پیش‌بینی رضایت از زندگی بر اساس مؤلفه‌های خردمندی با نقش میانجی معنای زندگی و بنیان‌های اخلاقی در سالمندان

Abstract
Background: With the growing population of older adults and the importance of quality of life in later life, identifying psychological factors affecting life satisfaction (LS) in older adults seems essential. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between wisdom and LS in older adults, with the mediating role of meaning in life and moral foundations.
Method: This descriptive-correlational study was conducted using structural equation modeling (SEM). The statistical population included older adults in Tehran, Iran, in 2024. Through convenience sampling, 210 participants (125 men and 85 women) were selected. Data were collected using the Diener’s LS Scale, Thomas et al.’s Wisdom Scale (Short Form), Haidt and Graham’s Moral Foundations Questionnaire, and Steger’s Meaning in Life Questionnaire. Data were analyzed in SPSS-26 and AMOS-24 software.
Results: The results indicated that the components of wisdom had a significant direct relationship with LS, while meaning in life and moral foundations mediated the relationship between them. Specifically, the components of wisdom were positively associated with the presence of meaning and moral foundations, which in turn were positively related to LS. However, the components of wisdom were negatively associated with the search for meaning, which in turn was negatively related to LS.
Conclusion: The findings emphasize the importance of psychological and moral dimensions, especially wisdom, in improving the quality of life among older adults. These results can raise awareness about the needs of older adults in areas such as meaning-making, wisdom development, and moral values, thereby deepening our understanding of LS in later life.
EXTENDED ABSTRACT
 Introduction
 With the growing population of older adults and the increasing importance of quality of life in later life, identifying psychological factors that influence life satisfaction (LS) in this age group appears essential. LS in later adulthood is significance from two perspectives: first, as age increases, LS tends to decline, often reaching its lowest level in later life; second, LS is considered a key component of well-being, healthy aging, and successful aging. In the research literature, various predictors of LS among older adults have been examined. One such variable is wisdom, which, when enhanced, can foster empowerment and improve LS, potentially transforming the perception of aging from a negative to a positive experience. Although previous studies have explored different mediators in the relationship between wisdom and LS, the mediating roles of meaning in life (MIL) and moral foundations have not yet been investigated in aging populations. Given the importance of promoting LS and the role of wisdom and MIL in the psychological well-being of older individuals, especially in light of the rapidly aging population in Iran, conducting research in this area is both timely and necessary. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to explain LS in older adults based on wisdom, with the mediating roles of MIL and moral foundations.
Method
This study used a correlational design with structural equation modeling (SEM). The statistical population consisted of all older adults residing in Tehran, Iran, during 2024. Using convenience sampling, 210 participants (125 men and 85 women) were selected. Inclusion criteria were (1) age 60 and above, (2) willingness to participate in the study, and (3) basic literacy. The exclusion criterion was the presence of severe physical or psychological disorders. Questionnaires were distributed in public and recreational centers to individuals who met the inclusion criteria. Participants completed Diener’s LS Scale, Thomas et al.’s Wisdom Scale (Short Form), Haidt and Graham’s Moral Foundations Questionnaire, and Steger’s Meaning in Life Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and SEM in SPSS-26 and AMOS-24.
Results
Prior to data analysis, it was confirmed that the distribution of scores for all variables was normal and that no multicollinearity or error correlations were observed. To test the research hypotheses, model fit was assessed using structural equation modeling. Pearson’s correlations showed that LS was significantly and positively correlated with presence of meaning (r = .57), moral foundations (r = .60), the cognitive dimension of wisdom (r = .67), the reflective dimension (r = .54), and the affective dimension (r = .42). In contrast, search for meaning was significantly and negatively correlated with LS (r = –.38). The model fit indices were χ²(2) = 2.33, χ²/df = 1.17, GFI = .99, CFI = .99, TLI = .99, IFI = .99, and RMSEA = .08, indicating a good model fit. Bootstrap analyses showed that moral foundations significantly mediated the relationship between the cognitive dimension of wisdom and LS (95% CI [.062, .187], p < .05) and between the reflective dimension of wisdom and LS (95% CI [.081, .217], p < .05), but not between the affective dimension of wisdom and LS (95% CI [.005, .096], p > .05). Similarly, presence of meaning mediated the relationship between the cognitive dimension of wisdom and LS (95% CI [.045, .177], p < .05) and between the reflective dimension of wisdom and LS (95% CI [.075, .211], p < .05), but not between the affective dimension of wisdom and LS (95% CI [−.018, .099], p > .05). In addition, search for meaning mediated the relationship between the cognitive dimension of wisdom and LS (95% CI [−.087, −.005], p < .05) and between the affective dimension of wisdom and LS (95% CI [.013, .097], p < .05).
Conclusion
Wise individuals are capable of evaluating their lives by focusing on the present, overcoming the negative effects of past experiences, and ultimately achieving greater LS. Wisdom plays a vital role in enhancing quality of life in later adulthood. These findings can inform the development of interventions and programs aimed at fostering wisdom and improving LS among older adults. Specifically, the cognitive and affective dimensions of wisdom, mediated by moral foundations, showed a significant impact on LS. This suggests that an individual's ethical thinking and behavior may play a crucial role in the relationship between wisdom and LS. When older individuals perceive their lives as meaningful, this perception can lead to increased satisfaction. In other words, those who attribute meaning to their lives may be more resilient in the face of challenges and, as a result, experience greater LS. Thus, wisdom may contribute to a sense of MIL, which in turn enhances LS. These results highlight the importance of understanding and addressing the needs of older adults in areas such as meaning-making, wisdom, and morality.
Ethical Consideration
Ethical Code
This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Islamic Azad University, Enqelab Branch.
Financial Support
This study did not receive financial support.
Authors’ Contributions
M.D: Supervision, Project administration, Software, Formal analysis, Writing - Review & Editing; D.N: Writing - Original draft, Data curation, Conceptualization, Visualization; F.R: Data curation, Validation; F.Ch.T: Data curation, Methodology.
Conflict of Interest
The authors had no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgments
We sincerely thank all older adults who
participated in this study.
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