ترس از پیری در سالمندان: نقش معنای زندگی، خودشفقت ورزی و حمایت اجتماعی ادراک شده

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه روانشناسی،واحدتبریز،دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی ،تبریز،ایران

2 گروه روانشناسی بالینی، دانشکده پزشکی، علوم پزشکی تبریز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تبریز ، ایران

چکیده

افزایش روزافزون سالمندان، طولانی شدن عمر و سپری شدن بخش چشمگیری از زندگی افراد در دوران سوم و چهارم زندگی، منجر به تغییرات شگرف و عمیقی در جامعه و خرده نظام‌های اجتماعی می‌شود. از آنجا که توصیف ترس از پیری و بررسی اثرات آن بر کل زندگی فردی و بین فردی سالمند ضروری است، شناسایی و مطالعه متغیرهای احتمالی درگیر در این نوع مطالعات می‌تواند راهی برای کنترل و کاهش اثرات منفی این تجربه مبهم باشد. بر این اساس، هدف از پژوهش حاضر تبیین نقش معنای زندگی، خودشفقت‌ورزی و حمایت اجتماعی ادراک شده در پیش‌بینی ترس از پیری در سالمندان بود.‌ پژوهش حاضر، توصیفی از نوع همبستگی بود.‌ جامعه آماری پژوهش، شامل تمامی مردان و زنان‌ سالمند 65 تا 80 سال شهر ایلام در سال 1400 بود که 300 نفر (140 نفر مرد و 160 نفر زن) به روش نمونه‌گیری در دسترس بر اساس معیارهای ورود و خروج انتخاب شدند.‌ ابزار ارزیابی شامل پرسشنامه­های معنای زندگی استگر و همکاران، خود شفقت­ ورزی نف، حمایت اجتماعی ادراک شده واکس وهمکاران و ترس از پیری لاشر فالکندر بودند.‌ در تحلیل داده از ضریب همبستگی پیرسون و رگرسیون چندگانه در نرم‌افزار SPSS نسخه 26 استفاده شد.‌ نتایج همبستگی معنادار نشان داد که بین ترس از پیری و معنای زندگی (46/0-=r)‌، خودشفقت‌ورزی (59/0-=r) و حمایت اجتماعی ادراک شده (47/0-=r) همبستگی معناداری وجود داشت.‌ نتایج رگرسیون چندگانه نشان داد که معنای‌زندگی (001/0, p<459/0-=β)، خودشفقت‌ورزی (001/, p<520/0-=β) و حمایت اجتماعی ادراک شده (001/0, p< 575/0-=β)‌ می‌توانند ترس از پیری در سالمندان را به صورت منفی پیش‌بینی کنند.‌ بنابراین پیشنهاد می‌شود روان‌شناسان حوزه سالمندی با بکارگیری تدابیری جهت ارتقای معنا در زندگی، خود شفقت‌ورزی و حمایت اجتماعی ادراک شده‌، ترس از پیری را در سالمندان کاهش دهند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Fear of Aging in Older Adults: The Role of Meaning in Life, Self-Compassion and Perceived Social Support

نویسندگان [English]

  • Zahra Delkhah 1
  • Marziyeh Alivandi Vafa 1
  • Naeimeh Moheb 2
1 Department of Psychology, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
2 Department of clinical psychology, faculty of medicine, Tabriz medical sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran.
چکیده [English]

The ever-increasing papulation of older people, the prolongation of life and the passing of a significant part of people’s lives in the third and fourth periods of life, have led to tremendous and profound changes in society and social subsystems. As it is essential to descript the fear of aging and the investigation of its effects on the whole personal and interpersonal life of older adults, the Identification and study of possible variables involved in this type of studies can be a way to control and reduce the negative effects of this ambiguous experience. This was a descriptive study, of correlational type.‌ The statistical population of the research included all older men and women aged 65 to 80 years old living in Ilam, Iran in 2021, among whom 300 people (140 men and 160 women) were selected by convenience sampling and according to inclusion and exclusion criteria.‌ The measures included Steger et al.’s meaning of life, Neff’s self-compassion, Wax et al.’s perceived social support, and Lasher and Falkander’s fear of old age questionnaires. The data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and univariate regression analysis in SPSS-26 software. The results of Pearson’s correlation coefficient figured out that there is a significant correlation between fear of aging with meaning of life (r=-.46), self-compassion (r=-.59) and perceived social support (r=-.47).‌ The results of univariate regression analysis indicated that the meaning of life (β=-.459, P<.001), self-compassion (β=.001, P<.520) and perceived social support (P<.001, β=-.575) can negatively predict the fear of aging in older adults.‌ Therefore, psychologists working in the field of aging are suggested to take advantages of promoting meaning in life, self-compassion and perceived social support to reduce the fear of aging in the elderly.
