رابطه نیازهای بنیادین روان‌شناختی و رفتارهای ارتقادهنده سلامت با اضطراب سلامت در زنان سالمند: نقش میانجی تاب‌آوری

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روان‌شناسی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران

چکیده

سالمندی یکی از مهمترین مراحل زندگی انسان است که در آن، سالمند با طیف وسیعی از تغییرات بخصوص در حیطه سلامتی جسمانی و روان‌شناختی مواجه می‌شود. اضطراب سلامت در افراد به خصوص در سالمندان می‌تواند تأثیرات نامطلوبی داشته باشد که بررسی عوامل تأثیرگذار بر آن اهمیت پیدا می‌کند. بنابراین این پژوهش با هدف بررسی رابطه نیازهای بنیادین روان‌شناختی و رفتارهای ارتقادهنده سلامت با اضطراب سلامت در سالمندان با میانجی‌گری تاب‌آوری انجام شد. روش مطالعه حاضر توصیفی از نوع همبستگی از نوع تحلیل مسیر بود. جامعه آماری پژوهش حاضر شامل کلیه زنان سالمند ساکن در شهر تبریز در بهار 1402 بود که از میان آنها تعداد 220 سالمند به روش نمونه‌گیری دردسترس به‌عنوان نمونه انتخاب شدند. ابزارهای اندازه‌گیری شامل مقیـاس تاب‌آوری کونـور و دیویدسـون، پرسش‌نامه نیازهای بنیادین روان‌شناختی، پرسش‌نامه رفتارهای ارتقادهنده سلامت و پرسش‌نامه اضطراب سلامت بود. داده‏های جمع‌آوری شده با استفاده از ضریب همبستگی پیرسون با کمک نرم‌افزار SPSS نسخه 23 و با استفاده از تحلیل مسیر به وسیله نرم‌افزار Lisrel نسخه 8.8 مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. نتایج پژوهش نشان داد که نیازهای بنیادین روان‌شناختی (خودمختاری، شایستگی و ارتباط) با اضطراب سلامت زنان سالمند رابطه منفی دارد، رفتارهای ارتقادهنده سلامت (تغذیه، فعالیت بدنی، مسئولیت‌پذیری در مورد سلامت، مدیریت استرس، روابط بین‌فردی و رشد معنوی) با اضطراب سلامت زنان سالمند رابطه منفی دارد. تاب‌آوری با اضطراب سلامت زنان سالمند رابطه منفی دارد. همچنین نیازهای بنیادین روان‌شناختی از طریق تاب‌آوری با اضطراب سلامت زنان سالمند رابطه دارد و رفتارهای ارتقادهنده سلامت از طریق تاب‌آوری با اضطراب سلامت زنان سالمند رابطه دارد. بنابراین نتیجه‌گیری می‌شود که با افزایش تاب‌آوری در سالمندان و برآورده کردن نیازهای روان‌شناختی و آموزش رفتارهای ارتقادهنده سلامت می‌توان از افزایش اضطراب سلامت پیش‌گیری کرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

The Relationship Between Basic Psychological Needs and Health Promoting Behaviors with Health Anxiety in Older Women: The Mediating Role of Resilience

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mona Mohammadi
  • Sajjad Basharpoor
Dept. of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili , Ardabil, Iran
چکیده [English]

Old age seems to be one of the most crucial stages of human life during which individuals encounter a wide range of changes, particularly in the realm of physical and psychological health. Health anxiety, especially in older adults, can have undesirable effects, making it important to examine the factors influencing this variable. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between basic psychological needs (BPNs) and health-promoting behaviors (HPBs) with health anxiety in older adults, through the mediating role of resilience. This was a correlational study, of path analysis type. The statistical population of this research included all older women residing in Tabriz, Iran in the spring of 2023, among whom 220 individuals were selected as the sample using convenience sampling method. The measurement tools included the Connor and Davidson’s Resilience Scale, BPNs Questionnaire, HPBs Questionnaire, and Health Anxiety Questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient in SPSS-23 software and path analysis in LISREL 8.8 software. The results indicated that BPNs (autonomy, competence, and relatedness) have a negative relationship with health anxiety in older women; HPBs (nutrition, physical activity, health responsibility, stress management, interpersonal relationships, and spiritual growth) have a negative relationship with health anxiety in older women. resilience had a negative relationship with health anxiety in older women. Moreover, BPNs were related to health anxiety in older women through resilience, as well as HPBs were related to health anxiety in older women through resilience. Therefore, it can be concluded that increasing resilience in older adults and fulfilling BPNs along with educating HPBs can prevent the increase of health anxiety.
EXTENDED ABSTRACT
 Introduction
Studies have shown that health anxiety increases with age. Various variables have been examined in the literature to predict health anxiety in older adults, among which basic psychological needs (BPNs) and health-promoting behaviors (HPBs) seem to be among the most important ones. Research indicates a negative relationship between the satisfaction of BPNs and anxiety. HPBs are among the best ways for individuals to maintain and control their health and alleviate their anxiety. Previous studies have investigated the relationship between the above-mentioned variables in older adults, but few have examined how this relationship operates. Various variables may mediate the relationship between BPNs, HPBs, and health anxiety in older adults, with one such variable being resilience. In older adults, resilience may directly relate to HPBs and inversely relate to health anxiety. Given that older adults constitute one of the largest age groups in Iran and health anxiety is a significant concern for these individuals, identifying factors influencing it appears to be crucial. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between BPNs and HPBs with health anxiety through the mediating role of resilience.
Method
This was a correlational study, of path analysis type. The statistical population comprised all older women residing in Tabriz, Iran in the spring of 2023, among whom a sample of 220 older women was selected through convenience sampling. Inclusion criteria were (1) aged 60 years and above, (2) ability to read and write, and (3) willingness to participate in the study. Exclusion criteria included (1) withdrawal from the study, (2) incomplete questionnaire responses, and (3) diagnosis of psychiatric disorders or use of psychiatric medications within the past year. Participants completed the Salkovskis et al.’s Health Anxiety Inventory (HAI-18), Walker et al.’s Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLP-II), the La Guardia et al.’s Basic Psychological Needs Scale (BPNS), and the Connor & Davidson’s Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). To gather necessary data, the researcher visited different parks across Tabriz on six occasions, introduced themselves, explained the study’s purpose to older adults, and provided guidance on completing the questionnaires to ensure their informed participation. Subsequently, eligible older individuals were provided with the questionnaires. After data collection, descriptive statistics and Pearson’s correlation analysis were performed in SPSS-23. Path analysis was then employed to examine the relationships between variables and to test the hypothesized model in Lisrel 8.8 software.
