سالمندی موفق: نقش سبک زندگی، هوش معنوی و خودکارآمدی

Considering that the population aging process has started in Iran, it is obvious that identifying the health status of the elderly and the factors affecting successful aging is the first step to improve their health. Therefore, the aim of this study was to predict successful aging based on lifestyle, spiritual intelligence and self-efficacy. This was a descriptive-correlational research in terms of its method and a basic research in terms of its purpose. The statistical population of this study was consisted of all the elderly living in nursing homes of Tehran, Iran in 2021, the number of whom was estimated to be about 1100 people. The statistical sample was 285 people were selected using cluster sampling method and finally from the collected questionnaires 200 completed questionnaires were analyzed. Zanjari et al.’s Successful aging, King’s spiritual intelligence and Sherer and Maddux’s self-efficacy questionnaires were used to collect information in this study. Pearson’s correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis were used for the data to be analyzed in SPSS-24 software. The result of Pearson’s correlation coefficient indicated that there is significant positive correlation between lifestyle and successful aging (r=0.67), self-efficacy and successful aging (r=0.40), as well as spiritual intelligence and successful aging (r=0.21) and among the component of spiritual intelligence, personal meaning had the highest correlation with successful aging (r=0.67). Moreover, the results of multiple regression analysis indicated that 54% of the changes in successful aging can be interpreted by the predictor variables (P<0.01). According to the results, steps can be taken to improve successful aging through modifying life style, and improving the level of spiritual intelligence and self-efficacy. In conclusion, the elderly should not consider the features and characteristics of aging as their personal weakness, and make changes in their life style by finding a suitable life style for this period, increasing their self–efficacy and improving their spiritual intelligence.
References
Abolhasani, F., Bastani, F. (2019). Successful ageing in the dimensions of life satisfaction and perception of ageing in the Iranian elderly adults referring to the health center in the west of Tehran, Iran. IJN, 31(116), 61-74. http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2857-fa.html [Persian] 
Anwar, M. A., Gani, A. M. O., & Rahman, M. S. E. (2020). Acts of spiritual intelligence from Islamic ‎perspective on emotional intelligence. Journal of Islamic Accounting Business Research, 4(11), 216–32‎. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-10-2016-0123
Asghary, Sh., & Shafiee, H. (2017). Prediction of elderly quality of life based on internal coherence, mindfulness and spiritual intelligence. Positive Psychology Research, 3(3), 61-67. https://sid.ir/paper/257696/fa [Persian]
Askary, M., Asgary, P., & Sangani, A. (2019). Relationship of spiritual intelligence, perceived stress and flexibility of action with psychological well-being in the elderly. IJPN, 7 (3), 15-21. http://ijpn.ir/article-1-1263-fa.html [Persian] 
Aw, s., Koh, G.C.H., Tan, C.S., Wong, M.L., Vrijhoef, H.J.M., &, Harding, S.C. (2019). Theory and design of the community for ‎successful ageing (ComSA) program in Singapore: connecting Bio Psychosocial health and ‎quality of life experiences of older adults. BMC Geriatric, 12(19), 1-9‎. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-019-1277-x
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: W. H. Freeman.
Bosnes, I., Nordahl, H. M., Stordal, E., Bosnes, O., Myklebust, T. Å., & Almkvist, O. (2019). Lifestyle predictors of successful aging: A 20-year prospective HUNT study. PloS one, 14(7), e0219200. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0219200
Cho, I., Martin, P., & Leonard, W. P. (2015). Successful aging and subjective well-being among oldest-Old adults, The Gerontologist, 55, (1), 132–143. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnu074
Daskalopoulou, C., Koukounari, A., Wu, Y. T., Terrera, G. M., Caballero, F. F., de la Fuente, J., Tyrovolas, S., Panagiotakos, D.B., Prince, M., & Prina, M. (2019). Ellenberger, H. (2017). Ethno-psychiatrie, ed. E Delille. Lyon: Éditions ENS.