EXTENDED ABSTRACT
Introduction
Fear of aging in old age holds a particular depth and significance. Holding a negative view towards aging causes older people to feel fear of aging and leads them to experience pathological anxiety. Research suggests that meaning in life, self-compassion, and perceived social support have a significant impact on the fear of aging in older adults. When social support and interpersonal relationships are weak, and family members fail to establish effective communication, the experience of the fear of aging and its related psychological issues become more prevalent. Additionally, older individuals who seek meaning in their lives, view life purposefully and meaningfully, enhance their psychological health and well-being, serving as a defensive mechanism against the reality of aging. Besides, self-compassion during old age acts as a protective factor against negative emotions, aiding individuals in coping with the effects of aging. Although few studies have examined various variables in predicting the fear of aging in older adults, as of yet, no study has simultaneously examined the role of meaning in life, self-compassion, and perceived social support as the predictor of fear of aging. Therefore, considering the existing gaps in the research literature in this field of inquiry, this study aims to investigate the role of meaning in life, self-compassion, and perceived social support in predicting the fear of aging in older adults.
Method
This was a descriptive study, of correlational type. The study population included all older men and women aged 65 to 80 living in Ilam in 2021, among whom 300 individuals (140 men and 160 women) were selected using convenience sampling methods. Inclusion criteria were (1) aged between 65 to 80 years old, (2) having at least a primary level of education (ability to read and write), and (3) willingness to participate in the research. Exclusion criteria included (1) having mental health issues and (2) consumption of psychiatric drugs. Participants completed Steger et al.’s meaning of life, Neff’s self-compassion, Wax et al.’s perceived social support, and Lasher and Falkander’s fear of old age questionnaires. The study questionnaires were designed in printed form with bold font. If respondents encountered any ambiguities during the questionnaire completion, clarification was provided by the researcher, assuring them that their information would remain confidential, and the research results would be published anonymously. Finally, the data obtained from the questionnaires were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and univariate regression analysis in SPSS-26.
Results
To assess the normality of the data distribution, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic was used, the results of which indicated that the obtained statistic value for the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was not significant at the 0.05 level for all the variables. Therefore, all variables had a normal distribution. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were used to examine the relationships between predictor variables and the criterion variable. The correlation results indicated significant correlations between fear of aging and meaning in life and (r = -0.46), self-compassion (r = -0.59), and perceived social support (r = -0.48) (P<0.05). To predict the fear of aging in older adults based on meaning in life, self-compassion, and perceived social support, univariate regression analysis was employed with enter method. Results indicated that meaning in life significantly and negatively predicted fear of aging in older adults (β = -0.459, P<.001), indicating that an increase in meaning in life leads to a decrease in the fear of aging. Similarly, self-compassion significantly and negatively predicted fear of aging (β = -.520, P<.001), signifying that an increase in self-compassion leads to a decrease in the fear of aging. Additionally, perceived social support significantly and negatively predicted fear of aging  (β = -0.575, P <.001), showing that an increase in perceived social support leads to a decrease in the fear of aging. Based on the obtained results, the variables of meaning in life, self-compassion, and perceived social support have the predictive potential for the fear of aging. Results can be seen in Table 1.
Conclusion
Aging is an undeniable stage of growth in every individual’s life path, and a profound examination of that can enrich the experiences of this period. Seeking and finding meaning represents the true manifestation of human existence. Emphasizing the spiritual and inner assets of older adults and integrating these abilities against the weaknesses, vulnerabilities, and physical illnesses of old age contributes to reducing the fear of aging. Self-compassion leads to viewing one’s weaknesses differently and respecting oneself as a growing human being. It appears that the power of social support and fostering strong and deep interpersonal relationships is immensely significant during old age. Despite the inevitable challenges of this period, the elderly can also have immensely valuable and enriching experiences. For instance, having a meaningful life, social support, and self-compassion can effectively influence the bitter experience of the fear of aging and act as a psychological support umbrella. Therefore, it can be concluded that psychologists and specialists in geriatrics can impact the psychological health and fear of aging in older adults by relying on positive psychology theories and highlighting the significance of meaning in life, social support, and self-compassion during this phase.
