رابطه حمایت اجتماعی و سبک‌های مقابله‌ای با بهزیستی روان‌شناختی سالمندان: نقش میانجی خود ارزشمندی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه مراغه، مراغه، ایران

2 گروه علوم تربیتی و روان‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه فرهنگیان، تهران

چکیده

بهزیستی روان شناختی در سالمندان با عوامل مختلفی مانند حمایت اجتماعی و سبک‌های مقابله‌ای مرتبط است. در این میان متغیرهای میانجی می‌توانند تسهیل‌گر این رابطه باشند. بنابراین هدف پژوهش حاضر، بررسی رابطه حمایت اجتماعی و سبک‌های مقابله‌ایی با بهزیستی روان‌شناختی سالمندان با نقش میانجی خود ارزشمندی بود. طرح پژوهش همبستگی از نوع تحلیل مسیر بود. جامعه آماری شامل کلیه سالمندان شهرستان تبریز به تعداد 4000 نفر بود. از جامعه مذکور با توجه به روش نمونه گیری در دسترس تعداد 290 نفر به عنوان  نمونه انتخاب شدند. برای جمع‌آوری داده‌ها از پرسشنامه‌های بهزیستی روان‌شناختی ریف، سبک‌های مقابله‌ای درتاج و همکاران، خودارزشمندی کروکر و همکاران  و حمایت اجتماعی زیمت و همکاران استفاده شد. ارزیابی الگوی پیشنهادی از طریق تحلیل مسیر با استفاده از نرم افزار ایموس انجام گرفت. بر اساس یافته‌های به دست آمده، مدل پیشنهادی از برازش قابل قبولی برخوردار بود. همچنین، نتایج پژوهش حاکی از رابطه مستقیم مثبت بین حمایت اجتماعی با بهزیستی روان‌شناختی و همچنین بین سبک‌های مقابله‌ای با بهزیستی روان‌شناختی و خود ارزشمندی با بهزیستی روان‌شناختی بود. به‌طورکلی نتایج نشان داد که سبک‌های مقابله‌ای و حمایت اجتماعی از طریق میانجیگری خودارزشمندی بر بهزیستی روان‌شناختی سالمندان اثر غیرمستقیم دارند. با توجه به یافته‌های پژوهش می‌توان گفت حمایت اجتماعی و سبک‌های مقابله‌ای با میانجیگری خود ارزشمندی نقش بسزایی در بهزیستی روان شناختی سالمندان دارند. 

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

The Relationship Between Social Support and Coping Styles with the Psychological Well-Being of the Elderly: The Mediating Role of Self-Worth

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ali Afshari 1
  • Rasul Rezai 2
1 Dept of psychology, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran
2 Dept. of psychology, University of Farhangian, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Psychological well-being in the elderly is related to various factors such as social support and coping styles. Meanwhile, mediating variables can facilitate this relationship. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between social support and coping styles with the psychological well-being of the elderly with the mediating role of self-worth. The correlational research design was of the path analysis type. The statistical population included all the elderly people of Tabriz city, numbering 4000 people. According to the available sampling method, 290 people were selected as a sample from the mentioned society. To collect data, Riff's psychological well-being questionnaires, Dartaj et al.'s coping styles, Kroker et al.'s self-esteem, and Zimmet et al.'s social support questionnaires were used. Evaluation of the proposed model was done through path analysis using Imus software. Based on the findings, the proposed model had an acceptable fit. Also, the research results indicated a direct positive relationship between social support and psychological well-being, as well as between coping styles and psychological well-being and self-worth and psychological well-being. In general, the results showed that coping styles and social support have an indirect effect on the psychological well-being of the elderly through the mediation of self-esteem. According to the findings of the research, it can be said that social support and coping styles with the mediation of self-worth play a significant role in the psychological well-being of the elderly.
References
Afshari, A., & Hashemi, Z. (2018). The relationship between religious exposure and psychological well-being with feelings of loneliness in the elderly. Aging Psychology, 5(1), 65-75. [Persian]
Aghajani, S., Ebadi Kasabkhi, M., & Samadifard, H. R. (2019). The role of irrational beliefs, mindfulness and perceived social support in predicting the social well-being of diabetic patients. Journal of Behavioral Science Research, 4, (17), 553-562. [Persian]
Ahmadi, Z., & Mehrabi, H. A. (2020). Relationship between social support and resilience with posttraumatic growth: the mediating role of stress coping styles. Journal of New Idea Psychology, 5 (9), 1-13. [Persian]
Ahmadi, Z., Bezazian, S., Tajri, B., & Rajab, A. (1400). Comparison of the effectiveness of laughter therapy and group solution-oriented therapy on life expectancy, search for meaning, self-compassion and blood sugar reduction in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes. Community Health, 8(2), 209-220. [Persian]
Arabnajad, S., Maffakheri, A., & Ranjbar, M. C. (2017). The role of family cohesion and self-esteem in predicting the tendency to risky behaviors in first secondary school students. Psychological Studies, 14(5), 147-162. [Persian]
Barger, R. A. (2003), "Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention: A conceptual and empirical review", Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10, 125-143.
