بررسی دیدگاه سالمندان از پدیده مرگ: یک مطالعه کیفی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه مشاوره، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه کردستان، شهر سنندج، ایران

2 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد مشاوره خانواده، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج ،ایران

چکیده

سالمندی آخرین مرحله زندگی می­باشد که هر انسانی می‌تواند بدان برسد. دیدگاه‌های متفاوتی در رابطه با مرگ ارائه گردیده است و این پدیده را مورد پژوهش قرار داده­اند. مرگ، هدف این پژوهش بررسی دیدگاه‌های سالمندان در رابطه با زندگی گذشته آنان قبل از اسکان در سرای سالمندان، عقاید، افکار و احساسات آنان درباره مرگ و نظرات آنان در رابطه با دنیای پس از مرگ می‌باشد. تعداد 17 سالمند ساکن در مرکز شبانه روزی نگهداری از سالمندان جام جم سنندج انتخاب گردید. این پژوهش با استفاده از روش کیفی انجام پذیرفت. مصاحبه‌های نیمه ساختار یافته عمیقی با سالمندان به عمل آمد. مصاحبه به طور دقیق مورد بررسی قرار گرفت سپس با استفاده از روش توصیفی کلایزی به تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها پرداختیم که به موجب آن سه مضمون اصلی و هجده مضمون فرعی به دست آمد. مضامین اصلی به دست آمده شامل زندگی نازیسته، پنداشت­های پیرامون مرگ و دنیای پس از مرگ می‌باشند. تامل برانگیزترین مضامین فرعی به دست را می‌توان در مفاهیم سرکوب نیازهای شخصی به سبب وجود نیازهای دیگران، اضطراب مرگ، انزوا، پذیرش مرگ و تمایل به زندگی جاودان در آرامش را اشاره نمود. پدیده مرگ به عنوان عاملی اجنتاب ناپذیر و غیر قابل کنترل هرجه بیشتر مورد پذیرش قرار گیرد احساسات ناخوشایند و اضطراب به وجود آمده از آن کاهش می­یابد و بر بهزیستی روانی فرد تأثیر بسزایی دارد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Seniors’ viewpoints about death phenomenon: A qualitative study

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ahmad Amani 1
  • Behzad Miracky 2
1 counseling, human sciences faculty, Kurdistan university, Sanandaj city, Iran
2 MSc Student in Family Counseling, Faculty of Humanities, Kurdistan University, Sanandaj, Iran
چکیده [English]

