehran, Iran, of which Omid and Melal were selected randomly. It was convenience sampling through which the statistical samples were selected in that selected among people who had been scored less than the cut-off point in Crumbaugh and Maholick's Purpose in Life Test were eight participants from each community center. Life review intervention was performed through 15 weekly 90-minute sessions. Having been undergone through the Analysis of Covariance‌, the results demonstrated that the life review intervention has a significant effect on meaning in life in the elderly (p < 0.05). Accordingly, it can be concluded that the life review can be utilized by psychologists and counselors as an effective therapy for the elderly.
References

Baumeister, R. F., & Vohs, K. D. (2002). The pursuit of meaningfulness in life. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Bonebright, C. A., Clay, D. L., & Ankenmann, R. D. (2000). The relationship of workaholism with work–life conflict, life satisfaction, and purpose in life. Journal of counseling psychology, 47(4), 469-477.
Bohlmeijer, E., Smit, F., Cuijpers, P. (2003). Effects of reminiscence and life review on late-life depression: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18, 1088–1094.
Bohlmeijer, E. T., Westerhof, G. J., & Emmerik-de Jong M. (2008). The effects of integrative reminiscence on meaning in life: Results of a quasi-experimental study. Aging and Mental Health,12(5), 639-46.
Brandstätter, M., Baumann, U., Borasio, G. D., & Fegg, M. J. (2012). Systematic review of meaning in life assessment instruments. PsychoOncology, 21(10), 1034-1052.
Brassai, L., Piko, B. F., & Steger, M. F. (2011). Meaning in life: Is it a protective factor for adolescents’ psychological health? International journal of behavioral medicine, 18(1), 44-51.
Burnside, I., & Haight, B. (1994). Reminiscence and life review: therapeutic interventions for older people. The Nurse Practitioner, 19(4), 55-61.
Butler, R. N. (1963). The life review: An interpretation of reminiscence in the aged. Psychiatry, 26(1), 65-76.
Chiang, K. J., Chu, H., Chang, H. J., Chung, M. H., Chen, C. H., Chiou, H. Y., & Chou, K. R. (2010). The effects of reminiscence therapy on psychological well‐being, depression, and loneliness among the institutionalized aged. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: A journal of the psychiatry of late life and allied sciences, 25(4), 380-388.
Chueh, K. H., & Chang, T. Y. (2014). Effectiveness of group reminiscence therapy for depressive symptoms in male veterans: 6‐month follow‐up. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 29(4), 377-383.
Crumbaugh, J., & Maholick, L. (1969). Manual of Instructions for the PIL Test. Munster, IN: Psychometric Affiliates.
Cusveller, B., & Schep-Akkerman, A. (2016). Towards a competency assessment tool for nurses in ethics meetings. Nursing Ethics, 23(4), 413-420.
Elias, S. M. S., Neville, C., & Scott, T. (2015). The effectiveness of group reminiscence therapy for loneliness, anxiety and depression in older adults in long-term care: A systematic review. Geriatric Nursing, 36(5), 372-380.
Erikson, E. H., & Erikson, J. M. (1998). The life cycle completed (extended version). New York, W. W. Norton & Company.
Haber, D. (2006). Life review: Implementation, theory, research, and therapy. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 63(2), 153-171.
Hupkens, S., Machielse, A., Goumans, M., & Derkx, P. (2016). Meaning in life of older persons: An integrative literature review. Nursing Ethics, 0969733016680122.
Ju, H., Shin, J. W., Kim, C.-w., Hyun, M.-h., & Park, J.-w. (2013). Mediational effect of meaning in life on the relationship between optimism and well-being in community elderly. Archives of gerontology and geriatrics, 56(2), 309-313.
King, L. A., Hicks, J. A., Krull, J. L., & Del Gaiso, A. K. (2006). Positive affect and the experience of meaning in life. Journal of personality and social psychology, 90(1), 179-196.
Kunz, J. A., & Soltys, F. G. (2007). Transformational reminiscence: Life story work. Springer Publishing Company.
Lan, X., Xiao, H., Chen, Y., & Zhang, X. (2018). Effects of life review intervention on life satisfaction and personal meaning among older adults with frailty. Journal of psychosocial nursing and mental health service, 56(7), 30-36
Lin, Y. C., Dai, Y. T., & Hwang, S. L. (2003). The effect of reminiscence on the elderly population: a systematic review. Public health nursing, 20(4), 297-306.
