واکاوی تجارب روان‌شناختی سالمندان در همه‌گیری بیماری کرونا: یک مطالعه پدیدارشناسانه

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه سنجش و اندازه‌گیری، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران.

2 گروه روان‌شناسی و آموزش کودکان استثنایی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران.

3 دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد تهران مرکزی، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

بیماری کرونا سلامت مردم دنیا به ویژه سالمندان را به خطر انداخته و آسیب‌های روانی-اجتماعی زیادی را موجب شده است. بنابراین، هدف از این پژوهش واکاوی تجارب روان‌شناختی سالمندان در همه‌گیری بیماری کرونا بود. روش پژوهش کیفی از نوع پدیدارشناسی با استفاده از تکنیک تحلیل مضون بود. جامعه آماری پژوهش شامل تمامی سالمندان ساکن در منطقه 6 شهر تهران در سال 1399 بود. تعداد 15 نفر از افراد سالمند (60 سال و بالاتر) که تجربه شرایط قرنطینه و فاصله‌گذاری فیزیکی بدون ابتلا به بیماری کرونا را داشتند به عنوان نمونه با روش نمونه‌گیری هدفمند و تا رسیدن به اشباع نظری انتخاب شدند. داده‌ها با استفاده از مصاحبه‌نیمه ساختاریافته جمع‌آوری و برای تحلیل آنها از تحلیل کولایزی استفاده شد. یافته‌های حاصل از مصاحبه‌ها در 6 مضمون اصلی (تجربه آشیانه خالی، بیش‌نگرانی، آزردگی روان‌شناختی، مشکلات درون فردی، مشکلات بین فردی و تنش ناشی از شرایط موجود) و 26 مضمون فرعی استخراج و طبقه‌بندی شد. نتایج حاصل از این پژوهش نشان داد که شیوع بیماری کرونا تمامی ابعاد سلامت روان سالمندان را به‌شدت تحت تأثیر خود قرار می‌دهد و اثرات جدی آن بر ابعاد مختلف زندگی فردی، بین‌فردی و اجتماعی تأثیر گذار بوده است. بنابراین می‌توان نتیجه‌گیری کرد که سالمندان با چالش‌هایی در زمان شیوع بیماری کرونا مواجه هستند و نیازمند دریافت اقدامات و مداخلات روان‌شناختی مناسب هستند.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

The Analysis of Psychological Experiences of the Elderly in the Pandemic of Coronavirus Disease: A Phenomenological Study

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohammad Asqari 1
  • Asgarَ Choobdari 2
  • Shiva Sakhaei 3
1 Department of Assessment and Measurement, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran.
2 Department of Psychology and Education of Exceptional Children, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran.
3 Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has endangered people’s health, especially that of the elderly, worldwide, and has caused many psychosocial damages. Therefore, the current study aims to investigate the psychological experiences of the elderly during the pandemic of COVID-19. This was a qualitative study of phenomenological type, in which the content analysis method was used. Fifteen elderly (60 years and older) experiencing quarantine conditions and physical distancing without COVID-19 infection were selected as the study sample using purposive sampling method. Sampling was continued until theoretical saturation was reached. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and Colaizzi analysis was used to analyze them. Extracted findings from the interviews were classified into 6 main themes (empty nest experience, hypersensitivity, psychological distress, personal problems, interpersonal problems and tension resulted from conditions) and 26 sub-themes. The results of this study indicated that the prevalence of COVID-19 has strongly affected all aspects of mental health in the elderly and that the serious effects of this pandemic have influenced the various aspects of their individual, interpersonal and social life. Therefore, it can be concluded that the elderly face many challenges during the outbreak of COVID-19 and need to receive appropriate psychological interventions.

References
Alimohamad, F., Setode-asl, N., & Karami, A. (2021). The Development of a Quality of Life Model Based on Metacognitive Beliefs with the Mediation role of Perceived Stress in the Elderly. Aging Psychology, 6(4), 355-341. [Persian]