Seniority is the last stage of life, which every human can reach. Different views have been presented in relation to aging and this phenomenon has been studied thoroughly, the aim of this research is to study the perspectives of elderly people in relation to their past life, their beliefs and thoughts and feelings about death and their ideas about the afterlife. Out of all seniors resided in Elderly Care House in Sanandaj city 17 interviewees have been chosen for semi-structured interviews in detail. The transcriptions were reviewed exhaustively, using Colaizzi's strategy in descriptive phenomenology analyses that were conducted, which resulted in three main themes and eighteen sub-themes. Main themes are including Unlived life, thoughts about death and after death. The most significant sub-themes can be expressed in the concepts of suppression of personal needs due to the needs of others, Death anxiety, isolation, acceptance of death and the desire to live eternally in peace.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Seniority
  • phenomenology
  • aging
  • death
Barbato, M. (2006). The pain of dying. Journal of Religion, Spirituality & Aging, 18(2-3), 111-122.
Barker, P. (2000). Working with the metaphor of life and death. Medical humanities, 26(2), 97-102.
Bowling, A. (2007). Aspirations for older age in the 2nd century: What is successful aging? The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 64(3), 263-297.
Briggs, R., Tobin, K., Kenny, R. A., & Kennelly, S. P. (2018). What is the prevalence of untreated depression and death ideation in older people? Data from the Irish Longitudinal Study on Aging. International psychogeriatrics, 30(9), 1393-1401.
Chan, L. C., & Yap, C. C. J. S. A. J. (2009). Age, gender, and religiosity as related to death anxiety. 6, 1-16.
Charles, S. T., & Carstensen, L. L. (2010). Social and emotional aging. Annual review of psychology, 61, 383-409.
Crumpacker, D. W. (2008). Suicidality and antidepressants in the elderly. Paper presented at the Baylor university medical center proceedings.
Ellenberger, H. F. (1958). A clinical introduction to psychiatric phenomenology and existential analysis.
Fegg, M. J., Wasner, M., Neudert, C., & Borasio, G. D. (2005). Personal values and individual quality of life in palliative care patients. Journal of pain and symptom management, 30(2), 154-159.
Fiske, A., Wetherell, J. L., & Gatz, M. (2009). Depression in older adults. Annual review of clinical psychology, 5, 363-389.
Fleming, J., Farquhar, M., Brayne, C., Barclay, S., & collaboration, C. C. (2016). Death and the oldest old: attitudes and preferences for end-of-life care-qualitative research within a population-based cohort study. PloS one, 11(4), 105-115.
Hallberg, I. R. (2004). Death and dying from old people’s point of view. A literature review. Aging clinical and experimental research, 16(2), 87-103.
Hammarberg, K., Kirkman, M., & De Lacey, S. (2016). Qualitative research methods: when to use them and how to judge them. Human Reproduction, 31(3), 498-501.
Jr, J. W., & Gordon, J., (2002). Psychosocial issues near the end of life. Aging & mental health, 6(4), 402-412.
Kalish, R. A., & Reynolds, D. K. (1977). The role of age in death attitudes. Death Studies, 1(2), 205-230.
Lloyd, L. (2000). Dying in old age: promoting well-being at the end of life. Mortality, 5(2), 171-188.
Lockhart, L. K., Bookwala, J., Fagerlin, A., Coppola, K. M., Ditto, P. H., Danks, J. H., & Smucker, W. D. (2001). Older adults' attitudes toward death: Links to perceptions of health and concerns about end-of-life issues. OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying, 43(4), 331-347.
Moadel, A., Morgan, C., Fatone, A., Grennan, J., Carter, J., Laruffa, G., . . . Dutcher, J. (1999). Seeking meaning and hope: self‐reported spiritual and existential needs among an ethnically‐diverse cancer patient population. PsychoOncology, 8(5), 378-385.
Morrissey, M. B. (2011). Phenomenology of pain and suffering at the end of life: A humanistic perspective in gerontological health and social work. Journal of social work in end-of-life & palliative care, 7(1), 14-38.
Neimeyer, R. A., Wittkowski, J., & Moser, R. P. (2004). Psychological research on death attitudes: An overview and evaluation. Death Studies, 28(4), 309-340.
Ordille, J. (2016). Phenomenology in End-of-Life Care: Implications for Philosophy and Clinical Practice. Clinical Social Work Journal, 44(2), 170-178.
Palmore, E. (1995). Successful aging. In G. Maddox (ed.), Encyclopedia of aging: a comprehensive resource in gerontology and geriatrics. New York: Springer.
Patrick, D. L., Curtis, J. R., Engelberg, R. A., Nielsen, E., & McCown, E. (2003). Measuring and improving the quality of
 
dying and death. Annals of internal medicine, 139(5), 410-415.
Patrick, D. L., Engelberg, R. A., & Curtis, J. R. (2001). Evaluating the quality of dying and death. Journal of pain and symptom management, 22(3), 717-726.
Pollak, J. M. (1980). Correlates of death anxiety: A review of empirical studies. OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying, 10(2), 97-121.
Robbins, R. A. (1989). Gender and sex-role stereotypes in scales of death concern. Death Studies, 13(6), 579-591.
Rowe, J. W., & Kahn, R. L. (1997). Successful aging. The gerontologist, 37(4), 433-440.
Sharp, T., Moran, E., Kuhn, I., & Barclay, S. (2013). Do the elderly have a voice? Advance care planning discussions with frail and older individuals: a systematic literature review and narrative synthesis. British Journal of General Practice, 63(615), 657-668.
Shosha, G. A. (2012). Employment of Colaizzi's strategy in descriptive phenomenology: A reflection of a researcher. European Scientific Journal, 8(27), 31-43.
Swathi, G. (2014). Death anxiety, death depression, geriatric depression and suicidal ideation among institutionalized and noninstitutionalized elders. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 4(10), 356-364.
Thorson, J. A., & Powell, F. C. (1990). Meanings of death and intrinsic religiosity. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 46(4), 379-391.
Thorson, J. A., & Powell, F. C. (1992). A revised death anxiety scale. Death Studies, 16(6), 507-521.
V. Fortner, R. A. N., Barry. (1999). Death anxiety in older adults: A quantitative review. Death Studies, 23(5), 387-411.
Van Der Geest, S. (2002). ‘I want to go!’How older people in Ghana look forward to death. Ageing & Society, 22(1), 7-28.
Weed, L. D. (2004). The Meaning of the Death of Adult Child to an Elder. University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 22.
Zhao, J., Barclay, S., Farquhar, M., Kinmonth, A. L., Brayne, C., & Fleming, J. (2010). The oldest old in the last year of life: Population‐based findings from Cambridge city over‐75s cohort study participants aged 85 and older at death. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 58(1), 1-11.