Results
Before conducting data analysis, it was determined that the distribution of scores for all variables was normal, and the results showed no correlation between errors and no collinearity among variables. Hypothesis testing was approached by examining model fit. Therefore, to evaluate the hypothesized model, path analysis was utilized. The results of Pearson’s correlation test indicated that BPNs had a negative relationship with older women’s health anxiety. HPBs had a negative relationship with older women’s health anxiety. Resilience had a negative relationship with older women’s health anxiety. The results of path analysis indicated that BPNs indirectly related to older women’s health anxiety through the mediating role of resilience, and HPBs indirectly related to older women’s health anxiety through the mediating role of resilience. The goodness-of-fit indices for the model were as follows: X2=19623.36, df= 9012, X2/df= 2.17, CFI=.92, GFI=.94, AGFI=.92, RMSEA=.063, indicating a satisfactory model fit. the final model can be seen in Figure 1.
The results from the Sobel test revealed significant mediating roles of resilience in various relationships. Specifically, resilience was found to mediate the relationship between responsibility and health anxiety (Z= -1.26, P<.01), physical activity  and health anxiety (Z= -1.26, P<.01), nutrition and health anxiety (Z=-2.03, P<.01), flourishing and health anxiety (Z= -1.60, P<.01), support and health anxiety (Z= -1.84, P<.01), stress managment and health anxiety (Z= -1.70, P<.01), autonomy and health anxiety (Z = -2.42, P< .01), competence and health anxiety (Z= -2.00, P<.01), and relatedness and health anxiety (Z=-2.10, P<.01). These findings underscore the significant role of resilience in moderating the relationship of various factors with health anxiety among the older women.
Conclusion
As individuals age, their performance in various life domains often declines, leading to reduced impact on both their environment and others. This, in turn, can result in a failure to meet their own needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Aging is often accompanied by the emergence of physical and cognitive symptoms associated with declining health. Misinterpreting these symptoms can lead older adults to experience health anxiety. Increased engagement in HPBs is associated with reduced health anxiety. According to cognitive theory, anxiety arises from erroneous and exaggerated beliefs about existing threats. Conversely, HPBs involve intentional planning and conscious actions aimed at preventing illness and improving health, motivating individuals to pursue a higher quality of life. Individuals with high resilience accept stressful events and are psychologically more resilient. As resilience leads to increased toughness, older adults exhibit greater patience in facing the negative consequences of aging, thereby reducing their anxiety. Satisfying BPNs can play a significant role in resilience, as fulfilling these needs provides the necessary conditions for growth, stability, and well-being. Individuals who feel autonomous in their actions have a greater sense of competence, which in turn enhances their resilience. Satisfying these needs fosters greater adaptability in facing the consequences of aging, including health anxiety, among older adults.
Ethical Consideration
Ethical Code
To comply with ethical standards in the research, the current study was pre-registered at Mohaghegh Ardabili University.
Financial Support
 This study had no financial support
Authors’ Contributions
M.M: Project administration, Data curation, Resources, software, validation, formal analysis, writing- original draft, writing-review & editing, Visioalization; S.B: Conceptualization, methodology, Supervision, writing-review & editing Resources, Visioalization
Conflict of Interest
The author had no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgments
The authors deem it necessary to express gratitude to all older participants involved in this study.
References
Aalto, A. M., Heijmans, M., Weinman, J., & Aro, A. R. (2005). Illness perceptions in coronary heart disease: Sociodemographic, illness-related, and psychosocial correlates. Journal of psychosomatic research58(5), 393-402.‏
Aazami, Y., Nabi-Farsi, F. (2021). Comparison of resilience, mental health and the amount of health anxiety in the Treatment staff working in the corona and non-corona departments of Tehran army ground forces hospitals in 2021-2022. Nurse and Physician Within War, 10(36), 78- 87. [Persian].
Alaghband, L., sharifi, H P., farzad, V., Sghayousefi, A. (2020). Predicting emotional divorce based on emotional literacy, coping styles, quality of life, resilience mediation. Journal of Psychological Science, 19(90), 733-743. [Persian]
Alizadeh Fard, S., Saffarinia, M. (2020). The prediction of mental health based on the anxiety and the social cohesion that caused by Coronavirus. Social Psychology Research, 9(36), 129-141. [Persian]
American Psychiatric Association, (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5™ (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
Antunes, R., Frontini, R., Amaro, N., Salvador, R., Matos, R., Morouço, P., & Rebelo-Gonçalves, R. (2020). Exploring lifestyle habits, physical activity, anxiety and basic psychological needs in a sample of Portuguese adults during COVID-19. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(12), 4360.
Asmundson, G. J., & Taylor, S. (2020). How health anxiety influences responses to viral outbreaks like COVID-19: What all decision-makers, health authorities, and health care professionals need to know. Journal of anxiety disorders71, 102211.‏
Atadokht, A., Rahimi, S., & Valinejad, S. (2018). The Role of Health Promoting Lifestyle and Religious Orientation in Predicting Quality of Life and Death Anxiety in Elders. Aging Psychology, 4(2), 143-154. [Persian]
Azadi, A., Taghinejad, H., Azizi, M. Mahmoudi, Y., Jamaluddin, H. (2016). Scrutiny the quality-of-life elderly in Ilam and its related factors in 2015. Scientific Journal of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedical Faculty, 2(1), 29-37. [Persian]
Baladi Mousavi, S. The situation of the elderly in Iran. Statistical Centre of Iran 2017 [cited 2020 April].‏ Available from: https://www.amar.org.ir/ news/ID/5241.
