رابطه حس انسجام و حمایت اجتماعی ادراک شده با تاب‌آوری: نقش میانجی راهبردهای انطباقی تنظیم شناختی هیجانی سالمندان

Due to aging, the resilience of older adults, defined as the ability to adapt and cope with challenges, is influenced by psychological factors. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the relationship between the sense of coherence and perceived social support with resilience, with the mediating role of adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies (ACERS) in older adults. This was a descriptive-correlational study, employing structural equation modeling (SEM). The statistical population included all older adults in Khorramabad, Iran in 2023, among whom 250 individuals were selected through convenience sampling. Data were collected using Zimet et al.’s perceived social support, Antonovsky’s sense of coherence, Garnefski and Kraaij’s cognitive emotion regulation, and Connor-Davidson’s resilience scales. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS-26 and AMOS-24 software. Data analysis revealed that the sense of coherence and perceived social support significantly predict the resilience of older adults. Additionally, ACERS acted as a mediator in the relationship between the sense of coherence, perceived social support, and resilience. The findings indicated that both sense of coherence and perceived social support were positively related to resilience through ACERS. These results emphasize the importance of creating supportive environments and strengthening the sense of coherence in older adults to enhance their resilience. Thus, policymakers and social planners should focus on developing educational and supportive programs that enhance these factors to improve the quality of life for older adults.


EXTENDED ABSTRACT
 Introduction
Research has shown that resilience, defined as the ability to cope with challenges and recover effectively, plays a critical role in the well-being of older adults. Considering the unique challenges faced during aging, such as declining physical health, chronic illnesses, and social isolation, strengthening resilience has become a key topic in gerontological research. Among the various factors influencing resilience, psychological constructs such as the sense of coherence and perceived social support have garnered significant attention. The sense of coherence, a concept introduced by Antonovsky, reflects an individual’s ability to perceive life as comprehensible, manageable, and meaningful. This concept has been consistently associated with positive psychological and emotional outcomes in the older population. Similarly, perceived social support, which includes emotional, informational, and practical assistance from family, friends, and the community, has been identified as an essential protective factor for older adults, reducing stress and enhancing their adaptability. Additionally, cognitive emotion regulation strategies, particularly adaptive ones, act as mediators in the relationship between psychological and social resources and resilience. However, there is a research gap in examining how these factors interact and their role in the resilience of older adults. Previous studies have primarily investigated these variables independently, without considering their interrelationships in an integrated model. Addressing these gaps in the literature, the present study aimed to examine the relationship between the sense of coherence and perceived social support with resilience in older adults, focusing on the mediating role of adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies (ACMRS). By addressing this gap, the study seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of the factors enhancing resilience and inform the design of interventions to improve the quality of life for older adults.
Method
The present study was descriptive-correlational in nature, using structural equation modeling (SEM). The statistical population of this study included all older adults aged 60 and above living in Khorramabad County, Iran in 2023. The sample size consisted of 250 individuals (141 men and 109 women) selected through convenience sampling. The inclusion criteria were being aged 60 years or older and willing to participate in the research. The exclusion criteria included having a severe psychiatric or psychological disorder and the use of psychotropic medications based on self-reported medical history. Participants completed a set of standardized tools including Zimet et al.’s perceived social support, Antonovsky’s sense of coherence, Garnefski and Kraaij’s cognitive emotion regulation, and Connor-Davidson’s resilience scales. Data collection took place in public places such as parks, mosques, and cultural centers where older adults typically gather. Detailed instructions were provided to each participant, and the objectives of the study were explained, with an emphasis on the confidentiality of their responses. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their inclusion in the study. For data analysis, descriptive statistics and Pearson’s correlation coefficients were used to examine the bivariate correlations between research variables in SPSS-26, and SEM was analyzed using AMOS-24.