Chan, S. M., Melnyk, B. M., & Chen, A. C. C. (2017). Chinese version of the healthy lifestyle beliefs scale for Taiwanese adolescents: A psychometric study. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 32, 19-24. ‌
Chang, E., Farrehi, A. (2001). Optimism/pessimism and information processing styles: can their influences be distinguished in predicting psychological adjustment? Personality and individual Differences, 31, 555-562.
Chang, P. J., & Yarnal, C. (2018). The effect of social support on resilience growth among women in the Red Hat Society. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 13(1), 92-99. ‌
Changthong, J., Manmart, L., & Vongprasert, C. (2014). Learning styles: Factors affecting information behavior of Thai youth. LIBRES: Library & Information Science Research Electronic Journal, 24(1), 50-61.
Chen, H. (2018). Roles of mindfulness and perceived social support in mediating the effect of psychological distress on sleep quality of college students. NeuroQuantology, 16(4), 78-93.
Cheng, S. T., & Chan, A. (2005). Measuring psychological well-being in the Chines. Personality and Individual Differences, 38(6), 1307-1316.
Cheung, A. T., Li, W. H. C., Ho, L. L. K., Ho, K. Y., Chiu, S. Y., Chan, C. F. G., & Chung, O. K. (2019). Impact of brain tumor and its treatment on the physical and psychological well-being, and quality of life amongst pediatric brain tumor survivors. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 41, 104-109.
Cheung, S. K., & Sun, S. Y. (2000). Effects of self-efficacy and social support on the mental health conditions of mutual-aid organization members. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 28(5), 413-422. ‌
Cobb, S. (1976). Social support as a moderator of life stress. Psycho Social Medicine, 38(5), 300-314.
Crocker, J., Luhtanen, R. K., Cooper, M. L., & Bouvrette, S. (2003). Contingencies of self-worth in college students: Theory and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 894-908.
Demetrious. A. (2003). Self and Personality: Dynamic Interactions from late childhood to Early Adulthood, Journal of adult Development, 10(3), 151-71.
Di Blasi, M., Gullo, S., Mancinelli, E., Freda, M. F., Esposito, G., Gelo, O. C. G., & Coco, G. L. (2021). Psychological distress associated with the COVID-19 lockdown: A two-wave network analysis. Journal of affective disorders, 284, 18-26.
Dortaj, F., Danesh, M., Hassanvand, F. A. & Mousavi, S.A. (2019). Construction and validation of the coping styles questionnaire in facing the corona epidemic. Educational Psychology Quarterly, 6(55), 137-155. [Persian]
Ebrahimi, L & Etemadi, A. (2013). The effectiveness of self-worth group training base on human validation process model on improving marital satisfaction. Journal of Psychology. 17(4), 435-450. [Persian]
Emadpour, L., & Lavasani, G. (2015). The relationship between perceived social support and psychological well-being in students. Journal of Psychology, 20(1), 75-85. [Persian]
Furniss, D., Barber, N., Lyons, I., Eliasson, L., & Blandford, A. (2014). Unintentional non-adherence: can a spoon full of resilience help the medicine go down? BMJ quality & safety, 23(2), 95-98.
Gholamzadeh, S. Dehghanrad, F. Passyar, N., Zarshinas, L., Kargar, L., & Magarhai, M. (1397). Investigating the relationship between positive and negative religious coping strategies and the level of hope in the elderly who refer to day centers for the elderly in Shiraz. Sadra Journal of Medical Sciences, 6(1), 12-136. [Persian]
Hashemian, K., Pourshahriari, M. S., Banijamali, M.A.S., & Golestanibakht, T. (2007). Investigating the relationship between demographic characteristics and the level of mental well-being and happiness in the population of Tehran, Journal of Educational Psychoy Studies, 3(3), 139-163. [Persian]
Heydari Arjalo, M. (2016). Comparison of psychological well-being and stress coping styles of abused and normal women. Master's thesis, Islamic Azad University, Maroodasht branch. [Persian]
Hur, J. S. (1999). A subject of social services of the Korean old-age welfare relationships between social support network and living arrangements among community resident Korean elderly persons. International Journal Welfare Aged, 1, 83-118.
Javadi Elmi, L., & Asadzadeh, H. (2019). Modeling the structural relationships of students' academic enthusiasm based on academic help seeking, transformative teaching, and social support with the mediation of the role of academic vitality. Social Psychology Research Quarterly, 37(10), 101-122. [Persian]
Khanjani, M., Shahidi, Sh., Fathabadi, J., Mazaheri, M. A., & Shukri, A. (2013). Factorial structure and psychometric properties of the short form (18 questions) of RIFF psychological well-being scale in male and female students. Thought and Behavior in Clinical Psychology, 32(9), 36-27. [Persian]
Khoshnami, M. S., Javadi, S. M. H., Noruzi, S., & Arian, M. (2020). The Elderly as the symbol of a generation’s experience through Covid-19 pandemic. Elderly Health Journal, 6(1), 1-2. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/ehj.v6i1.3408
Kim, M., Jung, Y., & Kim, J. (2021). A study on factors affecting privacy risk tolerance to prevent the spread of COVID-19 in South Korea. Business Horizons, 64(6), 735-741.
Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1986). Cognitive theories of stress and the issue of circularity. In Dynamics of stress (pp. 63-80). Springer, Boston, MA.
Lazarus, S. R. (1982). Coping theory and research: Past, present, future. Psychosomatic Medicine, 55 (3), 234-247.
Maleki, B. (2021). The relationship between cognitive regulation of emotion and anxiety of corona disease in the elderly: the mediating role of distress tolerance. Aging Psychology, 7(4), 330-317. [Persian]
Marzban, A., Kaveh Farsani, Z., & Bahrami, F. (2012). Investigating the validity and reliability of the conditional self-esteem scale among high school students in Isfahan city. Journal of Psychological Studies of Al-Zahra University, 9 (4), 31-45. [Persian]
Marzbani, F., & Bustan, N. (2015). The role of perceived social support in predicting the psychological well-being of female teachers, special issue of the third international conference on psychology and educational sciences, Mashhad. [Persian]
Mehra, A., Rani, S., Sahoo, S., Parveen, S., Singh, A. P., Chakrabarti, S., & Grover, S. (2020). A crisis for elderly with mental disorders: Relapse of symptoms due to heightened anxiety due to COVID-19. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 1-3.
Meng, H., Xu, Y., Dai, J., Zhang, Y., Liu, B., & Yang, H. (2020). The Psychological effect of COVID-19 on the Elderly in China. Psychiatry Research, 289, 1-3.
Moltafet, Q., & Khayer, M. (2011). The relationship between students' perception of motivational style and behavior with parents and their psychological well-being. Journal of Psychology, 16(3), 298-282. [Persian]
Momeni, K., Amani, R., Janjani, P., Majzoobi, M. R., Forstmeier, S., & Nosrati, P. (2022). Attachment styles and happiness in the elderly: The Mediating role of reminiscence styles. BMC Geriatrics, 22, Article 349. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-022-03053-z
Momeni, K., Karami, J., & ShahbaziRad, A. (2013). The relationship between spirituality, resiliency and coping strategies with students' psychological well-being. Journal of Kermanshah University of Medical Science, 16(8), 626-634. [Persian]
Momeni, Kh., Amani, R., Janjani, P., Majzoobi, M. R., & Hadian Hamedani, K. (2021). The Relationship between attachment styles with positive and negative affect in the elderly: The Mediating role of reminiscence styles. Aging Psychology, 7(4), 407-422. [Persian]
Mostafavi Mashghin, M. (1400). The role of perceived social support and coping styles in predicting aggression and vulnerability to corona stress in the elderly, the first national scientific conference of psychology students, Ardabil. [Persian]
Motamedi, A., Borjali, A., & Sadeghpour, M. (1397). Predicting the psychological well-being of the elderly based on the ability to manage stress and social support. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing, 13 (1), 98-109. [Persian]
Movahed, A., Mohammadi, H., & Abbasi, Z. (2020). The relation of the attitude dimensions to prayer with the life satisfaction and meaning in life in female students of Qayen high school, Feyz: Journal of Kashan University of Medical Sciences, 23 (7), 727-734. [Persian]
Olyani, S., & Payman, N. (1400). Assessment of the subjective well-being of the elderly during the covid-19 pandemic in Mashhad. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing, 16 (1), 62-73. [Persian]
Pinquart, M. (2009). Moderating effects of dispositional resilience on associations between hassles and psychological distress. Journal of applied Developmental psychology, 30(1), 53-60. ‌
Rajkumar, R.P. (2020). COVID-19 and mental health: a review of the existing literature. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 52, 1-5.
Rezaei Vermziar, M. A. (2017). The relationship between perceived social support and psychological well-being: The mediating role of transformational capital. Evolutionary Psychology: Iranian Psychologists, 58(15), 175-188. [Persian]
Riahi, M., Alivardinia, A., & Pour Hossein, Z. (1389). Examining the relationship between social support and mental health. Social Welfare, 39(10), 121-85. [Persian]
Richman, C. L., Clark, M. L., & Brown, K. P. (1985). General and specific selfesteem in late adolescent students. Adolescence, 20, 555-566.
 Richman, J. A., Rospenda, K. M., & Kelley, M. A. (1995). Gender roles and alcohol abuse across the transition to parenthood. The Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 56, (5), 553-557.
