پیش‌بینی رضایت از زندگی بر اساس سبک‌های دلبستگی و قدردانی در سالمندان ساکن آسایشگاه

Elderly is one of the most important periods of every person’s life, which can have negative physical and psychological consequences for the individual, family and society if not spent with satisfaction and quality. Due to the change in the age structure of Iran's population from youth into old age, many researchers have considered the predictor variables of the life satisfaction in this age group. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to predict life satisfaction based on attachment styles and gratitude in the elderly. This was a descriptive study of correlational type. The statistical population consisted of the all elderly living in nursing homes of Yazd, Iran, among which Fatemeh Al-Zahra nursing home in Taft was selected. Selected using convenience sampling method were 110 people who filled out the satisfaction with life scale (Diener et al.), experiences in close relationships-revised (Brennan, Clark & Shaver), gratitude questionnaire (McCullough et al). The obtained data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis in SPSS-24 software. The results obtained from Pearson’s correlation coefficient indicated that among the predictor variables, avoidance attachment and gratitude respectively, had negative and positive correlation with life satisfaction, but there was no significant relationship between anxious attachment and life satisfaction. Besides, regression analysis showed that among avoidance attachment and gratitude variables, it was only gratitude that predicted life satisfaction significantly (p < 0.05). Gratitude could explain 44% of the variance of life satisfaction. Based on the mentioned results, gratitude as a positive and valuable characteristic, predicts life satisfaction in the elderly, through affecting social interactions and inducing positive change in one’s outlook on life.
References
Algoe, S. B. (2012). Find, remind and bind: The Functions of gratitude in everyday relationships. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 6(6), 455-469.
Bayani, A. A., Koocheky, A. M., & Goodarzi, H. (2007). The reliability and validity of the satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Iranian Psychologists, 3(11), 259-260.
Behnam far, R., & Rasti, A. (2015). Linear regression, the normal distribution of error values or normal distribution of the dependent variable? Iranian Journal of Medical Education, 15, 263-265. [Persian]
Bodner, E., & Cohen-Fridel, S. (2010). Relations between attachment styles, ageism and quality of life in late life. International Psychogeriatrics, 22(8), 1353-1361.
Brennan, K. A., Clark, C. L., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Self-report measurement of adult attachment: An integrative overview. In J. A. Simpson & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (p. 46–76). The Guilford Press.
Campbell, L., Simpson, J. A., Boldry, J., & Kashy, D. A. (2005). Perceptions of conflict and support in romantic relationships: The role of attachment anxiety. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(3), 510-531.
Carstensen, L. L., Isaacowitz, D. M., & Charles, S. T. (1999). Taking time seriously: A theory of socioemotional selectivity. American Psychologist, 54(3), 165-181.‏
Chan, D. W. (2011). Burnout and life satisfaction: Does gratitude intervention make a difference among Chinese school teachers in Hong Kong? Educational Psychology, 31(7), 809-823.
Cicirelli, V. G. (2010). Attachment relationships in old age. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 27(2), 191-199.
Colby, S., & Ortman, J. M. (2014). The baby boom cohort in the United States: 2012 to 2060 (pp. 25-1141). US Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, US Census Bureau Dasht Bozorgi, Z. (2017). The role of amnesty, gratitude and humility in predicting the mental well-being of the elderly. Positive Psychology Research, 3(2), 65-76. [Persian]
Didino, D., Frolova, E. A., Taran, E. A., & Gorodetski, K. (2016). Predictors of life satisfaction among older adults in Siberia. The European Proceedings of Social & Behavioural Sciences (EpSBS). Vol. 7: Lifelong Wellbeing in the World (WELLSO 2015).—Nicosia, 72015, 400-407.‏
Diener, E. D., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71-75.‏
Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Lucas, R. E. (2003). Personality, culture, and subjective well-being: Emotional and cognitive evaluations of life. Annual Review of Psychology, 54(1), 403-425.‏
Emmonse, R. A., & Mccullough, M. E. (2003). Counting blessings versus burdens: An experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(2), 377-389.‏
Fraley, R. C., Hudson, N. W., Heffernan, M. E., & Segal, N. (2015). Are adult attachment styles categorical or dimensional? A taxometric analysis of general and relationship-specific attachment orientations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 109(2), 354-368.‏
Fraley, R. C., Waller, N. G., & Brennan, K. A. (2000). An item response theory analysis of self-report measures of adult attachment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(2), 350-365.‏
Galinha, I. C., Oishi, S., Pereira, C. R., Wirtz, D., & Esteves, F. (2014). Adult attachment, love styles, relationship experiences and subjective well-being: Cross-cultural and gender comparison between Americans, Portuguese, and Mozambicans. Social Indicators Research, 119(2), 823-852.