Ethical Consideration
Ethical Code
To comply with ethical standards in the research, the ethical code IR.IAU.TABRIZ.REC1401.066 was obtained from Islamic Azad University, Tabriz beranch.
Financial Support
 This study had no financial support
Authors’ Contributions
Z.D: Writing - Original draft, writingreview & editing, data curation; M.A.V: Software, formal analysis, resources; N.M: Conceptualization, methodology
Conflict of Interest
 The author had no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgments
The authors of this article extend their gratitude to the Deputy of Research at the Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, for their spiritual support and collaboration in conducting this research. They also express thanks to older participants in this study who patiently responded to the questionnaires.   
References:
Ahmadi, S., Bagheriyan, F., Heidari, M., & kashfi, A. (2017). Elderly and meaning in life: field study of sources and dimensions of meaning in old women and men. Journal of Psychological Achievements, 23(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.22055/psy.2017.17833.1531 [Persian]
Azarbw, M., & Sajjadi, N. (2018). Role of the meaning of life, Self-Compassion and psychological capital in predicting psychological well-being of seniors in the elderly. Elderly Nursing, 4(4), 0-0. [Persian]
Baharvandi, B., Kazemianmoghadam, K., & Haroon Rashidi, H. (2020). The Effectiveness of compassion-focused therapy on ambiguity tolerance and death anxiety in the elderly. Aging Psychology, 6(1), 13-26. https://doi.org/10.22126/jap.2020.5148.1409 [Persian]
Bergman, Y. S., & Bodner, E. (2022). Aging anxiety in older adults: The role of self-esteem and meaning in life. GeroPsych: The Journal of Gerontopsychology and Geriatric Psychiatry, 35(4), 196–201. https://doi.org/10.1024/1662-9647/a000295
Bergman, Y.‌ S. , & Segel-Karpas, D.‌ (2021).‌ Aging anxiety, loneliness, and depressive symptoms among middle-aged adults: The moderating role of ageism.‌ Journal of Affective Disorders290, 89-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.04.077
Brunton, R.‌ J., & Scott, G.‌ (2015). Do we fear ageing? A multidimensional approach to‌ ageing anxiety. ‌ Educational Gerontology41(11), 786-799. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601277.2015.1050870
Bodner, E., Bergman, Y.‌ S., Shiloh-Levin, S., & Hoffman, Y.‌ S.‌ (2023).‌ The interactive effect of aging anxiety and age awareness on meaning in life and psychological distress: A moderated mediation model.‌ Current Psychology42(10), 8255-8264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02156-x
Brown, L., Huffman, J.‌ C., & Bryant, C.‌ (2019).‌ Self-compassionate aging: A systematic review.‌ The Gerontologist, 59(4), 311-324.‌ https://doi. org/10. 1093/geront/gny108
Carlson, K. J., Black, D. R., Holley, L. M., & Coster, D. C. (2020). Stereotypes of Older Adults: Development and Evaluation of an Updated Stereotype Content and Strength Survey. The Gerontologist, 60(5), e347–e356. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnz061
Demir, B., Kurtoğlu, H.‌ D., & Öztürk, Z.‌ A.‌ (2023).‌ Are Fear of covid-19, anxiety of death, and fear of death different among medical illnesses in the elderly? European Journal of Geriatrics & Gerontology5(3), 212-217. https://doi.org/10.4274/ejgg.galenos.2023.2023-3-5
Ding, F., Tian, X., Chen, L., & Wang, X. (2022). The relationship between physical health and fear of death in rural residents: The mediation effect of meaning in life and mental health. Death studies, 46(1), 148–156. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2020.1723741
Ebrahimi, S., Laripour, R., Ghyasi, H., Ramshini, M., & Delbari, A. (2020). Grascophobia among student of university of social welfare and rehabilitation science. Iranian Journal of Ageing, 15(1), 104-117. [Persian] ‎ https://doi.org/10.32598/sija.13.10.640
Emamirad, A. M., & Amiri, H. (2018). The Relationship between Spiritual Health and Meaning of Life with Death Anxiety in Elders. Aging Psychology, 4(3), 251-261. [Persian]
Fernández-Jiménez, C., Álvarez-Hernández, J. F., Salguero-García, D., Aguilar-Parra, J. M., & Trigueros, R. (2020). Validation of the lasher and Faulkner anxiety about aging scale (AAS) for the Spanish context. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(12), 4231. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124231