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Armitage, R., & Nellums, L. B. (2020). COVID-19 and the consequences of isolating the elderly. The Lancet Public Health, 5 (5), 255-256. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30061-X
Ayalon, L. (2020). There is nothing new under the sun: Ageism and intergenerational tension in the age of the COVID-19 outbreak. International Psychogeriatrics32 (10), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610220000575
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Cohen-Mansfield, J., Hazan, H., Lerman, Y., & Shalom, V. (2016). Correlates and predictors of loneliness in older-adults: a review of quantitative results informed by qualitative insights. InternationalPsychogeriatrics28(4), 557-576. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610215001532
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Greyling, T., Rossouw, S., & Adhikari, T. (2020). A tale of three countries: How did Covid-19 lockdown impact happinessGLO Discussion Paper, 584, 1-18. http://hdl.handle.net/10419/221748
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Gyasi, R. M. (2020). Fighting COVID-19: Fear and internal conflict among older adults in Ghana. Journal of Gerontological Social Work63 (7), 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1080/01634372.2020.1766630
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Janjani, P., Momeni, K., Amiri, N., & Moradi, A. (2019). The experience of marital distress in the perceptual world of women; Case study: Tohid clinic of Kermanshah. Family Counseling and Psychotherapy, 9(1), 173-196. [Persian]
Jiang, W., Sun, F., Prieto, L., Fang, Y., Gao, Y., Yue, L., Lin, X., Zhao, L., Dang, J., Qiu, J., & Li, X. (2020). Worries, strategies, and confidence of older Chinese adults during the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry35(12), 1458-1465. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.5430
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Meisner, B. A. (2021). Are you OK, Boomer? Intensification of ageism and intergenerational tensions on social media amid COVID-19. Leisure Sciences43(1-2), 56-61. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2020.1773983
Meng, H., Xu, Y., Dai, J., Zhang, Y., Liu, B., & Yang, H. (2020). Analyze the psychological impact of COVID-19 among the elderly population in China and make corresponding suggestions. Psychiatry Research289, 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112983
Mirzaie, M., Darabi, S., & Babapoor, M. (2017). Population Aging in Iran and Rising Health Care Costs. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing12 (2), 156-169. [Persian]
Mohammadpour, A. (2018). Counter-method the philosophical underpinnings and practical procedures of qualitative methodology. Ghom: Logos. [Persian]
Morrow, R., Rodriguez, A., & King, N. (2015). Colaizzi’s descriptive phenomenological method. The Psychologist28(8), 643-644.
Narimani, M., & Eyni, S. (2021). The Causal Model of Coronavirus Anxiety in the Elderly Based on Perceived Stress and Sense of Cohesion: The Mediating Role of Perceived Social Support. Aging Psychology7(1), 27-13. [Persian]
Narimani, M., Eyni, S. (2021). The causal model of coronavirus anxiety in the elderly based on perceived stress and sense of cohesion: the mediating role of perceived social support. Aging Psychology, 7(1), 13-27. [Persian]
Patel, S. S., & Clark-Ginsberg, A. (2020). Incorporating issues of elderly loneliness into the Coronavirus Disease–2019 public health response. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness14(3), 13-14. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2020.145
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Ramakrishnan, V. K. (2020). Efficacious psychological resilience for Covid19 pandemic. Purakala31(44), 253-267.
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کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Psychological experiences
  • coronavirus disease
  • elderly
  • phenomenology
منابع
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References
Alimohamad, F., Setode-asl, N., & Karami, A. (2021). The Development of a Quality of Life Model Based on Metacognitive Beliefs with the Mediation role of Perceived Stress in the Elderly. Aging Psychology, 6(4), 355-341. [Persian]
Alizadeh, K. M., Fakhrzadeh, H., Sharifi, F., S., Zanjari, N., & Gahsemi, S. (2013). Comparative study of physical and mental health status of old people in aged groups of 60-64 and 65-69 years old in Tehran metropolitan area. Journal of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders13 (1), 50-61. [Persian]
Armitage, R., & Nellums, L. B. (2020). COVID-19 and the consequences of isolating the elderly. The Lancet Public Health, 5 (5), 255-256. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30061-X
Ayalon, L. (2020). There is nothing new under the sun: Ageism and intergenerational tension in the age of the COVID-19 outbreak. International Psychogeriatrics32 (10), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610220000575
Brooke, J., & Jackson, D. (2020). Older people and COVID‐19: Isolation, risk and ageism. Journal of Clinical Nursing,29, 2044–2046. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15274
Bu, F., Steptoe, A., & Fancourt, D. (2020). Who is lonely in lockdown? Cross-cohort analyses of predictors of loneliness before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Public Health, 186, 31-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2020.06.036