MacKinlay, E., & Trevitt, C. (2010). Living in aged care: Using spiritual reminiscence to enhance meaning in life for those with dementia. International journal of mental health nursing, 19(6), 394-401.
Majzoobi, M. R, Momeni, K., Amani, R., Hojjat Khah, M. (2012). The effectiveness of structured group reminiscence on the enhancement of the elderlys’ life quality and happiness. Developmental Psychology (Journal of Iranian Psychologists), 9(34), 182-202. [Persian]

Marsh, A., Smith, L., Piek, J., & Saunders, B. (2003). The purpose in life scale: Psychometric properties for social drinkers and drinkers in alcohol treatment. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 63(5), 859-871.
Marshall, M. (2011). Prism of meaning. Guide to the Fundamental Principles of Viktor E. Frankl’s Logotherapy. The Canadian Institute of Logotherapy, Canada: Author (Unpublished). Retrieved from Retrieved from www.logotherapy.ca
Meléndez-Moral, J. C., Charco-Ruiz, L., Mayordomo-Rodríguez, T., & Sales-Galán, A. (2013). Effects of a reminiscence program among institutionalized elderly adults. Psicothema, 25(3), 319-323.
Molinari, V., & Reichlin, R. E. (1985). Life review reminiscence in the elderly: A review of the literature. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 20(2), 81-92.
Moore, S. L., Metcalf, B., & Schow, E. (2006). The quest for meaning in aging. Geriatric Nursing, 27(5), 293-299.
Pattakos, A., & Dundon, E. (2017). Prisoners of our thoughts: Viktor Frankl's principles for discovering meaning in life and work. Oakland, CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
Ranheim, A., & Dahlberg, K. (2012). Expanded Awareness as a Way to Meet the Challenges in Care that is Economically Driven and Focused on Illness-A Nordic Perspective. Aporia: The Nursing Journal 4(4), 20-24
Reker, G. T., & Chamberlain, K. (2000). Exploring existential meaning: Optimizing Human Development across the Life Span. Thousand Oaks, Calif: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(4), 719-727.
Ryff, C. D., & Heidrich, S. M. (1997). Experience and well-being: Explorations on domains of life and how they matter. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 20, 193-206.
Sivis, R., & Demir, A. (2007). The efficacy of reminiscence therapy on the life satisfaction of Turkish older adults: A preliminary study. Turkish Journal of Geriatrics, 10(3), 131-137
Snyder, C. R., Lopez, S. J., & Pedrotti, J. T. (2010). Positive psychology: The scientific and practical explorations of human strengths. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Steger, M. F., Kawabata, Y., Shimai, S., & Otake, K. (2008). The meaningful life in Japan and the United States: Levels and correlates of meaning in life. Journal of Research in Personality, 42(3), 660-678.
Stevens-Ratchford, R. G. (1993). The effect of life review reminiscence activities on depression and self-esteem in older adults. American journal of occupational therapy, 47(5), 413-420.
Stinson, CK. (2009). Structured group reminiscence: an intervention for older adults.Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 40(11), 521-528
Thorgrimsen, L., Schweitzer, P., & Orrell, M. (2002). Evaluating reminiscence for people with dementia: A pilot study. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 29(2), 93-97.
Van Bogaert, P., Van Grinsven, R., Tolson, D., Wouters, K., Engelborghs, S., & Van der Mussele, S. (2013). Effects of SolCos model-based individual reminiscence on older adults with mild to moderate dementia due to Alzheimer disease: A pilot study. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 14(7), 528.
Van Orden, K. A., Bamonti, P. M., King, D. A., & Duberstein, P. R. (2012). Does perceived burdensomeness erode meaning in life among older adults? Aging & mental health, 16(7), 855-860.
Vincent, G. K., & Velkoff, V. A. (2010). The next four decades: The older population in the United States: 2010 to 2050. US Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration: US Census Bureau.
Westerhof, G. J., Bohlmeijer, E. T., van Beljouw, I. M., & Pot, A. M. (2010). Improvement in personal meaning mediates the effects of a life review intervention on depressive symptoms in a randomized controlled trial. The Gerontologist, 50(4), 541-549.
Wnuk, M., Marcinkowski, J. T., & Fobair, P. (2012). The relationship of purpose in life and hope in shaping happiness among patients with cancer in Poland. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 30(4), 461-483.