  Beheshti, E., Zarqam Hajabi, M. (2022). The Relationship between Resiliency and Practice of Religious Beliefs with Anxiety and Depression among Soldiers. Journal of Military Medicine, 20(3), 333-341. [Persian]
Besharat, M A., Jafari, F., Gholam Ali Lavasani, M. (2021). Predicting symptoms of anxiety and depression based on satisfying basic psychological needs. Rooyesh, 10(1),25-34. [Persian]
Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor‐Davidson resilience scale (CD‐RISC). Depression and anxiety18(2),76-82.‏
Dantas, E. H. M., Figueira, O. A., Figueira, A. A., Höekelmann, A., Vale, R. G. D. S., Figueira, J. A., & Figueira, H. A. (2023). The association between physical activity and anxiety in aging: a comparative analysis. In Healthcare (Vol. 11, No. 15, p. 2164). MDPI.‏
De Souza, I. M. B., Sakaguchi, T. F., Yuan, S. L. K., Matsutani, L. A., do Espírito-Santo, A. D. S., Pereira, C. A. D. B., & Marques, A. P. (2019). Prevalence of low back pain in the elderly population: a systematic review. Clinics, 74.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The" what" and" why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological inquiry11(4), 227-268.‏
El-Gabalawy, R., Mackenzie, C. S., Thibodeau, M. A., Asmundson, G. J. G., & Sareen, J. (2013). Health anxiety disorders in older adults: conceptualizing complex conditions in late life. Clinical Psychology Review33(8), 1096-1105.‏
Fang, S., & Mushtaque, I. (2024). The Moderating Role of Health Literacy and Health Promoting Behavior in the Relationship Among Health Anxiety, Emotional Regulation, and Cyberchondria. Psychology Research and Behavior Management,51-62. 
Farivar, M., Aziziaram, S., Basharpoor, S. (2020). The Role of Health Promoting Behaviors and Health Beliefs in Predicting of Corona Anxiety (COVID-19) among Nurses. Quarterly Journal of Nursing Management, 9(4), 1-10. [Persian]
Friborg, O., Hjemdal, O., Rosenvinge, J. H., Martinussen, M., Aslaksen, P. M., & Flaten, M. A. (2006). Resilience as a moderator of pain and stress. Journal of psychosomatic research61(2), 213-219.‏
Gharibzadeh, R., Moini Kia, M. (2017). Resilience and hardiness relationship with students' academic progress with the mediating role of students' happiness. Educational Leadership and Management Quarterly, 11(1), 81-91. [Persian]
Ghorbani, N., & Watson, P. J. (2004). Two facets of self-knowledge, the five-factor model, and promotions among Iranian managers. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal32(8), 769-776.‏
Guardia, G. J. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). Within person variation in security of attachment: A self-theory perspective on attachment, Need Fulfillment and wellbeing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 367-384.
Hoshi N, Kjodabakhshi Kolaei A, Falsafinejad M. (2020). The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Group Counseling on Sleep Quality and Rumination in Older People. Journal of Assessment and Research in Applied Counseling, 2(1), 35-51.
Jafary Nadrabady, M., Bagheri, F., Ghorban Jahromi, R. (2023). Providing a Model for a Health-Oriented Academic Lifestyle: The Effect of Basic Psychological Needs on the Mediating Role of Self-Esteem. Education Strategies in Medical Sciences (ESMS),16(3),302-311. [Persian]
Kelly, D. L., Yang, G. S., Starkweather, A. R., Siangphoe, U., Alexander-Delpech, P., & Lyon, D. E. (2020). Relationships among fatigue, anxiety, depression, and pain and health-promoting lifestyle behaviors in women with early-stage breast cancer. Cancer nursing43(2), 134-146.‏
Khodamoradi, A., Hassanipour, S., Daryabeigi Khotbesara, R., Ahmadi, B. (2018). The trend of population aging and planning of health services for the elderly: A review study. Journal of Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, 6(3), 81-95. [Persian].
Kızılkurt, O. K., Yılmaz, A., Noyan, C. O., & Dilbaz, N. (2021). Health anxiety during the early phases of COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey and its relationship with postpandemic attitudes, hopelessness, and psychological resilience. Perspect. Psychiatr. Care57, 399-407.‏
La Guardia, J. G., Ryan, R. M., Couchman, C. E., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Within-person variation in security of attachment: a self-determination theory perspective on attachment, need fulfillment, and well-being. Journal of personality and social psychology79(3), 367.‏
Li, C., Ivarsson, A., Lam, L. T., & Sun, J. (2019). Basic psychological needs satisfaction and frustration, stress, and sports injury among university athletes: a four-wave prospective survey. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 665.
Liu, X. Q., Guo, Y. X., & Xu, Y. (2023). Risk factors and digital interventions for anxiety disorders in college students: Stakeholder perspectives. World Journal of Clinical Cases11(7), 1442.‏
Liu, Y., & Huang, X. (2021). Effects of basic psychological needs on resilience: A human agency model. Frontiers in psychology12, 700035.‏
M, L. Chang, H. Liu, Y. Hsieh, L. Lo, L. Lin, M. Lu, K (2013). The Relationship between Health-Promoting Behaviors and Resilience in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. The Scientific World Journa:
Martins Van Jaarsveld, G. (2020). The effects of COVID-19 among the elderly population: a case for closing the digital divide. Frontiers in psychiatry, 11, 1211.
Mehri Adriani, M., Magdi Nasab, N., Sharafuddin Zadeh, N. (2013). The relationship between depression and stress and the quality of life of Alzheimer's patients. Scientific Journal of Social Psychology, 1(27), 43-53. [Persian].
Minami, U., Nishi, M., Fukaya, T., Hasebe, M., Nonaka, K., Koike, T., & Fujiwara, Y. (2015). Effects of the change in working status on the health of older people in Japan. PloS one10(12), e0144069.‏
Mohammadi Zeydi., A. Pakpour Haji Agha., A. Mohammadi Zeydi, b. (2011). Reliability and Validity of Persian Version of the HealthPromoting Lifestyle Profile. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 21(1), 103-113. [Persian]
Momeni, Kh., Amani, R., Janjani, P., Majzoobi, M. R., & Hadian Hamedani, K. (2021). The Relationship between attachment styles with positive and negative affect in the elderly: The Mediating role of reminiscence styles. Aging Psychology, 7(4), 407-422.