Rostami, S., & Ahmadnia, Sh. (1390). Determining the contribution of perceived social support components in predicting the social adjustment of female high school students in the city of Javanrood in 2019. Social Research, 11(14), 129-147. [Persian]
Sedghi, P., & Cheraghi, A. (2017). Investigating the effectiveness of mindfulness training on the psychological well-being and resilience of women heads of households. Family Studies, 4(14), 549-562. [Persian]
Shakri, F., & Fathi, A. (2018). Investigating the mediating role of primary maladaptive schemas in the relationship between attachment styles and coping styles of addicts. Addiction and Substance Abuse Research Quarterly, 54(13), 279-302. [Persian]
Sheridan, C. L., & Radmacher, S. (1992). AHealth Psychology: Challenging the Biomedical Model. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Sun, S., Chen, J., Johannesson, M., Kind, P., & Burström, K. (2016). Subjective well-being and its association with subjective health status, age, sex, region, and socio-economic characteristics in a Chinese population study. Journal of Happiness Studies, 17(2), 833-873. ‌
Vahedi, H., Afshari, A., Rezaei, R., and Iqbali. A. (2019). Predicting the life satisfaction of the elderly based on the enhancing lifestyle. Aging Psychology, 6(3), 285-297. [Persian]
Van Dierendonck, D. (2004). The construct validity of Ryff's Scales of Psychological Well-being and its extension with spiritual well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 36(3), 629-643.
Zabihi Hessari, N., Chaji, M., & Zare Moghadam, A. (2016). The relationship between wisdom and psychological well-being and academic vitality in students. Journal of Educational Research, 35 (4), 20-35. [Persian]
Zaki, M. A. (2011). Testing and validation of self-esteem questionnaire among female and male high school students in Isfahan city. Psychological Methods and Models, 2(7), 63-85. [Persian]
Zhian Bagheri, M., Notrakesh, M., & Qamari, M. (1400). The relationship between religiosity and resilience with psychological well-being in the spouses of veterans. Journal of Research in Religion and Health, 1(17), 81-94. [Persian]
Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. )1988(. The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52, 30–41.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Psychological well-being of the elderly
  • coping styles
  • social support and self-worth
منابع
ابراهیمی، ل و اعتمادی، ع. (1392). اثربخشی آموزش گروهی خودارزشمندی مبتنی بر مدل فرآیند اعتبارسنجی انسانی بر بهبود رضایت زناشویی. مجله روانشناسی، 17(4)، 450-435.
احمدی، ز.، و محرابی، ح. (۱۴۰۰). رابطه حمایت اجتماعی و تاب‌آوری با رشد پس از سانحه: نقش واسطه‌ای سبک‌های مقابله با استرس. فصلنامه ایده‌های نوین روانشناسی، 9(5)، 1-11.
احمدی، ز.، بزازیان، س.، تاجری، ب.، و رجب، ا. (1400). مقایسه اثربخشی خنده درمانی و درمان راه حل محور گروهی بر امید به زندگی, معناجویی، شفقت به خود و کاهش قند خون بیماران سالمند مبتلا به دیابت نوع دو. سلامت اجتماعی، 8(2)، 209-220.
افشاری، ع.، و هاشمی، ز. (1398). رابطه بین مواجهه مذهبی و بهزیستی روان‌شناختی با احساس تنهایی در سالمندان. روان شناسی پیری، 5(1)، 75-65.
آقاجانی، س.، عبادی کسبخی، م.، و صمدی فرد، ح. ر. (۱۳۹۹). نقش باورهای غیرمنطقی، ذهن آگاهی و حمایت اجتماعی ادراک‌شده در پیش‌بینی بهزیستی اجتماعی بیماران دیابتی. مجله تحقیقات علوم رفتاری، 4، (17)، 553-562.
جوادی علمی، ل.، و اسدزاده، ح. (۱۳۹۹). مدل یابی روابط ساختاری اشتیاق تحصیلی دانشجویان بر اساس کمک طلبی تحصیلی، تدریس تحول‌آفرین، حمایت اجتماعی با میانجیگری نقش سرزندگی تحصیلی. فصلنامه پژوهش‌های روان‌شناسی اجتماعی، 37(10)، 101-122.
حیدری ارجلو، م. (1396). مقایسه بهزیستی روان‌شناختی و سبک‌های مقابله با استرس زنان آزار دیده و عادی. پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد مرودشت.
خانجانی، م.، شهیدی، ش.، فتح‌آبادی، ج.، مظاهری، م. ع .، و شکری، ا. (1393). ساختار عاملی و ویژگی‌های روان‌سنجی فرم کوتاه (18 سؤالی) مقیاس بهزیستی روان‌شناختی ریف در دانشجویان دختر و پسر. اندیشه و رفتار در روان‌شناسی بالینی، 32(9)، 36-27.
درتاج، ف، دانش، م.، حسنوند، ف. ا. و موسوی، س. ع. (۱۳۹۹). ساخت و اعتباریابی پرسش‌نامه سبک‌های مقابله‌ای در رویارویی با اپیدمی کرونا. فصلنامه روان شناسی تربیتی، 6(55)، 137-155.