Results
Prior to conducting statistical analyses, assumptions related to SEM were assessed. The distribution of all variables was confirmed to be normal, and skewness and kurtosis values were within acceptable ranges. No multicollinearity among variables was observed, with tolerance values close to 1 and variance inflation factor (VIF) values less than 2. The fit indices of the proposed model, evaluated through SEM, indicated that the fit indices were within acceptable ranges (CFI=0.97, TLI=0.96, RMSEA=0.06), demonstrating the ability of the model to explain the relationships among variables. The results of direct effect coefficients showed that there is a significant direct relationship between the sense of coherence and resilience (β=0.39, p<0.01) and also a significant direct relationship between perceived social support and resilience (β=0.17, p<0.01). Additionally, ACMRS had a significant direct relationship with both the sense of coherence (β=0.64, p<0.01) and perceived social support (β=0.30, p<0.01). The direct relationship between ACMRS and resilience was also significant (β=0.29, p<0.05). Mediation analysis using the bootstrap method confirmed the partial mediating role of ACMRS in the relationship between the sense of coherence and resilience (β=0.18) and between perceived social support and resilience (β=0.08). In total, the predictor variables were able to explain 62% of the variance in resilience, highlighting the importance of these factors in enhancing the resilience of older adults. These findings provide empirical support for the proposed model and emphasize the role of psychological and social factors, along with adaptive cognitive strategies, in increasing resilience.
Conclusion
Findings of this study emphasize the crucial role of the sense of coherence and perceived social support in enhancing the resilience of older adults, particularly considering the mediating role of ACMRS. The results indicate that older adults with a stronger sense of coherence, perceiving life as meaningful, comprehensible, and manageable, are better able to cope with life’s challenges and, consequently, exhibit higher levels of resilience. Similarly, perceived social support, which includes emotional, informational, and instrumental support from family, friends, and the community, plays a fundamental role in enhancing resilience by fostering a sense of security and belonging. The mediating role of ACMRS, such as positive reappraisal, refocusing, and acceptance, highlights the importance of emotional regulation in strengthening resilience. These strategies enable older adults to effectively manage negative emotions and stress, thereby improving their ability to adapt to adverse conditions. The findings of this study are consistent with previous research, which has consistently shown that internal resources (such as the sense of coherence) and external resources (such as social support) are vital for enhancing resilience in older adults. Overall, this research provides a comprehensive model for understanding the mechanisms through which the sense of coherence and perceived social support contribute to the resilience of older adults. The findings underscore the importance of strengthening the sense of coherence, expanding social support networks, and teaching ACMRS as a part of interventions to enhance resilience and overall well-being in older adults. These insights can inform the development of targeted programs and policies to support healthy aging and improve the quality of life for older adults.
Ethical Consideration
This research adhered to all ethical guidelines. Informed consent was obtained from participants, and their confidentiality was maintained. Participation in the study was voluntary, and data were used solely for research purposes.
Financial Support
This research did not receive any financial support.
Authors’ Contributions
MHN: Conceptualization, design, Writing–Original Draft, Software Validation, Formal analysis, Visualization, Writing–Review & Editing, Data Curation. MNH: Conceptualization, design, Writing–Original Draft, Visualization, Writing– Review & Editing, Data Curation. MS: Visualization, Writing–Review & Editing. ESD: Visualization, Writing – Review & Editing.
Conflict of Interest
The author had no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to express their gratitude to all the participants who contributed to the completion of this research.
References
Acoba, e. F. (2024). Social support and mental health: The Mediating role of perceived stress. Frontiers in psychology, 15, 1330720. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1330720
Alamdari, N., & Taghvaeinia, A. (2024). The effectiveness of positive education program based on PERMA model on positive thinking and life expectancy in older adults. Aging Psychology, 10(2), 198-183. https://doi.org/10.22126/jap.2024.10628.1778 [Persian]
Alipour, F., Sajadi, H., Foruzan, A., Biglarian, A., & Jalilian, A. (2008). Elderly quality of life in Tehran's district two. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing, 3(3 and 4), 75-83. http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-104-en.html [Persian]
Anctil, r., Chang, a., Mitchell, c., Traeger, l., Park, e., & Ahmad, z. (2023). Symptom burden, positive affect and resiliency in older adults experiencing normal aging. Innovation in aging, 7(supplement_1), 1125-1126. https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igad104.3612
Antonovsky, A. (1987). Unraveling the mystery of health: How people manage stress and stay well. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Antonovsky, A. (1993). The Structure and properties of the sense of coherence scale. Social Science & Medicine, 36(6), 725-733. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(93)90033-z
Aydın, B. T., & Süslü, D. P. (2023). The Mediating role of difficulties in emotion regulation in the relationship between childhood trauma and resilience among university students. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 13(70), 315-329. https://doi.org/10.17066/tpdrd.1265528.