Gana, K., Bailly, N., Saada, Y., Joulain, M., Trouillet, R., Hervé, C., & Alaphilippe, D. (2013). Relationship between life satisfaction and physical health in older adults: A longitudinal test of cross-lagged and simultaneous effects. Health Psychology, 32(8), 896-904.‏
Guarnieri, S., Smorti, M., & Tani, F. (2015). Attachment relationships and life satisfaction during emerging adulthood. Social Indicators Research, 121(3), 833-847.
Harper, S. (2014). Economic and social implications of aging societies. Science, 346(6209), 587-591.
Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(3), 511-524.‏
Homan, K. J. (2018). Secure attachment and eudaimonic well-being in late adulthood: The mediating role of self-compassion. Aging & Mental Health, 22(3), 363-370.
Ingram, A. M., Cox, B. S., Smith, D. M., & Parmelee, P. A. (2017). Attachment style, pain, and psychological well-being in older adults with knee osteoarthritis. Innovation in Aging, 1(suppl_1), 128-129.
Kho, Y., Kane, R. T., Priddis, L., & Hudson, J. (2015). The nature of attachment relationships and grief responses in older adults: An attachment path model of grief. Plos One, 10(10), article e0133703.‏
Khojasteh Mehr, R., Koraei, A., Abbaspour, Z., & Koochaki, R. (2012). The Role of Anxiety and Avoidance Attachment and Attribution in Marital Forgiveness: Testing a Mediation Model. Biannual Journal of Applied Counseling, 1(2), 51-72. [Persian]
Killen, A., & Macaskill, A. (2015). Using a gratitude intervention to enhance well-being in older adults. Journal of Happiness Studies, 16(4), 947-964.‏
Killen, A., & Macaskill, A. (2015). Using a gratitude intervention to enhance well-being in older adults. Journal of Happiness Studies, 16(4), 947-964.
Kong, F., Ding, K., & Zhao, J. (2015). The relationships among gratitude, self-esteem, social support and life satisfaction among undergraduate students. Journal of Happiness Studies, 16(2), 477-489.‏
Lambert, N. M., Fincham, F. D., Braithwaite, S. R., Graham, S. M., & Beach, S. R. H. (2009). Can prayer increase gratitude? Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 1 (3), 139-149.‏
Lee, J., Kim, E., & Wachholtz, A. (2016). The effect of perceived stress on life satisfaction: The mediating effect of self-efficacy. Ch'ongsonyonhak Yongu, 23(10), 29-47.‏
Li, H., Chi, I., & Xu, L. (2013). Life satisfaction of older Chinese adults living in rural communities. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 28(2), 153-165.‏
Li, T., & Fung, H. H. (2014). How avoidant attachment influences subjective well-being: An investigation about the age and gender differences. Aging & Mental Health, 18(1), 4-10.‏
Lyubomirsky, S., Sheldon, K. M., & Schkade, D. (2005). Pursuing happiness: The architecture of sustainable change. Review of General Psychology, 9(2), 111-131.‏
Ma, C. Q., & Huebner, E. S. (2008). Attachment relationships and adolescents' life satisfaction: Some relationships matter more to girls than boys. Psychology in the Schools, 45(2), 177-190.‏
Martikainen, L. (2012). The family environment in adolescence as a predictor of life satisfaction in adulthood. In M. Vassar (Ed.), Psychology of life satisfaction (pp. 19–30). New York: Nova Science Publishers.