ذبیحی حصاری، ن.، چاجی، م.، و زارع مقدم، ع. (1396). رابطه خردمندی با بهزیستی روان‌شناختی و سرزندگی تحصیلی در دانش‌آموزان. نشریه پژوهش‌های تربیتی، 35 (4)، 20-35.
رستمی، ص.، و احمدنیا، ش. (1390). تعیین سهم مؤلفه‌های حمایت اجتماعی ادراک‌شده در پیش‌بینی سازگاری اجتماعی دانش‌آموزان دختر مقطع دبیرستان شهر جوانرود سال 1389. پژوهش اجتماعی، 11(14)، 129-147.
رضایی ورمزیار، م. ع. (1397). رابطه بین حمایت‌های اجتماعی ادراک‌شده با بهزیستی روان‌شناختی: نقش واسطه‌ای سرمایه‌های تحولی. روانشناسی تحولی: روانشناسان ایرانی، 58(15)، 175-188.
ریاحی، م .، علی وردی نیا، ا.، و پور حسین، ز. (1389). بررسی رابطه بین حمایت اجتماعی و سلامت روان. رفاه اجتماعی، 39(10)، 121-85.
زکی، م. ع. (1391). آزمون و اعتباریابی پرسش‌نامه خودارزشمندی در بین دانش آموزان دختر و پسر دبیرستانهای شهر اصفهان. روشها و مدلهای روان‌شناختی، 2(7)، 63-85.
ژیان باقری، م.، نوترکش، م.، و قمری، م. (1400). رابطه دین‌داری و تاب‌آوری با بهزیستی روانی در همسران جانبازان. مجله پژوهش در دین و سلامت، 1(17)، 81-94.
شاکری، ف.، و فتحی، ا. (1398). بررسی نقش واسطه‌ای طرحواره‌های ناسازگار اولیه در رابطه بین سبک‌های دلبستگی و سبک‌های مقابله‌ای معتادان. فصلنامه اعتیاد پژوهی سو مصرف مواد، 54(13)، 279-302.
صدقی، پ.، و چراغی، ا. (1397). بررسی اثربخشی آموزش ذهن‌آگاهی بر بهزیستی روان‌شناختی و تاب‌آوری زنان سرپرست خانوار. خانواده پژوهی، 4(14)، 549-562.
عرب­نژاد، ش.، مفاخری، ع.، و رنجبر، م. ج .(1397). نقش انسجام خانواده و خودارزشمندی در پیش‌بینی گرایش به رفتارهای پرخطر در دانش آموزان مقطع متوسطه اول. مطالعات روان‌شناختی، 14(5)،147-162.
علیانی، س.، و پیمان، ن. (۱۴۰۰). ارزیابی بهزیستی روانی سالمندان در دوران پاندمی بیماری کووید ـ ۱۹ در مشهد. سالمند: مجله سالمندی ایران، ۱۶ (۱)،62-73.
عمادپور، ل.، و لواسانی، غ. (1395). رابطۀ حمایت اجتماعی ادراک شده با بهزیستی روان‌شناختی در دانش آموزان. مجله روانشناسی، 20(1)، 85-75.
غلامزاده، س،. دهقانراد، ف،. پاسیار، ن.، زرشناس، ل،. کارگر، ل.، و مقارهای، م. (۱۳۹۷). بررسی ارتباط بین راهبردهای مقابله مذهبی مثبت و منفی با میزان امید در سالمندان مراجعه کننده به مراکز روزانه سالمندی در شیراز. مجله علوم پزشکی صدرا، 6(1)، ۱۳۶-۱۲.
مرزبان، ع.، کاوه فارسانی، ذ.، و بهرامی، ف. (1392). بررسی روایی و پایایی مقیاس خودارزشمندی مشروط در میان دانش­آموزان دبیرستانی شهر اصفهان. مجله مطالعات روان‌شناختی دانشگاه الزهرا، 9 (4)، 45-31.
مرزبانی، ف.، و بستان، ن. (1395). نقش حمایت اجتماعی ادراک‌شده در پیش‌بینی بهزیستی روان‌شناختی معلمان زن، ویژه‌نامه سومین کنفرانس بین‌المللی روان‌شناسی و علوم تربیتی، مشهد.
مصطفوی مشتقین، م. (1400). نقش حمایت اجتماعی ادراک شده و سبکهای مقابله‌ای در پیش‌بینی پرخاشگری و آسیب پذیری در برابر استرس کرونا در سالمندان، اولین همایش ملی علمی دانشجویی روانشناسی، اردبیل.
معتمدی، ع.، برجعلی، ا.، و صادقپور، م. (۱۳۹۷). پیش‌بینی بهزیستی روان‌شناختی سالمندان براساس توان مدیریت استرس و حمایت اجتماعی. سالمند: مجله سالمندی ایران. ۱۳ (۱)، ۹۸-۱۰۹
ملتفت، ق.، و خیّر، م. (1391). رابطه ادراک دانش آموزان از سبک انگیزشی و رفتار با والدین با بهزیستی روان‌شناختی در آنها. مجلۀ روانشناسی، 16(3)، 298-282.