Beardmore, A., Beynon, P., Crabbe, C., Fullforth, J., Groome, J., & Jones, M. (2023). Social connectedness in a locked-down world: A phenomenological study of older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Ageing and Longevity, 3(4), 465-482. https://doi.org/10.3390/jal3040020
Besharat, M. A. (2019). Multidimensional scale of perceived social support: Questionnaire, instruction, and scoring.
Besharat, M. A., & Bazzazian, S. (2015). Psychometric properties of the cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire in a sample of Iranian population. Advances in Nursing & Midwifery, 24(84), 61–70. Retrieved from https://journals.sbmu.ac.ir/en-jnm/article/view/7360 [Persian]
Betegón, E., Rodríguez-Medina, J., Del-Valle, M., & Irurtia, M. J. (2022). Emotion regulation in adolescents: Evidence of the validity and factor structure of the cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire (CERQ). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(6), 3602. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063602
Chen, Z., & Cong, Z. (2024). Age differences in perceived preparedness for the continuation of COVID-19 pandemic: Important role of social support. The British Journal of Social Work, 54(1), 399-418. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcad205
Cipriano, C. G. M. (2024). Adultos mayores con enfermedades crónicas: percepción de calidad de vida, resiliencia y apoyo social en pandemia. Avances en Psicología, 32(1), e3162-e3162. https://doi.org/10.33539/avpsicol.2024.v32n1.3162
Cohen-Biton, L., Buskila, D., & Nissanholtz-Gannot, R. (2024). Resilience and sense of coherence among female fibromyalgia patients living in a conflict zone who underwent fibrotherapy intervention. BioMed, 4(2), 78-88.
Cohen-Biton, L., Buskila, D., & Nissanholtz-Gannot, R. (2024). Resilience and Sense of Coherence among Female Fibromyalgia Patients Living in a Conflict Zone Who Underwent Fibrotherapy Intervention. BioMed, 4(2), 78-88. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomed4020006
Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor‐Davidson resilience scale (CD‐RISC). Depression and anxiety, 18(2), 76-82. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.10113
Demirel, H., & Ayaz‐Alkaya, S. (2024). The Mediating role of health empowerment in the relationship between social support and loneliness among nursing home residents: A Correlational study. Journal of Advanced Nursing. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.16586
Ding, Z., Song, Q., Chu, J., Zou, T., Zheng, K., Liu, Z., & Yi, J. (2023). Application of cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire in chinese community elderly. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 829-839. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S401087‌
Ellwardt, L. (2022). The Social safety net: implications for resilience in old age. In A Research Agenda for Social Networks and Social Resilience (pp. 225-238). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Gagne-Henderson, R., Holland, C., & Walshe, C. (2023). Sense of coherence at end of life in older people. Journal of Hospice & Palliative Nursing, 25(3), 165–172. https://doi.org/10.1097/NJH.0000000000000948
Garnefski, N., & Kraaij, V. (2006). Cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire development of a short 18-item version (CERQ-short). Personality and Individual Differences, 41, 1045-1053. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.04.010
Garnefski,‌ N.,‌ Legerstee,‌ J.,‌ Kraaij,‌ V.,‌ van‌ den‌ Kommer, T., & Teerds, J.‌ (2002).‌ Cognitive coping‌ strategies‌ and‌ symptoms‌ of‌ depression‌ and‌ anxiety:‌ A‌ Comparison‌ between‌ adolescents‌ and‌ adults. Journal of Adolescence, 25, 603–611. https://doi.org/ 10.1006/jado.2002.0507
Ghaffari, M., Sadeghipour Roudsari, M., & Rakhshanderou, S. (2024). Relationship of perceived social support with sleep quality and mental health in the elderly referred to health centers in Tehran, Iran. Iranian Journal of Ageing, 18(4), 554-569. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/sija.2023.3565.1 [Persian]