Momeni, K., Amani, R., Janjani, P., Majzoobi, M. R., Forstmeier, S., & Nosrati, P. (2022). Attachment styles and happiness in the elderly: The Mediating role of reminiscence styles. BMC Geriatrics, 22, Article 349. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-022-03053-z
Naderi Baghbanan, L., Parandin, Sh. (2022). Predicting vulnerability to stress based on personality traits, locus of control, social support and resilience of elderly residents in a nursing home in Kermanshah. Psychological Research Quarterly, 14(41), 71-95. [Persian]
Naemi, A. M. (2018). Relationship between basic psychological needs satisfaction with resilience and marital satisfaction in teachers. International Journal of Educational and Psychological Researches4(2), 78.- 83.
Nargesi, F. (2013). Comparison of dysfunctional beliefs, personality traits and history of serious illness in primary school teachers with and without health anxiety in Andimeshk city. Master's thesis, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz. [Persian]
Nemati, F., Golestane, M., Jokar, M. (2022). The relationship between basic psychological needs and resilience through the mediating role of self-efficacy in life skills during adolescence. Contemporary Psychology, 2(16), 59-72. [Persian].
Neufeld, A., & Malin, G. (2019). Exploring the relationship between medical student basic psychological need satisfaction, resilience, and well-being: a quantitative study. BMC medical education19, 1-8.‏
Nodehi Moghadam, A., Rashid, N., Hosseini Ajdad Niaki, S J., Hosseinzadeh, S. (2019). Evaluation of Quality of Life and its Related Factors in Elderly in Mashhad in 2019. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing, 14(3), 310-319. [Persian]
Norouzinia, R., Aghabarari, M., Kohan, M., Karimi, M. (2013). Health promotion behaviors and its correlation with anxiety and some students’ demographic factors of Alborz University of Medical Sciences. Journal of Health Promotion Management, 2(4), 3949. [Persian].
Omidhar, A., Gharibzadeh, R. and Azizi Nejad, b. (140). Comparison of resilience, persistence, academic progress and academic procrastination in students with and without learning disabilities. Journal of Exceptional Children, 21(1), 102-91. [Persian]
Ong, A. D., Uchino, B. N., & Wethington, E. (2016). Loneliness and health in older adults: A mini-review and synthesis. Gerontology62(4), 443-449.‏
Pakpour, V., Sadeghi, R., Salimi, S., Sarbakhsh, P., Malek Mirzaei, E. (2021). The Predictive role of resilience and self-worth in health-promoting behaviors among the elderly. Nursing and Midwifery Journal, 19(6), 470-482. [Persian]
Perna, L., Mielck, A., Lacruz, M. E., Emeny, R. T., Holle, R., Breitfelder, A., & Ladwig, K. H. (2012). Socioeconomic position, resilience, and health behaviour among elderly people. International journal of public health57, 341-349.‏
Rubio, I., Ángel, N. G., Silva, S., & Brito-Costa, S. (2023). Levels of Somatic Anxiety, Cognitive Anxiety, and Self-Efficacy in University Athletes from a Spanish Public University and Their Relationship with Basic Psychological Needs. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health20(3), 2415.‏
Salehi, H., Qumrani, A., Salehi, Z. (2013). The relationship between basic psychological needs and mental health of veterans, iranian journal of War and public health, 6(22),19. [Persian]
Salkovskis P.M., & Warwick, H.M. (2000). Meaning, misinterpretations, and medicine: A cognitive-behavioral approach to understanding health anxiety and hypochondriasis. Modern Perspectives on an Ancient Malady. New York, NY: Oxford University, 23, 202-222.
Salkovskis, P. M., Rimes, K. A., Warwick, H. M. C., & Clark, D. (2002). The Health Anxiety Inventory: development and validation of scales for the measurement of health anxiety and hypochondriasis. Psychological medicine32(5), 843-853.‏
Samadian, F., & Garrusi, S. (2015). The Relationship between Attitude, Social Support, and Elderly’s Life of Quality (A case study of Kerman). Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Journal of Social Sciences, 11(2), 189-206. [Persian]
Shahi Senobari, S., Aali, S., Shidanbarani, B. (2022). The Relationship between Basic Psychological Needs and Health-Promoting Lifestyle: The Gender-Modifying Role. Islamic Life Style, 6(3), 10-18. [Persian]
shamsadini Lori, A., pourmohamadi, K., keshtkaran, V., ahmadi kashkoli, S., pourahmadi, M R. (2015). A Survey on the Level of the Elderly Lifestyle in Shiraz. Health_Based Research, 1(1), 75-84. [Persian]
Teymouri Yeganeh, L. (2022). Causal Modeling of the Relationship between Health-promoting Lifestyle and Nurses' Self-efficacy and Psychological Well-being. Journal of Health, 13(3), 441-453. [Persian]
Tian, H. Chen, J. (2022). Study on Life Satisfaction of the Elderly Based on Healthy Aging. Journal of Healthcare Engineering, 1(2), 1-10.
Tóth-Király, I., Gajdos, P., Román, N., Vass, N., & Rigó, A. (2021). The associations between orthorexia nervosa and the sociocultural attitudes: the mediating role of basic psychological needs and health anxiety. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity26, 125-134.
‏Varlı, Ü., & Alankaya, N. (2022). Effect of health anxiety on disease perception and treatment compliance in elderly patients during the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing40, 84-90.‏
Vitorino, L. M., Chiaradia, R., Low, G., Cruz, J. P., Pargament, K. I., Lucchetti, A. L., & Lucchetti, G. (2018). Association of spiritual/religious coping with depressive symptoms in high‐and low‐risk pregnant women. Journal of clinical nursing27(3), e635-e642.‏
Walker, S. N., Kerr, M. J., Pender, N. J., & Sechrist, K. R. (1990). A Spanish language version of the health-promoting lifestyle profile. Nursing research39(5), 268-273.‏
World Health Organization (2013). Health topics on elderly depression. World Health Organization, Geneva.