ملکی، ب. (1400). رابطه تنظیم شناختی هیجان و اضطراب بیماری کرونا در سالمندان: نقش میانجی تحمل پریشانی. روان‌شناسی پیری، 7(4)، 330-317.
موحد، ا. (۱۳۹۸). رابطه ابعاد نگرش به نماز با رضایت و معنا در زندگی دانش‌آموزان دختر دوره دوم متوسطه شهر قاین. دوماهنامه علمی ـ پژوهشی فیض، ۲۳ (۷) ،۷27-۷34.
مؤمنی، خ.، امانی، ر.، جانجانی، پ.، مجذوبی، م. ر.، و هادیان همدانی، ک. (1400). رابطه سبک­های دلبستگی و عواطف مثبت و منفی در سالمندان: نقش میانجی سبک­های خاطره­پردازی. روان­شناسی­ پیری، 7(4)، 422-407.
مومنی، خ.، کرمی، ج.، و شهبازی، ر. (۱۳۹۱). رابطه معنویت، تاب آوری و راهبردهای مقابله ای با بهزیستی روان شناختی در دانشجویان، مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کرمانشاه (بهبود) ،16(8)، 634 -626.
هاشمیان، ک.، پورشهریاری، م. س.، بنی جمالی، ش. ا.، و گلستانی بخت، ط. (1386). بررسی رابطه بین ویژگی‌های جمعیت شناختی با میزان بهزیستی ذهنی و شادمانی در جمعیت شهر تهران، مطالعات روان‌شناختی، 3(3)، 139-163.
واحدی، ح.، افشاری.، ع.، رضایی، ر.، و اقبالی. ع. (1399). پیش‌بینی رضایت از زندگی سالمندان بر اساس سبک زندگی ارتقاع دهنده. روان­شناسی پیری، 6(3)،285-297.
References
Afshari, A., & Hashemi, Z. (2018). The relationship between religious exposure and psychological well-being with feelings of loneliness in the elderly. Aging Psychology, 5(1), 65-75. [Persian]
Aghajani, S., Ebadi Kasabkhi, M., & Samadifard, H. R. (2019). The role of irrational beliefs, mindfulness and perceived social support in predicting the social well-being of diabetic patients. Journal of Behavioral Science Research, 4, (17), 553-562. [Persian]
Ahmadi, Z., & Mehrabi, H. A. (2020). Relationship between social support and resilience with posttraumatic growth: the mediating role of stress coping styles. Journal of New Idea Psychology, 5 (9), 1-13. [Persian]
Ahmadi, Z., Bezazian, S., Tajri, B., & Rajab, A. (1400). Comparison of the effectiveness of laughter therapy and group solution-oriented therapy on life expectancy, search for meaning, self-compassion and blood sugar reduction in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes. Community Health, 8(2), 209-220. [Persian]
Arabnajad, S., Maffakheri, A., & Ranjbar, M. C. (2017). The role of family cohesion and self-esteem in predicting the tendency to risky behaviors in first secondary school students. Psychological Studies, 14(5), 147-162. [Persian]
Barger, R. A. (2003), "Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention: A conceptual and empirical review", Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10, 125-143.
Chan, S. M., Melnyk, B. M., & Chen, A. C. C. (2017). Chinese version of the healthy lifestyle beliefs scale for Taiwanese adolescents: A psychometric study. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 32, 19-24. ‌
Chang, E., Farrehi, A. (2001). Optimism/pessimism and information processing styles: can their influences be distinguished in predicting psychological adjustment? Personality and individual Differences, 31, 555-562.
Chang, P. J., & Yarnal, C. (2018). The effect of social support on resilience growth among women in the Red Hat Society. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 13(1), 92-99. ‌
Changthong, J., Manmart, L., & Vongprasert, C. (2014). Learning styles: Factors affecting information behavior of Thai youth. LIBRES: Library & Information Science Research Electronic Journal, 24(1), 50-61.
Chen, H. (2018). Roles of mindfulness and perceived social support in mediating the effect of psychological distress on sleep quality of college students. NeuroQuantology, 16(4), 78-93.
Cheng, S. T., & Chan, A. (2005). Measuring psychological well-being in the Chines. Personality and Individual Differences, 38(6), 1307-1316.
Cheung, A. T., Li, W. H. C., Ho, L. L. K., Ho, K. Y., Chiu, S. Y., Chan, C. F. G., & Chung, O. K. (2019). Impact of brain tumor and its treatment on the physical and psychological well-being, and quality of life amongst pediatric brain tumor survivors. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 41, 104-109.
Cheung, S. K., & Sun, S. Y. (2000). Effects of self-efficacy and social support on the mental health conditions of mutual-aid organization members. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 28(5), 413-422. ‌
Cobb, S. (1976). Social support as a moderator of life stress. Psycho Social Medicine, 38(5), 300-314.