Martínez-Martí, M. L., & Ruch, W. (2017). Character strengths predict resilience over and above positive affect, self-efficacy, optimism, social support, self-esteem, and life satisfaction. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 12(2), 110-119.‏
Massey, B., Edwards, A. V., & Musikanski, L. (2020). Life Satisfaction, Affect, and Belonging in Older Adults. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 1-15.
McCullough, M. E., Emmons, R. A., & Tsang, J. A. (2002). The grateful disposition: a conceptual and empirical topography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(1), 112-127.‏
Meléndez, J. C., Tomás, J. M., Oliver, A., & Navarro, E. (2009). Psychological and physical dimensions explaining life satisfaction among the elderly: A structural model examination. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 48(3), 291-295.
Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2003). The attachment behavioral system in adulthood: Activation, psychodynamics, and interpersonal processes.‏ Journal of Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 53-152.
Mikulincer, M., Gillath, O., & Shaver, P. R. (2002). Activation of the attachment system in adulthood: threat-related primes increase the accessibility of mental representations of attachment figures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(4), 881-895.‏
Nazari Chegani, A., Behroozi, N., Hashemi Sheykh Shabani, S. E., & Mehrabizadeh Honarmand, M. (2012). The Relationship of Attachment Styles with Depression and Life Satisfaction with Mediating Role of Social Support and Optimism in Female Students of SCU. Journal of Psychological Achievements, 19(2), 81-100.‏
Nickerson, A. B., & Nagle, R. J. (2004). The influence of parent and peer attachments on life satisfaction in middle childhood and early adolescence. In Quality-of-life research on children and adolescents (pp. 35-60). Springer, Dordrecht.
Noei Iran, L., & Mahmoud Alilou, M. (2015). Predicting quality of life and happiness based on attachment style. Iranian Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 1(4), 60-69.
Nourialeagha, B., Ajilchi, B., & Kisely, S. (2020). The mediating role of gratitude in the relationship between attachment styles and psychological well-being. Australasian Psychiatry, 28(4), 426-430.
Ognibene, T. C., & Collins, N. L. (1998). Adult attachment styles, perceived social support and coping strategies. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 15(3), 323-345.
Oswald, F., & Wahl, H. W. (2004). Housing and health in later life. Reviews on Environmental Health, 19(3-4), 223-252.‏
Pan, Y., Zhang, D., Liu, Y., Ran, G., & Teng, Z. (2016). Different effects of paternal and maternal attachment on psychological health among Chinese secondary school students. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(10), 2998-3008.
Peterson, C., Ruch, W., Beermann, U., Park, N., & Seligman, M. E. (2007). Strengths of character, orientations to happiness, and life satisfaction. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 2(3), 149-156.
Pouravari, M., Behboodi, M., & Sharifi, A. (2018). Identifying Pattern of Relationships between Attachment Styles, Life Satisfaction and Perfectionism in University Students. Razavi International Journal of Medicine, 6(1), 1-6.
Rapoza, K. A., Vassell, K., Wilson, D. T., Robertson, T. W., Manzella, D. J., Ortiz-Garcia, A. L., & Jimenez-Lazar, L. A. (2016). Attachment as a moderating factor between social support, physical health, and psychological symptoms. SAGE Open, 6(4), 1-13.‏
Regalia, C., & Manzi, C. (2018). Gratitude, Wellbeing, and Prosocial Behavior in Elderly People. In E. Scabini & G. Rossi (Eds.), Living Longer: A Resource for the Family, An Opportunity for Society (p.35-44). Champaign, IL: Common Ground Research Networks.