Foong, H. F., Ibrahim, R., Hamid, T. A., & Bagat, M. F. (2023). The Mediating role of instrumental activities of daily living in the relation between cognitive function and life satisfaction among Malaysian community-dwelling older adults: Do gender and age matter? Applied Research in Quality of Life, 18(4), 1897–1914. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-023-10167-y
Ghiyashi Biyazi, A., & Tajrobehkar, M. (2015). The Role of perceived social support in predicting students' exam anxiety, the first international conference on modern researches in the field of educational sciences, psychology and social studies of Iran, Qom, https://civilica .com/doc/498588
Golant, S. M. (2020). The Distance to death perceptions of older adults explain why they age in place: A theoretical examination. Journal of Aging Studies, 54, Article 100863. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2020.100863
Gvili, R. L., & Bodner, E. (2021). Ageist attitudes are associated with will-to-live and moderated by age, medical conditions and attitudes toward aging. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(13), 6736. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136736
Ha, J., & Kim, J. (2021). Ageism and the Factors Affecting Ageism among Korean Nursing Students: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4), 1798. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041798
Hajihasani, M., & Naderi, N. (2021). Death Anxiety in the Elderly: The Role of Spiritual Health and Perceived Social Support. Aging Psychology, 6(4), 319-309. [Persian]  https://doi.org/10.22126/jap.2020.5778.1473
Khalvati, M., Babakhanian, M., Khalvati, M., Nafei, A., Khalvati, M., & Ghafuri, R. (2021). Death anxiety in the elderly in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Iranian Journal of Ageing, 16(2), 152-171. [Persian] https://doi.org/10.32598/sija.16.2.862.2
Lasher, K.‌ P., & Faulkender, P.‌ J.‌ (1993). ‌Measurement of aging anxiety: Development of the anxiety about aging scale.‌ The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 37(4), 247-259. https://doi. org/10.2190/1U69-9AU2-V6LH-9Y1L
Lee, J.‌ E., Kahana, E., Kahana, B., & Zarit, S.‌ (2022). ‌The Role of goal and meaning in life for older adults facing interpersonal stress. Aging & Mental Health, 26(1), 149-158. https://doi. org/10.1080/13607863.2020.1849020
Lim, K.‌ H.‌ L., Pysklywec, A., Plante, M., & Demers, L.‌ (2019).‌ The Effectiveness of Tai Chi for short-term cognitive function improvement in the early stages of dementia in the elderly: a systematic literature review.‌ Clinical Interventions in Aging, 14, 827.‌ https://doi. org/10. 2147/CIA. S202055.‌
Liu, D., Xi, J., Hall, B., Fu, M., Zhang, B., Guo, J., & Feng, X.‌(2020). Attitudes toward aging, social support and depression among older adults: Difference by urban and rural areas in China.‌ Journal of Affective Disorders,1(274),85-92.‌ https://doi. org/10. 1016/j. jad. 2020. 05. 052
López‐Cerdá, E., Carmona‐Torres, J.‌ M., & Rodríguez‐Borrego, M.‌ A.‌ (2019).‌ Social support for elderly people over 65 years in Spain.‌ International nursing review, 66(1), 104-111.‌ https://doi.org/10. 1111/inr. 12468
Kornadt, A. E., Kessler, E. M., Wurm, S., Bowen, C. E., Gabrian, M., & Klusmann, V. (2020). Views on Ageing-A Lifespan Approach. European Journal of Ageing, 17, 387-401. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-019-00535-9
McCloskey, R., Yetman, L., Stewart, C., Slayter, J., Jarrett, P., McCollum, A., & Stoica, G. (2020). Changes in nursing students' knowledge, attitudes and interest in caring for older adults: A longitudinal cohort study. Nurse Education in Practice, 44, Article 102760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2020.102760
Moser, S., Luxenberger, W., & Freidl, W.‌ (2017).‌ The Influence of social support and coping on quality of life among elderly with age-related hearing loss.‌ American Journal of Audiology, 26(2), 170-179.‌ https://doi. org/10. 1044/2017_AJA-16-0083
Neff, K.‌ (2003). ‌Self-compassion: An Alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. ‌ Self and Identity, 2(2), 85-101. ‌https://doi. org/10. 1080/15298860309032
Pattakos, A., & Dundon, E.‌ (2017). ‌Prisoners of our thoughts: Viktor Frankl's principles for discovering meaning in life and work. Borderwork Publishers.