Crocker, J., Luhtanen, R. K., Cooper, M. L., & Bouvrette, S. (2003). Contingencies of self-worth in college students: Theory and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 894-908.
Demetrious. A. (2003). Self and Personality: Dynamic Interactions from late childhood to Early Adulthood, Journal of adult Development, 10(3), 151-71.
Di Blasi, M., Gullo, S., Mancinelli, E., Freda, M. F., Esposito, G., Gelo, O. C. G., & Coco, G. L. (2021). Psychological distress associated with the COVID-19 lockdown: A two-wave network analysis. Journal of affective disorders, 284, 18-26.
Dortaj, F., Danesh, M., Hassanvand, F. A. & Mousavi, S.A. (2019). Construction and validation of the coping styles questionnaire in facing the corona epidemic. Educational Psychology Quarterly, 6(55), 137-155. [Persian]
Ebrahimi, L & Etemadi, A. (2013). The effectiveness of self-worth group training base on human validation process model on improving marital satisfaction. Journal of Psychology. 17(4), 435-450. [Persian]
Emadpour, L., & Lavasani, G. (2015). The relationship between perceived social support and psychological well-being in students. Journal of Psychology, 20(1), 75-85. [Persian]
Furniss, D., Barber, N., Lyons, I., Eliasson, L., & Blandford, A. (2014). Unintentional non-adherence: can a spoon full of resilience help the medicine go down? BMJ quality & safety, 23(2), 95-98.
Gholamzadeh, S. Dehghanrad, F. Passyar, N., Zarshinas, L., Kargar, L., & Magarhai, M. (1397). Investigating the relationship between positive and negative religious coping strategies and the level of hope in the elderly who refer to day centers for the elderly in Shiraz. Sadra Journal of Medical Sciences, 6(1), 12-136. [Persian]
Hashemian, K., Pourshahriari, M. S., Banijamali, M.A.S., & Golestanibakht, T. (2007). Investigating the relationship between demographic characteristics and the level of mental well-being and happiness in the population of Tehran, Journal of Educational Psychoy Studies, 3(3), 139-163. [Persian]
Heydari Arjalo, M. (2016). Comparison of psychological well-being and stress coping styles of abused and normal women. Master's thesis, Islamic Azad University, Maroodasht branch. [Persian]
Hur, J. S. (1999). A subject of social services of the Korean old-age welfare relationships between social support network and living arrangements among community resident Korean elderly persons. International Journal Welfare Aged, 1, 83-118.
Javadi Elmi, L., & Asadzadeh, H. (2019). Modeling the structural relationships of students' academic enthusiasm based on academic help seeking, transformative teaching, and social support with the mediation of the role of academic vitality. Social Psychology Research Quarterly, 37(10), 101-122. [Persian]
Khanjani, M., Shahidi, Sh., Fathabadi, J., Mazaheri, M. A., & Shukri, A. (2013). Factorial structure and psychometric properties of the short form (18 questions) of RIFF psychological well-being scale in male and female students. Thought and Behavior in Clinical Psychology, 32(9), 36-27. [Persian]
Khoshnami, M. S., Javadi, S. M. H., Noruzi, S., & Arian, M. (2020). The Elderly as the symbol of a generation’s experience through Covid-19 pandemic. Elderly Health Journal, 6(1), 1-2. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/ehj.v6i1.3408
Kim, M., Jung, Y., & Kim, J. (2021). A study on factors affecting privacy risk tolerance to prevent the spread of COVID-19 in South Korea. Business Horizons, 64(6), 735-741.
Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1986). Cognitive theories of stress and the issue of circularity. In Dynamics of stress (pp. 63-80). Springer, Boston, MA.
Lazarus, S. R. (1982). Coping theory and research: Past, present, future. Psychosomatic Medicine, 55 (3), 234-247.
Maleki, B. (2021). The relationship between cognitive regulation of emotion and anxiety of corona disease in the elderly: the mediating role of distress tolerance. Aging Psychology, 7(4), 330-317. [Persian]
Marzban, A., Kaveh Farsani, Z., & Bahrami, F. (2012). Investigating the validity and reliability of the conditional self-esteem scale among high school students in Isfahan city. Journal of Psychological Studies of Al-Zahra University, 9 (4), 31-45. [Persian]
Marzbani, F., & Bustan, N. (2015). The role of perceived social support in predicting the psychological well-being of female teachers, special issue of the third international conference on psychology and educational sciences, Mashhad. [Persian]
Mehra, A., Rani, S., Sahoo, S., Parveen, S., Singh, A. P., Chakrabarti, S., & Grover, S. (2020). A crisis for elderly with mental disorders: Relapse of symptoms due to heightened anxiety due to COVID-19. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 1-3.
Meng, H., Xu, Y., Dai, J., Zhang, Y., Liu, B., & Yang, H. (2020). The Psychological effect of COVID-19 on the Elderly in China. Psychiatry Research, 289, 1-3.