Gui, S., Wang, J., Li, Q., Chen, H., Jiang, Z., Hu, J., ... & Yang, J. (2024). Sources of perceived social support and cognitive function among older adults: a longitudinal study in rural China. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 16, 1443689. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2024.1443689
Hatami Nejad, M., Mirderikvand, F., & Sepahvandi, M. (2024). Structural relationships of anxiety sensitivity and sense of coherence with readiness to use substances in college students: The Mediating role of difficulty in emotion regulation. Etiadpajohi, 17(70), 149-174. http://dx.doi.org/10.61186/etiadpajohi.17.70.149 [Persian]
Hinz, A., Staudinger, T., Ernst, J., Mehnert‐ Theuerkauf, A., Finck, C., Wondie, Y., & Ernst, M. (2023). Sense of coherence, resilience, and habitual optimism in cancer patients. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 23(2), 245-251. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.ijchp.2022.100358
Jamal-Livani, H., Jafari, M., & Alimohammadzadeh, K. (2020). The Role of social support on elderly death anxiety through self-efficacy mediation. JOGE, 5(1), 11-18. http://joge.ir/article-1-325-en.html‌ [Persian]
Kahya, Y., & Munguldar, K. (2023). Difficulties in emotion regulation mediated the relationship between reflective functioning and borderline personality symptoms among non-clinical adolescents. Psychological reports, 126(3), 1201-1220. https://doi.org/10.1177/00332941211061072
Karagiannopoulou, E., Desatnik, A., Rentzios, C., & Ntritsos, G. (2023). The Exploration of a ‘model’for understanding the contribution of emotion regulation to students learning. The role of academic emotions and sense of coherence. Current Psychology, 42(30), 26491-26503. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03722-7
Kay, T. L., Moulson, M. C., Vigod, S. N., Schoueri-Mychasiw, N., & Singla, D. R. (2024). Focus: Pregnancy and child development: the role of social support in perinatal mental health and psychosocial stimulation. The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, 97(1), 3. https://doi.org/ 10.59249/WMGE9032
Kaya-Demir, D., & Çırakoğlu, O. C. (2022). The Role of sense of coherence and emotion regulation difficulties in the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and grief. Death studies, 46(6), 1372-1380. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2021.1936295
Keyhani, M., Taghvaei, D., Rajabi, A., & Amirpour, B. (2015). Internal consistency and confirmatory factor analysis of the Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC) among nursing female students. Iranian Journal of Medical Education, 14(10), 857-865. http://ijme.mui.ac.ir/article-1-3254-en.html [Persian]
Koppner, J., Lindelöf, A., Iredahl, F., Nilsson, S., Thorsell, A., Larsen, H. I., & Faresjö, Å. (2024). Sense of coherence, mental health, and hair cortisol concentrations among older people during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 24(1), 1502. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-19034-3
Li, J., Shirai, K., Okuzono, S. S., Shiba, K., Kondo, K., Kawachi, I., & Iso, H. (2024). Sense of coherence and incident dementia in older japanese adults: The Japan gerontological evaluation study. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 25(2), 225-231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2023.07.022
Li, J., Shirai, K., Okuzono, S. S., Shiba, K., Kondo, K., Kawachi, I., & Iso, H. (2023). Sense of coherence and incident dementia in older Japanese adults: THE JAPAN Gerontological Evaluation Study. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 25(2), 225- 231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2023.07.022
Li, X., Wang, L., & Fan, C. (2024). Integrating physical media education into elderly care programs: a case study of enhancing well-being and promoting high-quality life. Comunicar: Revista Científica de Comunicación y Educación, (78), 40-54. https://doi.org/10.58262/V32I78.4
Li, Y., Ding, X., Aierken, A., Pan, Y., Chen, Y., & Hu, D. (2023). The Role of community cohesion in older adults during the COVID-19 epidemic: Cross-sectional study. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance, 9(1), e45110. https://doi.org/10.2196/45110