Yang, G., Tian, L., Wang, Y., Li, J., Qiu, P., Rao, S., & Kuang, W. (2022). Prevalence and relative factors of health anxiety of elders in community healthcare centers. International Psychogeriatrics34(8), 735-742.‏
Zhang, P., Wang, L., Zhou, Q., Dong, X., Guo, Y., Wang, P., ... & Sun, C. (2023). A network analysis of anxiety and depression symptoms in Chinese disabled elderly. Journal of Affective Disorders333, 535-542.‏
Zhang, Y., Kuang, J., Xin, Z., Fang, J., Song, R., Yang, Y., ... & Wang, J. (2023). Loneliness, social isolation, depression and anxiety among the elderly in Shanghai: Findings from a longitudinal study. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics110, 104980.‏
Zhao, X., Yu, J., & Liu, N. (2023). Relationship between specific leisure activities and successful aging among older adults. Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness21(1), 111-118.‏
Zis, P., Daskalaki, A., Bountouni, I., Sykioti, P., Varrassi, G., & Paladini, A. (2017). Depression and chronic pain in the elderly: links and management challenges. Clinical interventions in aging, 12, 709-720.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Basic psychological needs
  • health promoting behaviors
  • health anxiety
  • resilience
  • older adults
منابع
آزادی، آ.، تقی نژاد، ح.، عزیزی، م،. محمودی، ی.، و جمال الدین، ه. (1395). بررسی کیفیت زندگی سالمندان شهر ایلام و عوامل مرتبط با آن در سال ۱۳۹۴. فصلنامه پرستاری، مامایی و پیراپزشکی، ۲(۱)، 37-29.
اعظمی.، ی و نبی فارسی، ف. (1401). مقایسه تاب آوری، سلامت روان و میزان اضطراب سلامت در کادر درمان شاغل در بخش‌های کرونا و غیرکرونا بیمارستان‌های نیروی زمینی ارتش تهران سال ۱۴۰۰-۱۴۰۱. پرستار و پزشک در رزم، ۱۰(۳۶)، 87-78.
امیدوار، ع.، غریب زاده، ر.، و عزیزی نژاد، ب. (1400). مقایسه تاب آوری، سخت رویی، پیشرفت تحصیلی و اهمالکاری تحصیلی در دانش آموزان با و بدون ناتوانی‌های یادگیری. فصلنامه کودکان استثنایی، ۲۱(۱)، ۱۰۲-۹۱.
بشارت، م.،جعفری، ف.، و غلامعلی لواسانی، م. (1400). پیش بینی نشانه‌های اضطراب و افسردگی بر اساس ارضای نیازهای بنیادین روانشناختی. رویش روان شناسی، ۱۰(۱)، ۲۵-۳۴.
بهشتی، ا.، و ضرغام حاجبی، م. (1397). رابطه تاب‌آوری و عمل به باورهای دینی با اضطراب و افسردگی در سربازان. مجله طب نظامی، 20(3)، 341- 331.
پاک پور، و.، صادقی، ر.، سلیمی، ص.، سربخش، پ.، و ملک میرزایی، ا. (1400). نقش پیشگویی‌کنندگی تاب‌آوری و خود ارزشمندی در رفتارهای ارتقادهنده سلامت سالمندان. مجله پرستاری و مامایی، ۱۹(۶)، 482-470.
تیموری یگانه، ل. (1401). مدل یابی علی رابطه سبک زندگی ارتقادهنده سلامت با خودکارآمدی و بهزیستی روان‌شناختی پرستاران. سلامت و بهداشت، 13(۳)، 551-453.
جعفری ندرآبادی، م.، باقری، ف.، و قربان جهرمی، ر. (1402). ارائه الگویی برای سبک زندگی تحصیلی سلامت محور: اثر نیازهای بنیادین روانشناختی با نقش میانجی عزت نفس. دوماهنامه علمی- پژوهشی راهبردهای آموزش در علوم پزشکی، ۱۶(۳)، 311-302.
خدامرادی، ع.، حسنی پور، س.، دریابیگی خطبه سرا، ر.، و احمدی، ب. (1397). بررسی روند سالمندی و لزوم برنامه ریزی خدمات سلامت برای سالمندان: یک مطالعه مروری. مجله علوم پزشکی تربت حیدریه، ۶(۳)، 95-81.
شاهی صنوبری.، عالی، ش.، و شیدعنبرانی، ب (1401). رابطه نیازهای بنیادین روانشناختی با سبک زندگی ارتقاء دهنده سلامت: نقش تعدیل‌کننده جنسیت. سبک زندگی اسلامی با محوریت سلامت، ۶(۳)، ۱۰-۱۸.
شمس الدینی لری، ع.، پورمحمدی، ک.، کشتکاران، و.، احمدی کشکولی، ص.، و پور احمدی، م. (1394). بررسی سطح سبک زندگی سالمندان شهر شیراز. پژوهش‌های سلامت محور، ۱(۱)، ۷۵-۸۴.
صالحی، ه،. قمرانی، ا.، و صالحی، ز. (1392). رابطه نیازهای بنیادی روانشناختی و سلامت روان جانبازان، مجله علمی پژوهشی طب جانباز، 6(22)، 9-1.
صمدیان، ف.، و گروسی، س. (1393). بررسی رابطه نگرش ها، حمایت اجتماعی و کیفیت زندگی سالمندان (مورد مطالعه: سالمندان ساکن شهر کرمان. علوم اجتماعی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، 11(2)،206- 189. 
عطادخت، ا.، رحیمی، س.، و ولی نژاد، س. (1397). نقش سبک زندگی ارتقا‌‌ دهنده سلامت و جهت‌گیری مذهبی در پیش‌بینی کیفیت زندگی و اضطراب مرگ در سالمندان. روان‌شناسی پیری، 4(2)، 160- 154. 
علاقبند، ل.، شریفی، ح.، فرزاد، و.، و آقایوسفی، ع. (1399). پیش ‌بینی طلاق عاطفی بر اساس سواد عاطفی، سبک‌های مقابله‌ای، کیفیت زندگی، هیجان خواهی با میانجی‌گری تاب آوری. مجله علوم روانشناختی، 19(90)، ۷۴۳-۷۳۳.
علی زاده فرد، س.، و صفاری نیا، م. (1398). پیش بینی سلامت روان بر اساس اضطراب و همبستگی اجتماعی ناشی از بیماری کرونا. پژوهش‌های روان شناسی اجتماعی، 36،  141-129.
غریب زاده، ر.، و معینی کیا، م. (1396). رابطه تاب‌آوری و سخت رویی با پیشرفت تحصیلی دانشجویان با نقش میانجی‌گری شادکامی دانشجویان. فصلنامه رهبری و مدیریت آموزشی، 11(1)، 91- 81. 