Moltafet, Q., & Khayer, M. (2011). The relationship between students' perception of motivational style and behavior with parents and their psychological well-being. Journal of Psychology, 16(3), 298-282. [Persian]
Momeni, K., Amani, R., Janjani, P., Majzoobi, M. R., Forstmeier, S., & Nosrati, P. (2022). Attachment styles and happiness in the elderly: The Mediating role of reminiscence styles. BMC Geriatrics, 22, Article 349. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-022-03053-z
Momeni, K., Karami, J., & ShahbaziRad, A. (2013). The relationship between spirituality, resiliency and coping strategies with students' psychological well-being. Journal of Kermanshah University of Medical Science, 16(8), 626-634. [Persian]
Momeni, Kh., Amani, R., Janjani, P., Majzoobi, M. R., & Hadian Hamedani, K. (2021). The Relationship between attachment styles with positive and negative affect in the elderly: The Mediating role of reminiscence styles. Aging Psychology, 7(4), 407-422. [Persian]
Mostafavi Mashghin, M. (1400). The role of perceived social support and coping styles in predicting aggression and vulnerability to corona stress in the elderly, the first national scientific conference of psychology students, Ardabil. [Persian]
Motamedi, A., Borjali, A., & Sadeghpour, M. (1397). Predicting the psychological well-being of the elderly based on the ability to manage stress and social support. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing, 13 (1), 98-109. [Persian]
Movahed, A., Mohammadi, H., & Abbasi, Z. (2020). The relation of the attitude dimensions to prayer with the life satisfaction and meaning in life in female students of Qayen high school, Feyz: Journal of Kashan University of Medical Sciences, 23 (7), 727-734. [Persian]
Olyani, S., & Payman, N. (1400). Assessment of the subjective well-being of the elderly during the covid-19 pandemic in Mashhad. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing, 16 (1), 62-73. [Persian]
Pinquart, M. (2009). Moderating effects of dispositional resilience on associations between hassles and psychological distress. Journal of applied Developmental psychology, 30(1), 53-60. ‌
Rajkumar, R.P. (2020). COVID-19 and mental health: a review of the existing literature. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 52, 1-5.
Rezaei Vermziar, M. A. (2017). The relationship between perceived social support and psychological well-being: The mediating role of transformational capital. Evolutionary Psychology: Iranian Psychologists, 58(15), 175-188. [Persian]
Riahi, M., Alivardinia, A., & Pour Hossein, Z. (1389). Examining the relationship between social support and mental health. Social Welfare, 39(10), 121-85. [Persian]
Richman, C. L., Clark, M. L., & Brown, K. P. (1985). General and specific selfesteem in late adolescent students. Adolescence, 20, 555-566.
 Richman, J. A., Rospenda, K. M., & Kelley, M. A. (1995). Gender roles and alcohol abuse across the transition to parenthood. The Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 56, (5), 553-557.
Rostami, S., & Ahmadnia, Sh. (1390). Determining the contribution of perceived social support components in predicting the social adjustment of female high school students in the city of Javanrood in 2019. Social Research, 11(14), 129-147. [Persian]
Sedghi, P., & Cheraghi, A. (2017). Investigating the effectiveness of mindfulness training on the psychological well-being and resilience of women heads of households. Family Studies, 4(14), 549-562. [Persian]
Shakri, F., & Fathi, A. (2018). Investigating the mediating role of primary maladaptive schemas in the relationship between attachment styles and coping styles of addicts. Addiction and Substance Abuse Research Quarterly, 54(13), 279-302. [Persian]
Sheridan, C. L., & Radmacher, S. (1992). AHealth Psychology: Challenging the Biomedical Model. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Sun, S., Chen, J., Johannesson, M., Kind, P., & Burström, K. (2016). Subjective well-being and its association with subjective health status, age, sex, region, and socio-economic characteristics in a Chinese population study. Journal of Happiness Studies, 17(2), 833-873. ‌
Vahedi, H., Afshari, A., Rezaei, R., and Iqbali. A. (2019). Predicting the life satisfaction of the elderly based on the enhancing lifestyle. Aging Psychology, 6(3), 285-297. [Persian]
Van Dierendonck, D. (2004). The construct validity of Ryff's Scales of Psychological Well-being and its extension with spiritual well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 36(3), 629-643.
Zabihi Hessari, N., Chaji, M., & Zare Moghadam, A. (2016). The relationship between wisdom and psychological well-being and academic vitality in students. Journal of Educational Research, 35 (4), 20-35. [Persian]
Zaki, M. A. (2011). Testing and validation of self-esteem questionnaire among female and male high school students in Isfahan city. Psychological Methods and Models, 2(7), 63-85. [Persian]
Zhian Bagheri, M., Notrakesh, M., & Qamari, M. (1400). The relationship between religiosity and resilience with psychological well-being in the spouses of veterans. Journal of Research in Religion and Health, 1(17), 81-94. [Persian]
Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. )1988(. The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52, 30–41.