Zauszniewski, J., Eggenschwiler, K., Preechawong, S., Roberts, B., & Morris, D. (2006). Effects of teaching resourcefulness skills to elders. Aging & mental health, 10(4), 404-412.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Group counseling
  • life review
  • meaning in life
  • elderly
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مجذوبی، م.، مؤمنی، خ.، امانی، ر.، و حجت‌خواه، م. (1391) اثربخشی خاطره‌پردازی ساختارمند گروهی بر ارتقای کیفیت زندگی و شادکامی سالمندان. مجله روان‌شناسی تحولی: روانشناسان ایرانی، 34، 199-189.
Baumeister, R. F., & Vohs, K. D. (2002). The pursuit of meaningfulness in life. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Bonebright, C. A., Clay, D. L., & Ankenmann, R. D. (2000). The relationship of workaholism with work–life conflict, life satisfaction, and purpose in life. Journal of counseling psychology, 47(4), 469-477.
Bohlmeijer, E., Smit, F., Cuijpers, P. (2003). Effects of reminiscence and life review on late-life depression: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry18, 1088–1094.
Bohlmeijer, E. T., Westerhof, G. J., & Emmerik-de Jong M. (2008). The effects of integrative reminiscence on meaning in life: Results of a quasi-experimental study. Aging and Mental Health,12(5), 639-46.
Brandstätter, M., Baumann, U., Borasio, G. D., & Fegg, M. J. (2012). Systematic review of meaning in life assessment instruments. PsychoOncology, 21(10), 1034-1052.
Brassai, L., Piko, B. F., & Steger, M. F. (2011). Meaning in life: Is it a protective factor for adolescents’ psychological health? International journal of behavioral medicine, 18(1), 44-51.
Burnside, I., & Haight, B. (1994). Reminiscence and life review: therapeutic interventions for older people. The Nurse Practitioner, 19(4), 55-61.
Butler, R. N. (1963). The life review: An interpretation of reminiscence in the aged. Psychiatry, 26(1), 65-76.
Chiang, K. J., Chu, H., Chang, H. J., Chung, M. H., Chen, C. H., Chiou, H. Y., & Chou, K. R. (2010). The effects of reminiscence therapy on psychological well‐being, depression, and loneliness among the institutionalized aged. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: A journal of the psychiatry of late life and allied sciences, 25(4), 380-388.
Chueh, K. H., & Chang, T. Y. (2014). Effectiveness of group reminiscence therapy for depressive symptoms in male veterans: 6‐month follow‐up. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 29(4), 377-383.
Crumbaugh, J., & Maholick, L. (1969). Manual of Instructions for the PIL Test. Munster, IN: Psychometric Affiliates.
Cusveller, B., & Schep-Akkerman, A. (2016). Towards a competency assessment tool for nurses in ethics meetings. Nursing Ethics, 23(4), 413-420.
Elias, S. M. S., Neville, C., & Scott, T. (2015). The effectiveness of group reminiscence therapy for loneliness, anxiety and depression in older adults in long-term care: A systematic review. Geriatric Nursing, 36(5), 372-380.
Erikson, E. H., & Erikson, J. M. (1998). The life cycle completed (extended version). New York, W. W. Norton & Company.
Haber, D. (2006). Life review: Implementation, theory, research, and therapy. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 63(2), 153-171.
Hupkens, S., Machielse, A., Goumans, M., & Derkx, P. (2016). Meaning in life of older persons: An integrative literature review. Nursing Ethics, 0969733016680122.
Ju, H., Shin, J. W., Kim, C.-w., Hyun, M.-h., & Park, J.-w. (2013). Mediational effect of meaning in life on the relationship between optimism and well-being in community elderly. Archives of gerontology and geriatrics, 56(2), 309-313.
King, L. A., Hicks, J. A., Krull, J. L., & Del Gaiso, A. K. (2006). Positive affect and the experience of meaning in life. Journal of personality and social psychology, 90(1), 179-196.
Kunz, J. A., & Soltys, F. G. (2007). Transformational reminiscence: Life story work. Springer Publishing Company.
Lan, X., Xiao, H., Chen, Y., & Zhang, X. (2018). Effects of life review intervention on life satisfaction and personal meaning among older adults with frailty. Journal of psychosocial nursing and mental health service, 56(7), 30-36
Lin, Y. C., Dai, Y. T., & Hwang, S. L. (2003). The effect of reminiscence on the elderly population: a systematic review. Public health nursing, 20(4), 297-306.