فریور، م.، عزیزی آرام، س.، و بشرپور، س (1399). نقش رفتارهای ارتقادهنده سلامتی و‌ باورهای بهداشتی در پیش‌بینی اضطراب بیماری کرونا (کووید-۱۹) در پرستاران. فصلنامه مدیریت پرستاری، ۹(۴)، 10-1.
محمدی زیدی، ع.، پاکپور حاجی آقا، ا.، و محمدی زیدی، ب. (1390). روایی و پایایی نسخه فارسی پرسش‌نامه سبک زندگی ارتقاء دهنده سلامت. مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مازندران، 21(1)، 113-103.
مهری آدریانی، م.، مجدی نسب، ن.، و شرف الدین زاده، ن. (1392). رابطه افسردگی و استرس با کیفیت زندگی بیماران آلزایمر. نشریه علمی روانشناسی اجتماعی، 1(27)، 53-43.
نادری باغبانان، ل.، و پرندین، ش. (1401). پیش بینی آسیب پذیری در برابر استرس بر اساس صفات شخصیت، منبع کنترل، حمایت اجتماعی و تاب‌آوری سالمندان مقیم در خانه سالمندان شهر کرمانشاه. فصلنامه تحقیقات روانشناختی، 14(41)، 95-71.
نرگسی، ف. (1390). مقایسه باورهای ناکارامد، ویژگی های شخصیتی و سابقه ابتلا به بیماری وخیم در معلمان مقطع ابتدایی دارا و فاقد اضطراب سلامتی در شهرستان اندیمشک. پایانامه کارشناسی ارشد، دانشگاه شهید چمران، اهواز.
نعمتی، ف.، گلستانه، م.، جوکار، م. (1401). رابطه‌ی بین نیازهای بنیادین روان‌شناختی با تاب‌آوری از طریق نقش میانجی‌گری خودکارآمدی در مهارت‌های زندگی در دوره‌ی نوجوانی. روانشناسی معاصر، 2(16)، 72-59.
نودهی مقدم، ا.، رشید، ن.، حسینی اجداد نیاکی، ج.، و حسین زاده، س. (1398). بررسی کیفیت زندگی و عوامل مرتبط با آن در سالمندان شهر مشهد. مجله سالمندی ایران، ۱۴(۳)، 319-310.
نوروزی نیا، ر.، آقابراری، م.، کهن، م.، و کریمی، م. (1392). بررسی رفتارهای ارتقادهنده سلامت و همبستگی آن با میزان اضطراب و برخی مشخصات جمعیت شناسی دانشجویان دانشگاه علوم پزشکی البرز. مدیریت ارتقای سلامت، 2(4)، 49-38.
مؤمنی، خ.، امانی، ر.، جانجانی، پ.، مجذوبی، م. ر.، و هادیان همدانی، ک.، (1400). رابطه سبک­های دلبستگی و عواطف مثبت و منفی در سالمندان: نقش میانجی سبک­های خاطره­پردازی. روان­شناسی­ پیری، 7(4)، 422-407.
References
Aalto, A. M., Heijmans, M., Weinman, J., & Aro, A. R. (2005). Illness perceptions in coronary heart disease: Sociodemographic, illness-related, and psychosocial correlates. Journal of psychosomatic research58(5), 393-402.‏
Aazami, Y., Nabi-Farsi, F. (2021). Comparison of resilience, mental health and the amount of health anxiety in the Treatment staff working in the corona and non-corona departments of Tehran army ground forces hospitals in 2021-2022. Nurse and Physician Within War, 10(36), 78- 87. [Persian].
Alaghband, L., sharifi, H P., farzad, V., Sghayousefi, A. (2020). Predicting emotional divorce based on emotional literacy, coping styles, quality of life, resilience mediation. Journal of Psychological Science, 19(90), 733-743. [Persian]
Alizadeh Fard, S., Saffarinia, M. (2020). The prediction of mental health based on the anxiety and the social cohesion that caused by Coronavirus. Social Psychology Research, 9(36), 129-141. [Persian]
American Psychiatric Association, (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5™ (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
Antunes, R., Frontini, R., Amaro, N., Salvador, R., Matos, R., Morouço, P., & Rebelo-Gonçalves, R. (2020). Exploring lifestyle habits, physical activity, anxiety and basic psychological needs in a sample of Portuguese adults during COVID-19. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(12), 4360.
Asmundson, G. J., & Taylor, S. (2020). How health anxiety influences responses to viral outbreaks like COVID-19: What all decision-makers, health authorities, and health care professionals need to know. Journal of anxiety disorders71, 102211.‏
Atadokht, A., Rahimi, S., & Valinejad, S. (2018). The Role of Health Promoting Lifestyle and Religious Orientation in Predicting Quality of Life and Death Anxiety in Elders. Aging Psychology, 4(2), 143-154. [Persian]
Azadi, A., Taghinejad, H., Azizi, M. Mahmoudi, Y., Jamaluddin, H. (2016). Scrutiny the quality-of-life elderly in Ilam and its related factors in 2015. Scientific Journal of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedical Faculty, 2(1), 29-37. [Persian]
Baladi Mousavi, S. The situation of the elderly in Iran. Statistical Centre of Iran 2017 [cited 2020 April].‏ Available from: https://www.amar.org.ir/ news/ID/5241.
  Beheshti, E., Zarqam Hajabi, M. (2022). The Relationship between Resiliency and Practice of Religious Beliefs with Anxiety and Depression among Soldiers. Journal of Military Medicine, 20(3), 333-341. [Persian]
Besharat, M A., Jafari, F., Gholam Ali Lavasani, M. (2021). Predicting symptoms of anxiety and depression based on satisfying basic psychological needs. Rooyesh, 10(1),25-34. [Persian]
Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor‐Davidson resilience scale (CD‐RISC). Depression and anxiety18(2),76-82.‏
Dantas, E. H. M., Figueira, O. A., Figueira, A. A., Höekelmann, A., Vale, R. G. D. S., Figueira, J. A., & Figueira, H. A. (2023). The association between physical activity and anxiety in aging: a comparative analysis. In Healthcare (Vol. 11, No. 15, p. 2164). MDPI.‏
De Souza, I. M. B., Sakaguchi, T. F., Yuan, S. L. K., Matsutani, L. A., do Espírito-Santo, A. D. S., Pereira, C. A. D. B., & Marques, A. P. (2019). Prevalence of low back pain in the elderly population: a systematic review. Clinics, 74.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The" what" and" why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological inquiry11(4), 227-268.‏
El-Gabalawy, R., Mackenzie, C. S., Thibodeau, M. A., Asmundson, G. J. G., & Sareen, J. (2013). Health anxiety disorders in older adults: conceptualizing complex conditions in late life. Clinical Psychology Review33(8), 1096-1105.‏
Fang, S., & Mushtaque, I. (2024). The Moderating Role of Health Literacy and Health Promoting Behavior in the Relationship Among Health Anxiety, Emotional Regulation, and Cyberchondria. Psychology Research and Behavior Management,51-62. 