Lin, D., Liang, D., Huang, M., Xu, X., Bai, Y., & Meng, D. (2024). The Dyadic effects of family resilience and social support on quality of life among older adults with chronic illness and their primary caregivers in multigenerational families in China: A cross-sectional study. Heliyon, 10(5). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27351
Liu, Y., Leung, A. Y., Lau, T., Montayre, J., Wang, W., Wang, S., & Huang, Y. (2024). Sense of coherence in stroke: A Concept analysis with Rodger's evolutionary approach. Nursing & Health Sciences, 26(3), e13151. https://doi.org/10.1111/nhs.13151
Lopez, R. B., Courtney, A. L., Liang, D., Swinchoski, A., Goodson, P., & Denny, B. T. (2024). Social support and adaptive emotion regulation: Links between social network measures, emotion regulation strategy use, and health. Emotion, 24(1), 130. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0001242
Lowe, J. A., Collins, T., & Sallis, P. (2023). ‘Getting old is not all bingo and knitting’. An Exploration of positive ageing and occupational participation through engagement with community leisure activities: a qualitative study. International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation, 30(9), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.12968/ijtr.2022.0170
Lv, J., Qian, M., Deng, M., & Yu, M. (2023). The Association between sense of coherence and health outcomes among community-dwelling older adults: A Systematic review. Interdisciplinary Nursing Research, 2(1), 46-57. doi: 10.1097/NR9.0000000000000016
Mahammadzadeh, A., Poursharifi, H., & Alipour, A. (2010). Validation of sense of coherence (SOC) 13-item scale in iranian sample. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 1451-1455.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.306
Mäki-Opas, T. (2023). Effective promotion of sustainable wellbeing among older people: The Social quality approach. European Journal of Public Health, 33(Supplement_2), ckad160-176. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckad160.176
Maras, J., & Leger, K. A. (2024). “Think of the situation in a positive light”: A look at cognitive reappraisal, affective reactivity and health☆. Social Science & Medicine, 346, 116701. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.116701‌ ‌ ‌
Maye, J. E., Depp, C. A., Lee, E. E., Jeste, D. V., & Twamley, E. W. (2023). 24 Associations between positive psychological factors and neurocognitive functioning in older adults. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS, 29(s1), 337-337. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617723004617‌
Moksnes, U. K. (2021). Sense of Coherence. In G. Haugan (Eds.) et. al., Health Promotion in Health Care – Vital Theories and Research. (pp. 35–46). Springer.
Momeni, K., Amani, R., Janjani, P., Majzoobi, M. R., Forstmeier, S., & Nosrati, P. (2022). Attachment styles and happiness in the elderly: The Mediating role of reminiscence styles. BMC Geriatrics, 22, Article 349. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-022-03053-z
Momeni, Kh., Amani, R., Janjani, P., Majzoobi, M. R., & Hadian Hamedani, K. (2021). The Relationship between attachment styles with positive and negative affect in the elderly: The Mediating role of reminiscence styles. Aging Psychology, 7(4), 407-422. [Persian]
Narimani, M., & Eyni, S. (2021). The causal model of coronavirus anxiety in the elderly based on perceived stress and sense of cohesion: The mediating role of perceived social support. Aging Psychology, 7(1), 27-13. https://doi.org/10.22126/jap.2021.6043.1494 [Persian]
Noriega, C., Velasco, C., Carretero, I., López-Frutos, P., Galarraga, L., Pérez-Rojo, G., & López, J. (2022). Resilience in older adults despite COVID-19. A Multidimensional approach. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1600712/v1
Noroozi Homayoon, M., Akhavi Samarein, Z., Sadeghi, M., Hatami Nejad, M., & Jafari Moradlo, M. (2024). Comparing the efficacy of emotion-focused therapy and transcranial direct current stimulation on impulsivity, emotional regulation, and suicidal ideation in young people with borderline personality disorder. Journal of Research in Psychopathology, https://doi.org/10.22098/jrp.2024.14488.1221.