Emami, Z., Molavi, h., & Kalantary, M. (2014). Path analysis of the effect of spiritual and moral intelligence on self-actualization and life satisfaction in the old aged in Isfahan. Knowledge & Research in Applied Psychology, 15(2), 4-13. [Persian]
Emmons, R. (1999). The psychology of ultimate concerns: Motivation and spirituality in personality. New York: Guilford.
Erfan, A., Haghani, F., Omid, A., & Baratali, M. (2016). Midwifery and nursing students’ emotional intelligence and its relation to spiritual intelligence. Iranian Journal of Medical Education, 16, 232-241. http://ijme.mui.ac.ir/article-1-4026-fa.html[Persian] 
Fertelli, T., &Deliktas, T. (2019). A study on the relationship between perceptions of successful aging and life satisfaction of Turkish elderly people. Perspective Psychiatry Care, 56(2), 386-392. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12446
 Ghahramani, M., Niazazari, K., & Sanati, T. (2012). Evaluation of lifestyle in the elderly. Family health, 1(3), 45-50. https://sid.ir/paper/128356/fa [Persian]
Ghanbari Moghadam, A., Mohammadi Shahbolaghi, F., Dalvandi, A., & Hoseinzade S. (2015). Relationship between lifestyle and general health among elderly people in Tehran. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing, 10 (3), 90-99. http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-830-fa.html[Persian] 
Goli, M., Maddah, S. B., Dalvandi, A., Hosseini, M. A., & Rahgozar, M. (2017). The Relationship between successful aging and spiritual health of the elderly. IJPN, 4 (5), 16_21. http://ijpn.ir/article-1-820-fa.html[Persian]
Grover, S. (2016). Successful aging. Journal of Geriatric Mental Health, 3 (4), 87-93. ‎
Hammouri, K.A., & Alenzi, S.A. (2016). Spiritual intelligence and the differences among gifted and non-gifted students, according to gender and class level. American Journal of Educational Research, 4(15), 1086-1095.  https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12446
Healthy ageing trajectories and lifestyle behavior: the Mexican health and aging study. Scientific reports, 9(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-47238-w
Jin, S., Li, C., Cao, X., Chen, C., Ye, Z., & Liu, Z. (2022). Association of lifestyle with mortality and the mediating role of aging among older adults in China, Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 98, 104559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2021.104559.
Kim, Y., & Lee, E. (2019). The association between elderly people’s sedentary behaviors and ‎their health-related quality of life: focusing on comparing the young-old and the old-old. ‎Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 2(17), 131-143.‎ https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-019-1191-0
King, D. B. (2008). Rethinking claims of spiritual intelligence: A definition, model, and measure. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada.