Rahmati, A., Mousavi Nasab, S. M. H., & Moradi, F. (2020). Cognitive ability in the elderly: the role of self-transcendence, self-compassion and positive affect. Aging Psychology, 6(2), 107-117. [Persian] https://doi. org/10.22126/jap.2020.5457.1435
Ramirez, L., & Palacios-Espinosa, X. (2016). ‌Stereotypes about old age, social support, aging anxiety and evaluations of one’s own health. ‌Journal of Social Issues,72(1),47-68. https://doi. org/10.1111/josi.12155
Resnick, B., Gwyther, L.‌ P., & Roberto, K.‌ (2016). ‌Resilience in aging: Concepts, research, and outcomes.‌ New York, NY: Springer.
Sadoughi, M., & Hesampour, F. (2020). Prediction of psychological well-being in the elderly by assessing their spirituality, gratitude to god, and perceived social support. Iranian Journal of Ageing, 15(2), 144-159. [Persian] https://doi. org/10.32598/sija.13.10.210
Segel-Karpas, D., & Bergman, Y.‌ S.‌ (2022). ‌Subjective views of aging: a cultural perspective.‌ in subjective views of aging: theory, research, and practice (pp.‌ 133-150).‌ Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Seedsman, T.‌ (2022).‌ Living in an Age of Longevity: Enduring insights and perspectives for embarking on a quest for health and well-being in later life.‌ OBM Geriatrics6(1), 1-37. https://doi. org/10.21926/obm.geriatr.2201195
Seo, J.‌ H., & Noh, Y.‌ G.‌ (2019).‌ Influences of social support and health promotion behavior on aging anxiety among middle-aged women.‌ Journal of Digital Convergence, 17(11), 339-347.‌ https://doi. org/10. 14400/JDC. 2019. 17. 11. 339
Shokoohifar, S., & Bakhshipour, A. Mediating role of meaning of life in the relationship between mental health and psychological well-being of the elderly. Caspian Journal of Health and Aging,6(2),57-70. [Persian] https://doi. org/10.22088/cjhaa.6.2.5
Smith, M. L., Bergeron, C. D., Cowart, C., Ahn, S., Towne, S. D., Jr, Ory, M. G., Menn, M. A., & Chaney, J. D. (2017). Factors associated with ageist attitudes among college students. Geriatrics & gerontology international, 17(10), 1698–1706. https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.12894
Steger, M.‌ F., Frazier, P., Oishi, S., & Kaler, M.‌ (2006).‌ The meaning in life questionnaire: Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life.‌ Journal of counseling psychology, 53(1), 80. https://doi. org/10. 1037/0022-0167. 53. 1. 80
Steger, M.‌ F., Frazier, P.,‌ & Zacchanini, J.‌ L.‌ (2008).‌ Terrorism in two cultures: Traumatization and existential protective factors following the September 11th attacks and the Madrid train bombings.‌ Journal of Trauma and Loss, 13(6), 511-527.‌ https://doi. org/10. 1080/15325020802173660
Tavares, L. R., Vagos, P., & Xavier, A. (2022). The Role of self-compassion in the psychological (mal)adjustment of older adults: A repeated-measures study protocol. Psychology and Psychotherapy, 95(4), 990–1002. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12414
Wise, R.‌ M., & Uzel, A.‌ (2021).‌ Intergenerational contact, aging anxiety and behavioral intentions toward older adults.‌ Educational Gerontology47(10), 470-485. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601277.2021.2002599
Varaee, P., Momeni, K., & Moradi, A. (2018). Self-Compassion, attitude towards religion and death anxiety: predictors of psychological well-being in the elderly. Developmental Psychology (Journal of Iranian Psychologists), 14(56), 445-460. [Persian]
Vasold, K.‌ (2019).‌ 2018 home and community preferences: A national survey of adults ages 18-plus.‌ Washington, DC: AARP Research.‌ https://doi. org/10. 26419/res. 00231. 001
Vaux, A., Phillips, J., Holley, L., Thompson, B., Williams, D., & Stewart, D.‌ (1986).‌ The Social support appraisals (SSA) scale: studies of reliability and validity. American Journal of Community Psychology, 14(1), 159-219. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00911821
Yazdani, M. R., & Momeni, K. (2016). The Role of Life Style and Toleration in Predicting Mental Health and Self-Empathy among the Students of Razi University in Kermanshah, 2014. Journal of Clinical Research in Paramedical Sciences, 5(2), 115-124. [Persian]
 Zhang, J.,  Peng, J.,  Gao, P., Huang, H.,  Cao, Y., Zheng , L.,‌ &  Miao , D. (2019).‌ Relationship between meaning in life and death anxiety in the elderly: self-esteem as a mediator.‌ BMC Geriatrics19, 308 .‌ https://doi. org/10. 1186/s12877-019-1316-7
Zheng, Z., Chen, H., & Yang, L.‌ (2019).‌ Transfer of promotion effects on elderly health with age: From physical environment to interpersonal environment and social participation.‌ International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(15), 2794. https://doi. org/10.3390/ijerph16152794 

 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Fear of aging
  • perceived social support
  • self-compassion
  • meaning of life
  • older adults
ابراهیمی، س.، لاری پور، ر.، قیاسی، ح.، رامشینی، م.، و دلبری، ا. (1399).‌ ترس از پیری و عوامل مرتبط با آن در بین دانشجویان دانشگاه علوم بهزیستی و توانبخشی تهران. سالمند: مجله سالمندی ایران، ۱۵(۱)، 93-82.