Cohen-Mansfield, J., Hazan, H., Lerman, Y., & Shalom, V. (2016). Correlates and predictors of loneliness in older-adults: a review of quantitative results informed by qualitative insights. InternationalPsychogeriatrics28(4), 557-576. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610215001532
Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. [Persian]
Gerstorf, D., Hülür, G., Drewelies, J., Willis, S. L., Schaie, K. W., & Ram, N. (2020). Adult development and aging in historical context. American Psychologist75(4), 525–539. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000596
Greyling, T., Rossouw, S., & Adhikari, T. (2020). A tale of three countries: How did Covid-19 lockdown impact happinessGLO Discussion Paper, 584, 1-18. http://hdl.handle.net/10419/221748
Grolli, R. E., Mingoti, M. E. D., Bertollo, A. G., Luzardo, A. R., Quevedo, J., Réus, G. Z., & Ignácio, Z. M. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 in the mental health in elderly: psychological and biological updates. Molecular Neurobiology58(5), 1905-1916. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-020-02249-x
Gyasi, R. M. (2020). Fighting COVID-19: Fear and internal conflict among older adults in Ghana. Journal of Gerontological Social Work63 (7), 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1080/01634372.2020.1766630
Jadidi, A., Farahaninia, M., Janmohammadi, S., & Haghani, H. (2011). The relationship between Spiritual Well-Being and Quality of Life among Elderly People Residing in Kahrizak Senior House. Iran Journal of Nursing, 24 (72), 48-56. [Persian]
Janjani, P., Momeni, K., Amiri, N., & Moradi, A. (2019). The experience of marital distress in the perceptual world of women; Case study: Tohid clinic of Kermanshah. Family Counseling and Psychotherapy, 9(1), 173-196. [Persian]
Jiang, W., Sun, F., Prieto, L., Fang, Y., Gao, Y., Yue, L., Lin, X., Zhao, L., Dang, J., Qiu, J., & Li, X. (2020). Worries, strategies, and confidence of older Chinese adults during the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry35(12), 1458-1465. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.5430
Kar, N. (2020). COVID-19 and older adults: in the face of a global disaster. Journal of Geriatric Care and Research7(1), 1-2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-020-02249-x
Liu, K., Chen, Y., Lin, R., & Han, K. (2020). Clinical features of COVID-19 in elderly patients: A comparison with young and middle-aged patients. Journal of Infection80 (6), 14-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.005
Makaroun, L. K., Bachrach, R. L., & Rosland, A. M. (2020). Elder abuse in the time of COVID-19—Increased risks for older adults and their caregivers. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry28(8), 876-880. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2020.05.017
Meisner, B. A. (2021). Are you OK, Boomer? Intensification of ageism and intergenerational tensions on social media amid COVID-19. Leisure Sciences43(1-2), 56-61. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2020.1773983
Meng, H., Xu, Y., Dai, J., Zhang, Y., Liu, B., & Yang, H. (2020). Analyze the psychological impact of COVID-19 among the elderly population in China and make corresponding suggestions. Psychiatry Research289, 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112983
Mirzaie, M., Darabi, S., & Babapoor, M. (2017). Population Aging in Iran and Rising Health Care Costs. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing12 (2), 156-169. [Persian]
Mohammadpour, A. (2018). Counter-method the philosophical underpinnings and practical procedures of qualitative methodology. Ghom: Logos. [Persian]
Morrow, R., Rodriguez, A., & King, N. (2015). Colaizzi’s descriptive phenomenological method. The Psychologist28(8), 643-644.
Narimani, M., & Eyni, S. (2021). The Causal Model of Coronavirus Anxiety in the Elderly Based on Perceived Stress and Sense of Cohesion: The Mediating Role of Perceived Social Support. Aging Psychology7(1), 27-13. [Persian]
Narimani, M., Eyni, S. (2021). The causal model of coronavirus anxiety in the elderly based on perceived stress and sense of cohesion: the mediating role of perceived social support. Aging Psychology, 7(1), 13-27. [Persian]
Patel, S. S., & Clark-Ginsberg, A. (2020). Incorporating issues of elderly loneliness into the Coronavirus Disease–2019 public health response. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness14(3), 13-14. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2020.145
Public News of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education. (2020). The latest statistics of the Coronavirus Disease in the Iran 2020. https://behdasht.gov.ir (Accessed September 27, 2020). [Persian]
Rahmati, A., Zeraat Herfeh, F., Alipour, F., Karbakhsh Zadeh, F. (2019). Female university students' experiences of university dorms: a qualitative study. Two Quarterly Journal of Contemporary Sociological Research8(14), 75-97. [Persian]
Ramakrishnan, V. K. (2020). Efficacious psychological resilience for Covid19 pandemic. Purakala31(44), 253-267.
Rico-Uribe, L. A., Caballero, F. F., Martín-María, N., Cabello, M., Ayuso-Mateos, J. L., & Miret, M. (2018). Association of loneliness with all-cause mortality: A meta-analysis. PloS One13(1), 1-21.
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