Noroozi Homayoon, M., Almasi, M., Sadri Damirchi, E., & Hatami Nejad, M. (2023). Comparing the effectiveness of transcranial direct current stimulation and repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment on working memory, impulsivity, and self-harm behaviors in people with borderline personality. Neuropsychology, 8(31), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.30473/clpsy.2023.65222.1678 [Persian]
Noroozi Homayoon, M., Hatami Nejad, M., & Sadri Damirchi, E. (2024). The Effectiveness of psychodrama group therapy and cognitive behavioral play therapy on executive functions (working memory, response inhibition, cognitive flexibility, and emotional self-regulation) in male students with social anxiety disorder. Neuropsychology, 9(35), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.30473/clpsy.2024.68482.1710 [Persian]
Orlovsky, I., Ready, R. E., Gutchess, A., Heideman, K., & Martins-Klein, B. (2024). The Role of autobiographical resilience memories in emotion regulation: an account of age differences in mnemonic and positive reappraisal. Experimental aging research, 50(5), 652-677. 10.1080/0361073X.2023.2254659
Rakhmawati, I., Nurhalimah, N., & Utami, T. W. (2024). Improving the quality of life and resilience of the elderly with emotion regulation exercises. JKEP, 9(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.32668/jkep.v9i1.1087
Rezavandi, M., Ariapooran, S., & Karami, J. (2023). The Effect of cognitive therapy based on mindfulness on resilience and suicidal thoughts of older adult’s home caregivers. Journal of Gerontology.10 (2), 75-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.22034/JOGE.8.1.1‌ [In Persian [
Rodas, J. A., Jara‐Rizzo, M. F., Greene, C. M., Moreta‐Herrera, R., & Oleas, D. (2022). Cognitive emotion regulation strategies and psychological distress during lockdown due to COVID‐19. International Journal of Psychology, 57(3), 315-324. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12818
Rohani, C., Khanjari, S., Abedi, H. A., Oskouie, F., & Langius‐Eklöf, A. (2010). Health index, sense of coherence scale, brief religious coping scale and spiritual perspective scale: Psychometric properties. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 66 (12), 2796-2806.‏  https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1365-2648.2010.05409.X
Rohner, S. L., Bernays, F., Maercker, A., & Thoma, M. V. (2023). Early-life adversity and later-life mental health: a conditional process analysis of sense of coherence and resilience-related resources. Frontiers in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2, 1213142. https://doi.org/10.3389/frcha.2023.1213142
Rolandi, E., Rossi, M., Colombo, M., Pettinato, L., Del Signore, F., Aglieri, V., Bottini, G., & Guaita, A. (2024). Lifestyle, cognitive, and psychological factors associated with a resilience phenotype in aging: a multidimensional approach on a population-based sample of oldest-old (80+). The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 79(10), gbae132. https://doi.org/ 10.1093/geronb/gbae132
Salazar Kämpf, M., Adam, L., Rohr, M. K., Exner, C., & Wieck, C. (2023). A Meta-Analysis of the relationship between emotion regulation and social affect and cognition. Clinical psychological science, 11(6), 1159-1189. https://doi.org/10.1177/21677026221149953
Salvador, M. (2023). Understanding the impact of social relationships on elderly health. Interdisciplinary Journal Papier Human Review, 4(1), 20-27. https://doi.org/10.47667/ijphr.v4i1.266
Sanna, F., Galletta, M., Koelen, M., & Contu, P. (2022). Development of sense of coherence stability in the agora healthy ageing study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(21), 14190. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192114190
Soni, A., & Lodha, R. S. (2024). A Comparative study of quality of life of elderly living in old age homes and within family. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, 11(7), 2656. https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20241819
Stover, A. D., Shulkin, J., Lac, A., & Rapp, T. (2024). A Meta-analysis of cognitive reappraisal and personal resilience. Clinical Psychology Review, 102428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102428