احمدی، س.، باقریان، ف.، حیدری، م.، و کشفی، ع. ( 1394). سالمندی و معنای زندگی: بررسی میدانی منابع و ابعاد معنا در زنان و مردان سالمند. دست‌آورد‌های روانشناختی، 24(1)، 22-1.
آذر بو، م‌.، و سجادی، س. (1397). نقش معنای زندگی، شفقت ورزی به خود و سرمایه روانشناختی در پیش بینی بهزیستی روانشناختی سالمندان سرای سالمندی. فصلنامه پرستاری سالمندان، 4(4)0-0.
امامی راد، ا.، و امیری، ح.‌ (1397).‌ رابطه سلامت معنوی و معنایابی در زندگی با اضطراب مرگ در سالمندان. روان‌شناسی پیری، 4(3)، 261-251.
بهاروندی، ب.، کاظمیان مقدم، ک.، و هارون رشیدی، ه.‌ (1399).‌ اثربخشی درمان مبتنی بر شفقت بر توانایی تحمل ابهام و اضطراب مرگ سالمندان.‌ روان‌شناسی پیری، 6(1)، 26-13.‌
حاجی حسنی‌، م.، و نادری، ن. (1399).‌ اضطراب مرگ در سالمندان: نقش سلامت معنوی و حمایت اجتماعی ادراک شده. فصلنامه روانشناسی پیری، 6(4)، 319-309.‌
خلوتی، م.، باباخانیان، م.، خلوتی، م.، نافعی، ا.، خلوتی، م.، و غفوری، ر. (1400). اضطراب مرگ در سالمندان ایرانی: یک مرور نظام‌مند و متاآنالیز.‌ سالمند: مجله سالمندی ایران، ۱۶(۲) ،۱۵۲-۱۷۱.‌
رحمتی،ع.، موسوی نسب‌، س.، و مرادی، ف. (1399).‌ توانمندی شناختی سالمندان: نقش خودفراروی،خود شفقت ورزی و عاطفه مثبت.‌ فصلنامه روانشناسی پیری ،6(2)، 117-110.‌
شکوهی‌فر، س.، و بخشی‌پور، ا. (1400). نقش میانجیگری معنی زندگی در رابطه با سلامت‌روان و بهزیستی روان ‌شناختی سالمندان. مجله سلامت و سالمندی خزر، ۶)۲)، 70-57.
صدوقی‌، م.، و حسام پور، ف. (1399). پیش بینی بهزیستی روانشناختی در سالمندان بر اساس معنویت، قدردانی از خدا و حمایت اجتماعی ادراک شده. سالمند:مجله سالمندی ایران ‌، 15(2)، 158-144.‌
غیاثی بیاضی، ا.، و تجربه کار، م. (1395).‌ نقش حمایت اجتماعی در پیش بینی اضطراب در دانش آموزان.‌ مقاله ارائه شده در اولین کنفرانس بین المللی پژوهش نوین در حوزه علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی و مطالعات اجتماعی اجتماعی ایران، قم.
ورعی، پ.، مؤمنی، خ.، و مرادی، آ.‌ (1397).‌ خودشفقت ورزی، بازخورد به دین و اضطراب مرگ: پیش بین‌های بهزیستی روان شناختی در سالمندان.‌ روانشناسی تحولی: روانشناسان ایرانی، 14(56)،460-445.
یزدانی، م.، و مومنی، خ.‌ (1395).‌ نقش سبک زندگی و تاب آوری در پیش بینی سلامت روان و خود شفقت ورزی دانشجویان دانشگاه رازی کرمانشاه در سال 1393.‌ تحقیقات بالینی در علوم پیراپزشکی، 5(2)، 124-115.‌