MacKinlay, E., & Trevitt, C. (2010). Living in aged care: Using spiritual reminiscence to  enhance meaning in life for those with dementia. International journal of mental health nursing, 19(6), 394-401.
Marsh, A., Smith, L., Piek, J., & Saunders, B. (2003). The purpose in life scale: Psychometric properties for social drinkers and drinkers in alcohol treatment. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 63(5), 859-871.
Marshall, M. (2011). Prism of meaning. Guide to the Fundamental Principles of Viktor E. Frankl’s Logotherapy. The Canadian Institute of Logotherapy, Canada: Author (Unpublished). Retrieved from Retrieved from www.logotherapy.ca
Meléndez-Moral, J. C., Charco-Ruiz, L., Mayordomo-Rodríguez, T., & Sales-Galán, A. (2013). Effects of a reminiscence program among institutionalized elderly adults. Psicothema, 25(3), 319-323.
Molinari, V., & Reichlin, R. E. (1985). Life review reminiscence in the elderly: A review of the literature. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 20(2), 81-92.
Moore, S. L., Metcalf, B., & Schow, E. (2006). The quest for meaning in aging. Geriatric Nursing, 27(5), 293-299.
Pattakos, A., & Dundon, E. (2017). Prisoners of our thoughts: Viktor Frankl's principles for discovering meaning in life and work. Oakland, CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
Ranheim, A., & Dahlberg, K. (2012). Expanded Awareness as a Way to Meet the Challenges in Care that is Economically Driven and Focused on Illness-A Nordic Perspective. Aporia: The Nursing Journal 4(4), 20-24
Reker, G. T., & Chamberlain, K. (2000). Exploring existential meaning: Optimizing Human Development across the Life Span. Thousand Oaks, Calif: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(4), 719-727.
Ryff, C. D., & Heidrich, S. M. (1997). Experience and well-being: Explorations on domains of life and how they matter. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 20, 193-206.
Sivis, R., & Demir, A. (2007). The efficacy of reminiscence therapy on the life satisfaction of Turkish older adults: A preliminary study. Turkish Journal of Geriatrics, 10(3), 131-137
Snyder, C. R., Lopez, S. J., & Pedrotti, J. T. (2010). Positive psychology: The scientific and practical explorations of human strengths. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Steger, M. F., Kawabata, Y., Shimai, S., & Otake, K. (2008). The meaningful life in Japan and the United States: Levels and correlates of meaning in life. Journal of Research in Personality, 42(3), 660-678.
Stevens-Ratchford, R. G. (1993). The effect of life review reminiscence activities on depression and self-esteem in older adults. American journal of occupational therapy, 47(5), 413-420.
Stinson, CK. (2009). Structured group reminiscence: an intervention for older adults.Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 40(11), 521-528
Thorgrimsen, L., Schweitzer, P., & Orrell, M. (2002). Evaluating reminiscence for people with dementia: A pilot study. The Arts in Psychotherapy29(2), 93-97.
Van Bogaert, P., Van Grinsven, R., Tolson, D., Wouters, K., Engelborghs, S., & Van der Mussele, S. (2013). Effects of SolCos model-based individual reminiscence on older adults with mild to moderate dementia due to Alzheimer disease: A pilot study. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 14(7), 528.
Van Orden, K. A., Bamonti, P. M., King, D. A., & Duberstein, P. R. (2012). Does perceived burdensomeness erode meaning in life among older adults? Aging & mental health, 16(7), 855-860.
Vincent, G. K., & Velkoff, V. A. (2010). The next four decades: The older population in the United States: 2010 to 2050. US Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration: US Census Bureau.
Westerhof, G. J., Bohlmeijer, E. T., van Beljouw, I. M., & Pot, A. M. (2010). Improvement in personal meaning mediates the effects of a life review intervention on depressive symptoms in a randomized controlled trial. The Gerontologist, 50(4), 541-549.
Wnuk, M., Marcinkowski, J. T., & Fobair, P. (2012). The relationship of purpose in life and hope in shaping happiness among patients with cancer in Poland. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 30(4), 461-483.
Zauszniewski, J., Eggenschwiler, K., Preechawong, S., Roberts, B., & Morris, D. (2006). Effects of teaching resourcefulness skills to elders. Aging & mental health, 10(4), 404-412.