Krause, M., Pietzner, V., Dori, Y & Eilks, I. (2017). Differences and developments in ‎attitudes and self-efficacy of prospective chemistry teachers concerning the Use of ‎ICT in education. EURASIA Journal of Mathematics Science and Technology Education, ‎‎13 (8), 4405-4417.‎ https://doi.org/10.12973/eurasia.2017.00935a
Laali, M., Abedi, A., & Kajbaf, M.A. (2012). Construction and validation of life style questionnaire. Psychological research, 15(1), 64-80. [Persian]
Mohammadi F, Bastani F, Hosseini R. (2020). Successful aging focused on the dimensions of perceived social support and mental vitality in the elderly referred to the health centers of Iran University of Medical Sciences. IJN, 34 (131), 55-69. http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-3470-fa.html[Persian] 
Motamedishalamzari, A. (2202). Relation between intelligence, religious studies and life events with successful aging in Sharekord. Ph.D. thesis. Tarbiat Modares University. [Persian]
Movahedi, M., Khamseh, F., Ebadi, A., Haji Amin, Z., & Navidian, A. (2016). Assessment of the lifestyle of the elderly in Tehran. JHPM, 5 (3), 51-59. http://jhpm.ir/article-1-630-fa.html [Persian] 
Muñiz, G., Gómez, B., Becerril, L & Solano, S. (2019). Lifestyle of the elderly person living ‎with diabetes and characterization of nursing diagnoses. Texto & Contexto – Enfermagem, 3 ‎‎ (28), 1-12.‎ https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-265X-TCE-2017-0552
Narimani, M., & Samadifard, H. (2017). Social health in the Elderly: The Role of self-esteem, self-efficacy and happiness. Journal of Aging Psychology, 3(3), 199-206. magiran.com/p1843363 [Persian] 
Naseh, L., &Heidari, M. (2015). Relationship between general self-efficacy and quality of life among elderly living in Chaharmahal Bakhtiari nursing homes. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing, 10 (1), 62-73. http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-815-fa.html[Persian] 
Nasreesfahani, N., & Etemadi, A. (2012). Relation between personality trait with spiritual intelligence and quality of life in students. Journal of research and health, 2(2), 226-234. [Persian]
Rezaeefard, S., & Moeen, L. (2017). Relationship between self-efficacy with mental health and self – esteem in cancer patient. Journal of Research in Psychology and Education, 3(1), 164-174. [Persian]
Rowe, J.W., & Kahn, R.L. (1997). Successful aging. Gerontologist, 37(4), 433-440. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/37.4.433
Sadeghi, R., Ebrahimi, M., & Zanjari, N. (2016). Exploring the youth's perceptions of the divorce experience: A qualitative study in Tehran City. Iranian journal of social problem,7(2), 1-28. [Persian]
Samuel, J. (2020). Emotional and spiritual intelligence of future leaders: Challenges for ‎education. Educational science, 2 (178), 1-10.‎  https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci10070178
Shahnazi, H., Sobhani, A., & cherkzi, A. (2017). Relation of different aspect of lifestyle and elderly quality of life. Journal of Sabzevar medical science, 25(3), 1-6. https://sid.ir/paper/81908/fa [Persian]
Sherer, M., Maddux, J. E., Mercandante, B., Prentice-Dunn, S., Jacobs, B., & Rogers, R. W. (1982). The Self-Efficacy Scale: Construction and Validation. Psychological Reports, 51(2), 663–671. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1982.51.2.663
Smith, M. L., Bergeron, C. D., McCord, C. E., Hochhalter, A. K., & Ory, M. G. (2018). Successful aging and resilience: Applications for public health, health care, and policy. In: Resilience in Aging. Springer, Cham. pp.17-33. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04555-5_2
Tesch-Römer, C., & Wahl, H. W. (2017). Successful aging and aging with care needs: ‎Arguments for a comprehensive concept of successful aging. The Journals of Gerontology, ‎Series B: Social Sciences, 3(72), 310–318‎. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbw162
Vaupel, J. W., Zhang, Z & van Raalte, A. A. (2011). Life expectancy and disparity: An ‎international comparison of life table data. BMJ Open, 2(1), Article 000128‎. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000128
Velten, J., Bieda, A., Scholten, S., Wannemüller, A & Margraf, J. (2018). Lifestyle choices and mental health: a longitudinal survey with German and Chinese students. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 1-15. Article 632. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5526-2
Wahl, H. W. (2020). Aging successfully: Possible in Principle? Possible for all? Desirable for all? ‎ Integrative Psychological & Behavioral Science, 2(54), 251–268. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12124-020-09513-8
Wu, F., & Sheng, Y. (2019). Social support network, social support, self-efficacy, health-promoting behavior and healthy aging among older adults: A pathway analysis, Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics,85,67_89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2019.103934
Yadak, S. (2017). The Impact of the perceived self-Efficacy on the academic adjustment ‎among Qassim University Undergraduates. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 3 (5), 157-174.‎ http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jss.2017.51012