Rezaei A., Abdolahi M., Akbari Balootbangan A & Kheirkhahan N. (2015). Comparison of Attachment Styles in Elderly Living at Home and Hospice: A Case Study: Semnan, 2013. Journal of Geriatric Nursing, 1(2), 9-21. [Persian]
Rosendahl, E., Gustafson, Y., Nordin, E., Lundin-Olsson, L., & Nyberg, L. (2008). A randomized controlled trial of fall prevention by a high-intensity functional exercise program for older people living in residential care facilities. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 20(1), 67-75.
‏Saeidi, S., Mohammadzadeh Ebrahimi, A & Soleimanian, A. (2018). Structural Model of the Relationships between Gratitude, Marital Relationship Quality and Marital Satisfaction in teachers of Sabzevar City. Journal of Sabzevar Medical Science University, 27(3), 413-421. [Persian]
Şahin, D. S., Özer, Ö., & Yanardağ, M. Z. (2019). Perceived social support, quality of life and satisfaction with life in elderly people. Educational Gerontology, 45(1), 69-77.
Salvador-Ferrer, C. (2017). The relationship between Gratitude and Life satisfaction in a sample of Spanish university students. Anales De Psicología/Annals of Psychology, 33(1), 114-119.
Seligman, M. E., Steen, T. A., Park, N., & Peterson, C. (2005). Positive psychology progress: empirical validation of interventions. American Psychologist, 60(5), 410-421.
Shanesazzadeh, L., & Nadi, M. A. (2018). Structural Model of the Relationship between Big Five Traits, Emotional Intelligence Abilities with Interpersonal Forgiveness among Nursing Students.‏ Iranian Journal of Psychiatric Nursing, 6 (4), 74-82. [Persian]
Sharif, S. P., Amiri, M., Allen, K. A., Nia, H. S., Fomani, F. K., Matbue, Y. H., ... & Waheed, H. (2021). Attachment: the mediating role of hope, religiosity, and life satisfaction in older adults. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 19(1), 1-10.
Shaver, P. R., Mikulincer, M., Alonso-Arbiol, I., & Lavy, S. (2010). Assessment of adult attachment across cultures: Conceptual and methodological considerations. In P. Erdman & K.-M. Ng (Eds.), Family therapy and counseling series. Attachment: Expanding the cultural connections (p. 89–108). New York, NY: Routledge/Taylor & Francis.‏
Shunqin, Y. (2015). Review of effects of “attachment” of the elderly on physical and mental health of old chronic patients. Studies in Asian Social Science, 2(2), 15-18.‏
Spence, R., Jacobs, C., & Bifulco, A. (2020). Attachment style, loneliness and depression in older age women. Aging & Mental Health, 24(5), 837-839.
Sümer, N., & Yetkili, O. (2018). Cultural aspects of attachment anxiety, avoidance, and life satisfaction: Comparing the US and Turkey. In Close relationships and happiness across cultures (pp. 165-184). Springer, Cham.
Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S., & Ullman, J. B. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (Vol. 5, pp. 481-498). Boston, Pearson.
Tepeli Temiz, Z., & Tarı Cömert, I. (2018). The Relationship Between Life Satisfaction, Attachment Styles and Psychological Resilience in University Students. The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 31(3), 274-283.
Terry, T., & Huebner, E. S. (1995). The relationship between self-concept and life satisfaction in children. Social Indicators Research, 35(1), 39-52.
Webster, J. D. (1997). Attachment style and well-being in elderly adults: A preliminary investigation. Canadian Journal on Aging/La Revue canadienne du vieillissement, 16(1), 101-111.
Wood, A. M., Froh, J. J., & Geraghty, A. W. (2010). Gratitude and well-being: A review and theoretical integration. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(7), 890-905.‏
Yildirim, M., & Alanazi, Z. S. (2018). Gratitude and life satisfaction: Mediating role of perceived stress. International Journal of Psychological Studies, 10(3), 21-28.
Zanjari, N., Elsagh, A., sadeghi, R., Nouri, M. (2018). Factors Affecting Life Satisfaction of the Elderly People in Tehran. A Research Journal on Social Work, 5(16), 101-126. [Persian]