Farivar, M., Aziziaram, S., Basharpoor, S. (2020). The Role of Health Promoting Behaviors and Health Beliefs in Predicting of Corona Anxiety (COVID-19) among Nurses. Quarterly Journal of Nursing Management, 9(4), 1-10. [Persian]
Friborg, O., Hjemdal, O., Rosenvinge, J. H., Martinussen, M., Aslaksen, P. M., & Flaten, M. A. (2006). Resilience as a moderator of pain and stress. Journal of psychosomatic research61(2), 213-219.‏
Gharibzadeh, R., Moini Kia, M. (2017). Resilience and hardiness relationship with students' academic progress with the mediating role of students' happiness. Educational Leadership and Management Quarterly, 11(1), 81-91. [Persian]
Ghorbani, N., & Watson, P. J. (2004). Two facets of self-knowledge, the five-factor model, and promotions among Iranian managers. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal32(8), 769-776.‏
Guardia, G. J. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). Within person variation in security of attachment: A self-theory perspective on attachment, Need Fulfillment and wellbeing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 367-384.
Hoshi N, Kjodabakhshi Kolaei A, Falsafinejad M. (2020). The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Group Counseling on Sleep Quality and Rumination in Older People. Journal of Assessment and Research in Applied Counseling, 2(1), 35-51.
Jafary Nadrabady, M., Bagheri, F., Ghorban Jahromi, R. (2023). Providing a Model for a Health-Oriented Academic Lifestyle: The Effect of Basic Psychological Needs on the Mediating Role of Self-Esteem. Education Strategies in Medical Sciences (ESMS),16(3),302-311. [Persian]
Kelly, D. L., Yang, G. S., Starkweather, A. R., Siangphoe, U., Alexander-Delpech, P., & Lyon, D. E. (2020). Relationships among fatigue, anxiety, depression, and pain and health-promoting lifestyle behaviors in women with early-stage breast cancer. Cancer nursing43(2), 134-146.‏
Khodamoradi, A., Hassanipour, S., Daryabeigi Khotbesara, R., Ahmadi, B. (2018). The trend of population aging and planning of health services for the elderly: A review study. Journal of Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, 6(3), 81-95. [Persian].
Kızılkurt, O. K., Yılmaz, A., Noyan, C. O., & Dilbaz, N. (2021). Health anxiety during the early phases of COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey and its relationship with postpandemic attitudes, hopelessness, and psychological resilience. Perspect. Psychiatr. Care57, 399-407.‏
La Guardia, J. G., Ryan, R. M., Couchman, C. E., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Within-person variation in security of attachment: a self-determination theory perspective on attachment, need fulfillment, and well-being. Journal of personality and social psychology79(3), 367.‏
Li, C., Ivarsson, A., Lam, L. T., & Sun, J. (2019). Basic psychological needs satisfaction and frustration, stress, and sports injury among university athletes: a four-wave prospective survey. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 665.
Liu, X. Q., Guo, Y. X., & Xu, Y. (2023). Risk factors and digital interventions for anxiety disorders in college students: Stakeholder perspectives. World Journal of Clinical Cases11(7), 1442.‏
Liu, Y., & Huang, X. (2021). Effects of basic psychological needs on resilience: A human agency model. Frontiers in psychology12, 700035.‏
M, L. Chang, H. Liu, Y. Hsieh, L. Lo, L. Lin, M. Lu, K (2013). The Relationship between Health-Promoting Behaviors and Resilience in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. The Scientific World Journa:
Martins Van Jaarsveld, G. (2020). The effects of COVID-19 among the elderly population: a case for closing the digital divide. Frontiers in psychiatry, 11, 1211.
Mehri Adriani, M., Magdi Nasab, N., Sharafuddin Zadeh, N. (2013). The relationship between depression and stress and the quality of life of Alzheimer's patients. Scientific Journal of Social Psychology, 1(27), 43-53. [Persian].
Minami, U., Nishi, M., Fukaya, T., Hasebe, M., Nonaka, K., Koike, T., & Fujiwara, Y. (2015). Effects of the change in working status on the health of older people in Japan. PloS one10(12), e0144069.‏
Mohammadi Zeydi., A. Pakpour Haji Agha., A. Mohammadi Zeydi, b. (2011). Reliability and Validity of Persian Version of the HealthPromoting Lifestyle Profile. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 21(1), 103-113. [Persian]
Momeni, Kh., Amani, R., Janjani, P., Majzoobi, M. R., & Hadian Hamedani, K. (2021). The Relationship between attachment styles with positive and negative affect in the elderly: The Mediating role of reminiscence styles. Aging Psychology, 7(4), 407-422.
Momeni, K., Amani, R., Janjani, P., Majzoobi, M. R., Forstmeier, S., & Nosrati, P. (2022). Attachment styles and happiness in the elderly: The Mediating role of reminiscence styles. BMC Geriatrics, 22, Article 349. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-022-03053-z
Naderi Baghbanan, L., Parandin, Sh. (2022). Predicting vulnerability to stress based on personality traits, locus of control, social support and resilience of elderly residents in a nursing home in Kermanshah. Psychological Research Quarterly, 14(41), 71-95. [Persian]
Naemi, A. M. (2018). Relationship between basic psychological needs satisfaction with resilience and marital satisfaction in teachers. International Journal of Educational and Psychological Researches4(2), 78.- 83.