Sürer, H. K., Ulusal, F., & Borazan, N. G. (2025). Assessment of positive psychology interventions for elderly individuals from gerontological perspective. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 17(1), 133-139. https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1449444
Taherkhani, Z., Kaveh, M. H., Mani, A., Ghahremani, L., & Khademi, K. (2023). The Effect of positive thinking on resilience and life satisfaction of older adults: A Randomized controlled trial. Scientific reports, 13(1), 3478. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-30684-y
Tavares, L. C. F., de Sousa, R. B. N., de Camargo, N. C., da Cruz, J. H. B., & Silva, M. S. (2023). Investigating the dynamics of social support and supportive figures in children: An Exploratory study. Caderno de ANAIS HOME. https://doi.org/10.56238/homeIIsevenhealth-062
Tran, S., DiGiovanna, B., Gamino, D., Langarica, A. A., Motley, J., Way, S., ... & Barnett, M. (2024). A-86 Perceived social support predicts everyday cognition for daily functioning beyond geriatric anxiety and depression. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 39(7), 1024-1024.‌ https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acae067.100
Trombini, C., Jiang, W., & Kinias, Z. (2023). Receiving social support motivates proximal and distant prosocial behaviors. INSEAD Working Paper No. 11/OBH, 2023. Available at SSRN: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4400974
Upasen, R., Saengpanya, W., Awae, W., & Prasitvej, P. (2024). The Influence of resilience and social support on mental health of older adults living in community: A Cross-Sectional study. BMC psychology, 12(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-01892-6
Ursu, A., & Măirean, C. (2022). Cognitive emotion regulation strategies as mediators between resilience and stress during COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(19), 12631. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912631
Varlı, Ü., & Alankaya, N. (2022). Effect of health anxiety on disease perception and treatment compliance in elderly patients during the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 40, 84-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2022.05.002
Wang, P., Li, R., & Chen, Y. (2024). Longitudinal trajectories of psychological resilience and cognitive impairment among older adults: evidence from a national cohort study. medRxiv, 2024-09. https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.09.02.24312919
Wang, Y., Li, G., Ding, S., Zhang, Y., Zhao, C., & Sun, M. (2024). Correlation between Resilience and Social Support in Elderly Ischemic Stroke Patients. World Neurosurgery, 184, e518-e523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2024.01.160
Wasmani, A., Rahnama, M., Abdollahimohammad, A., & Noorisanchooli, H. (2023). Effect of empowerment program on the quality of life of the elderly cancer patients’ caregiver: A Quasi-experimental study. Magna Scientia Advanced Biology and Pharmacy, 9(2), 061-066. https://doi.org/10.30574/msabp.2023.9.2.0051
Wu, Y. C., Shen, S. F., Chen, L. K., & Tung, H. H. (2024). A web-based resilience-enhancing program to improve resilience, physical activity, and well-being in geriatric population: Randomized controlled trial. Journal of medical Internet research, 26, e53450. https://doi.org/10.2196/53450
Yang, Y., & Salari, S. (2024). Elder mistreatment and psychological resilience: The Moderating role of social support. Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/08946566.2024.2351005
Zábó, V., Csiszar, A., Ungvari, Z., & Purebl, G. (2023). Psychological resilience and competence: key promoters of successful aging and flourishing in late life. GeroScience, 45(5), 3045-3058. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-023-00856-9
Zarei, B., & Esmaielzadeh, F. (2024). The effectiveness of emotion focused therapy on death anxiety and resilience in older adults. Aging Psychology, 10(2), 262-243. https://doi.org/10.22126/jap.2024.10598.1776 [Persian]
Zhang, C., & Dong, C. (2023). The Influence of social support on the mental health of elderly individuals in healthy communities with the framework of mental toughness. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 2977-2988. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S413901
Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988). The Multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52, 30-41. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2