سالمندی موفق: نقش سبک زندگی، هوش معنوی و خودکارآمدی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه سنجش و اندازه گیری، دانشکده روان شناسی وعلوم تربیتی دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی. تهران. ایران

2 گروه روانشناسی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران جنوب. تهران ، ایران

چکیده

با توجه به اینکه کشور ایران تجربه سالمندی را آغاز کرده است، بدیهی است شناسایی وضعیت سلامت سالمندان و بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر سالمندی موفق اولین گام برای ارتقای سلامت آنان است. بنابراین این پژوهش با هدف بررسی رابطه  سالمندی موفق براساس سبک زندگی، هوش معنوی و خودکارآمدی بود. پژوهش حاضر از نظر روش، توصیفی از نوع همبستگی و از نظر هدف، یک مطالعه بنیادی بود. جامعه آماری این پژوهش کلیه سالمندان ساکن در مراکز سالمندی شهر تهران در سال 1400 بود. تعداد این افراد 1100 نفر است که با استفاده از روش نمونه‌گیری خوشه‌ای، 285 نفر انتخاب و از بین پرسش‌نامه‌های گردآوری شده 200 پرسشنامه کامل انتخاب و تحلیل شد. جهت گردآوری اطلاعات در این پژوهش از پرسش‌نامه‌های سالمندی موفق زنجری و همکاران، سبک زندگی لعلی، هوش معنوی کینگ و خودکارآمدی شرر و مادوکس استفاده شد. جهت تحلیل داده‌ها از روش‌های آماری ضریب همبستگی پیرسون و تحلیل رگرسیون چندگانه در نرم‌افزار SPSS24 استفاده شد. نتایج ضریب همبستگی پیرسون نشان داد که بین سبک زندگی با سالمندی موفق (67/0r=)، خودکارآمدی و سالمندی موفق (40/0r=) و بین هوش معنوی و سالمندی موفق (21/0r=) همبستگی معناداری بود و تولید معنای شخصی نیز بالاترین همبستگی را با سالمندی موفق داشت (67/0r=). بعلاوه نتایج حاصل از تحلیل رگرسیون چندگانه به روش همزمان نشان داد که 54 درصد از تغییرات سالمندی موفق، می‌تواند توسط متغیرهای پیش‌بین تبیین شود (01/0P<). با توجه به نتایج این پژوهش، اصلاح سبک زندگی و همچنین بهبود سطح هوش معنوی و خودکارآمدی، در جهت بهبود سالمندی موفق در سالمندان گام برداشت. بنابراین سالمندان باید خصوصیات و ویژگی‌های سالمندی را به عنوان ضعف‌های شخصیتی خود در نظر نگیرند و از طریق یافتن سبک زندگی مناسب با این دوره خاص، افزایش خودکارآمدی و بهبود هوش معنوی، تغییراتی در نحوه زندگی خود به وجود آورند.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

The Successful Aging: The Role of Life Style, Spiritual Intelligence and Self-Efficacy

نویسندگان [English]

  • noushiravan mohammadi 1
  • faraneh fardebrahimi 2
1 psychometric group, faculty of psychology, Allameh Tabataba&amp;#039;e university, Tehran,Iran.
2 psychology group, department of human science, south Tehran branch, Islamic Azad university, Tehran. Iran.
چکیده [English]

Considering that the population aging process has started in Iran, it is obvious that identifying the health status of the elderly and the factors affecting successful aging is the first step to improve their health. Therefore, the aim of this study was to predict successful aging based on lifestyle, spiritual intelligence and self-efficacy. This was a descriptive-correlational research in terms of its method and a basic research in terms of its purpose. The statistical population of this study was consisted of all the elderly living in nursing homes of Tehran, Iran in 2021, the number of whom was estimated to be about 1100 people. The statistical sample was 285 people were selected using cluster sampling method and finally from the collected questionnaires 200 completed questionnaires were analyzed. Zanjari et al.’s Successful aging, King’s spiritual intelligence and Sherer and Maddux’s self-efficacy questionnaires were used to collect information in this study. Pearson’s correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis were used for the data to be analyzed in SPSS-24 software. The result of Pearson’s correlation coefficient indicated that there is significant positive correlation between lifestyle and successful aging (r=0.67), self-efficacy and successful aging (r=0.40), as well as spiritual intelligence and successful aging (r=0.21) and among the component of spiritual intelligence, personal meaning had the highest correlation with successful aging (r=0.67). Moreover, the results of multiple regression analysis indicated that 54% of the changes in successful aging can be interpreted by the predictor variables (P<0.01). According to the results, steps can be taken to improve successful aging through modifying life style, and improving the level of spiritual intelligence and self-efficacy. In conclusion, the elderly should not consider the features and characteristics of aging as their personal weakness, and make changes in their life style by finding a suitable life style for this period, increasing their self–efficacy and improving their spiritual intelligence.
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کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • aging
  • Successful aging
  • lifestyle
  • spiritual intelligence
  • self-efficacy
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References
Abolhasani, F., Bastani, F. (2019). Successful ageing in the dimensions of life satisfaction and perception of ageing in the Iranian elderly adults referring to the health center in the west of Tehran, Iran. IJN, 31(116), 61-74. http://ijn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2857-fa.html [Persian] 
Anwar, M. A., Gani, A. M. O., & Rahman, M. S. E. (2020). Acts of spiritual intelligence from Islamic ‎perspective on emotional intelligence. Journal of Islamic Accounting Business Research, 4(11), 216–32‎. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-10-2016-0123
Asghary, Sh., & Shafiee, H. (2017). Prediction of elderly quality of life based on internal coherence, mindfulness and spiritual intelligence. Positive Psychology Research, 3(3), 61-67. https://sid.ir/paper/257696/fa [Persian]
Askary, M., Asgary, P., & Sangani, A. (2019). Relationship of spiritual intelligence, perceived stress and flexibility of action with psychological well-being in the elderly. IJPN, 7 (3), 15-21. http://ijpn.ir/article-1-1263-fa.html [Persian] 
Aw, s., Koh, G.C.H., Tan, C.S., Wong, M.L., Vrijhoef, H.J.M., &, Harding, S.C. (2019). Theory and design of the community for ‎successful ageing (ComSA) program in Singapore: connecting Bio Psychosocial health and ‎quality of life experiences of older adults. BMC Geriatric, 12(19), 1-9‎. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-019-1277-x
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: W. H. Freeman.
Bosnes, I., Nordahl, H. M., Stordal, E., Bosnes, O., Myklebust, T. Å., & Almkvist, O. (2019). Lifestyle predictors of successful aging: A 20-year prospective HUNT study. PloS one14(7), e0219200. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0219200
Cho, I., Martin, P., & Leonard, W. P. (2015). Successful aging and subjective well-being among oldest-Old adults, The Gerontologist, 55, (1), 132–143. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnu074
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