Nargesi, F. (2013). Comparison of dysfunctional beliefs, personality traits and history of serious illness in primary school teachers with and without health anxiety in Andimeshk city. Master's thesis, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz. [Persian]
Nemati, F., Golestane, M., Jokar, M. (2022). The relationship between basic psychological needs and resilience through the mediating role of self-efficacy in life skills during adolescence. Contemporary Psychology, 2(16), 59-72. [Persian].
Neufeld, A., & Malin, G. (2019). Exploring the relationship between medical student basic psychological need satisfaction, resilience, and well-being: a quantitative study. BMC medical education19, 1-8.‏
Nodehi Moghadam, A., Rashid, N., Hosseini Ajdad Niaki, S J., Hosseinzadeh, S. (2019). Evaluation of Quality of Life and its Related Factors in Elderly in Mashhad in 2019. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing, 14(3), 310-319. [Persian]
Norouzinia, R., Aghabarari, M., Kohan, M., Karimi, M. (2013). Health promotion behaviors and its correlation with anxiety and some students’ demographic factors of Alborz University of Medical Sciences. Journal of Health Promotion Management, 2(4), 3949. [Persian].
Omidhar, A., Gharibzadeh, R. and Azizi Nejad, b. (140). Comparison of resilience, persistence, academic progress and academic procrastination in students with and without learning disabilities. Journal of Exceptional Children, 21(1), 102-91. [Persian]
Ong, A. D., Uchino, B. N., & Wethington, E. (2016). Loneliness and health in older adults: A mini-review and synthesis. Gerontology62(4), 443-449.‏
Pakpour, V., Sadeghi, R., Salimi, S., Sarbakhsh, P., Malek Mirzaei, E. (2021). The Predictive role of resilience and self-worth in health-promoting behaviors among the elderly. Nursing and Midwifery Journal, 19(6), 470-482. [Persian]
Perna, L., Mielck, A., Lacruz, M. E., Emeny, R. T., Holle, R., Breitfelder, A., & Ladwig, K. H. (2012). Socioeconomic position, resilience, and health behaviour among elderly people. International journal of public health57, 341-349.‏
Rubio, I., Ángel, N. G., Silva, S., & Brito-Costa, S. (2023). Levels of Somatic Anxiety, Cognitive Anxiety, and Self-Efficacy in University Athletes from a Spanish Public University and Their Relationship with Basic Psychological Needs. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health20(3), 2415.‏
Salehi, H., Qumrani, A., Salehi, Z. (2013). The relationship between basic psychological needs and mental health of veterans, iranian journal of War and public health, 6(22),19. [Persian]
Salkovskis P.M., & Warwick, H.M. (2000). Meaning, misinterpretations, and medicine: A cognitive-behavioral approach to understanding health anxiety and hypochondriasis. Modern Perspectives on an Ancient Malady. New York, NY: Oxford University, 23, 202-222.
Salkovskis, P. M., Rimes, K. A., Warwick, H. M. C., & Clark, D. (2002). The Health Anxiety Inventory: development and validation of scales for the measurement of health anxiety and hypochondriasis. Psychological medicine32(5), 843-853.‏
Samadian, F., & Garrusi, S. (2015). The Relationship between Attitude, Social Support, and Elderly’s Life of Quality (A case study of Kerman). Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Journal of Social Sciences, 11(2), 189-206. [Persian]
Shahi Senobari, S., Aali, S., Shidanbarani, B. (2022). The Relationship between Basic Psychological Needs and Health-Promoting Lifestyle: The Gender-Modifying Role. Islamic Life Style, 6(3), 10-18. [Persian]
shamsadini Lori, A., pourmohamadi, K., keshtkaran, V., ahmadi kashkoli, S., pourahmadi, M R. (2015). A Survey on the Level of the Elderly Lifestyle in Shiraz. Health_Based Research, 1(1), 75-84. [Persian]
Teymouri Yeganeh, L. (2022). Causal Modeling of the Relationship between Health-promoting Lifestyle and Nurses' Self-efficacy and Psychological Well-being. Journal of Health, 13(3), 441-453. [Persian]
Tian, H. Chen, J. (2022). Study on Life Satisfaction of the Elderly Based on Healthy Aging. Journal of Healthcare Engineering, 1(2), 1-10.
Tóth-Király, I., Gajdos, P., Román, N., Vass, N., & Rigó, A. (2021). The associations between orthorexia nervosa and the sociocultural attitudes: the mediating role of basic psychological needs and health anxiety. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity26, 125-134.
‏Varlı, Ü., & Alankaya, N. (2022). Effect of health anxiety on disease perception and treatment compliance in elderly patients during the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing40, 84-90.‏
Vitorino, L. M., Chiaradia, R., Low, G., Cruz, J. P., Pargament, K. I., Lucchetti, A. L., & Lucchetti, G. (2018). Association of spiritual/religious coping with depressive symptoms in high‐and low‐risk pregnant women. Journal of clinical nursing27(3), e635-e642.‏
Walker, S. N., Kerr, M. J., Pender, N. J., & Sechrist, K. R. (1990). A Spanish language version of the health-promoting lifestyle profile. Nursing research39(5), 268-273.‏
World Health Organization (2013). Health topics on elderly depression. World Health Organization, Geneva.
Yang, G., Tian, L., Wang, Y., Li, J., Qiu, P., Rao, S., & Kuang, W. (2022). Prevalence and relative factors of health anxiety of elders in community healthcare centers. International Psychogeriatrics34(8), 735-742.‏
Zhang, P., Wang, L., Zhou, Q., Dong, X., Guo, Y., Wang, P., ... & Sun, C. (2023). A network analysis of anxiety and depression symptoms in Chinese disabled elderly. Journal of Affective Disorders333, 535-542.‏
Zhang, Y., Kuang, J., Xin, Z., Fang, J., Song, R., Yang, Y., ... & Wang, J. (2023). Loneliness, social isolation, depression and anxiety among the elderly in Shanghai: Findings from a longitudinal study. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics110, 104980.‏
Zhao, X., Yu, J., & Liu, N. (2023). Relationship between specific leisure activities and successful aging among older adults. Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness21(1), 111-118.‏
Zis, P., Daskalaki, A., Bountouni, I., Sykioti, P., Varrassi, G., & Paladini, A. (2017). Depression and chronic pain in the elderly: links and management challenges. Clinical interventions in aging, 12, 709-720.‏