Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1
Dept. of counseling and guidance, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Al-Zahra University, Tehran, Iran
2
Dept. of Family Counseling, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
3
Dept. of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Arak University, Arak, Iran
Abstract
Elderly is one of the most important periods of human life, which requires a lot of attention to avoid any mental and psychological disorders and challenges. Two important challenges in this period are the lack of social adjustment and the increase of depression. Therefore, the aim of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of solution-focused therapy (SFT) on increasing social adjustment and reducing clinical depression in elderly women living in Kermanshah, Iran in 2020-2021. It was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design with a control group and follow-up (two months after the post-test). The statistical population included all elderly women (60 years and older) in Kermanshah with clinical depression and social maladjustment in 2020-2021. The sampling method was convenience Sampling. Therefore, according to Kresji and Morgan’s table, 381 people were selected. Participants filled out Bell’s social adjustment and Yesavage et al.’s elderly depression questionnaires. The final sample consisted of 30 people selected based on the inclusion criteria of the study and randomly assigned into experimental and control groups in the same ratio. The experimental group underwent 8 sessions of SFT twice a week, and the control group did not receive any intervention in the same time. Finally, the data were analyzed at two levels of descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (univariate covariance analysis) using SPSS-26 software. The results illustrated that the SFT in the post-test and follow-up phase compared to the pre-test was effective in increasing the social adjustment and reducing the clinical depression of the elderly (P<0.01). The results indicate that the use of SFT seems to be an efficient and practical method to improve social adjustment and reduce clinical depression in the elderly women, and the use of this method is recommended in other mental disorders of the elderly women.
References
Abbasi, A., Mohammadi, M., Zahrakar, K., Davarniya, R., & Babaeigarmkhani, M. (2017). Effectiveness of Solution- Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) on Reducing Depression and Increasing Marital Satisfaction in Married Women. Iran Journal of Nursing, 30 (105), 34-46. https://ijn. iums. ac. ir/article-1-2420-fa. html sian]
Afshari, A., Rezai, R., & Dadras, F. (2019). The Effectiveness of Structured Reminiscence on Anxiety and Depression in the Elderly. Aging Psychology, 5 (3), 201-215. https://doi: 10. 22126/jap. 2019. 4704. 1368 [Persian]
Ahmadpour, R., & torkan, H. (2022). The prediction of rumination and worry based on the ability to control thought and cognitive behavioral avoidance in students’ university with clinical depression. Knowledge & Research in Applied Psychology, 23 (2), 158-168. https://doi: 10. 30486/jsrp. 2020. 564023. 1259 [Persian]
Archuleta, KL., Burr, EA., Carlson, MB., Ingram, J., Kruger, L. I., Grable, J., & Ford, M. (2015). Solution – Focused Financial Therapy: A Brief Report of a pilot study. Journal of Financial Therap, 6 (1), 1-16. https://doi. org/10. 4148/1944-9771. 1081
Asano, K., & Shimizu, E. (2018). A case report of Compassion Focused Therapy for a Japanese patient with recurrent depressive disorder: the importance of layered processes in. Case Reports in Psychiatry, 10 (1), 9-19. https://doi. org/10. 1155/2018/4165434
Asiachi, N., Sanatkaran, A., & Bahari, S. M. (2017). The Effectiveness of Yoga on the Adjustment of Elderly Men and Women. Aging Psychology, 2 (4), 261-270. https://jap. razi. ac. ir/article_647_en. html?lang=fa [Persian]
Ayar, D., & Sabanciogullari, S. (2021). The effect of a solution‐oriented approach in depressive patients on social functioning levels and suicide probability, Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 57 (1), 235–245. https://doi. org/10. 1111/ppc. 12554
Bell, H. M. (1962). Adjustment Inventory Manual. Palo Alto, Calif: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Beyrami, M., Alizadeh Goradel, J., Ansarhosein, S., & Ghahraman Moharrampour, N. (2014). Comparing Sleep Quality and General Health Among the Elderly Living at Home and at Nursing Home. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing, 8 (4) :47-55. https://salmandj. uswr. ac. ir/article-1-525-fa. html [Persian]
Bliss, E. V., & Bray, D. (2009). The smallest solution focused particles: Towards a minimalist definition of when therapy is solution focused. Journal of Systemic Therapies, 28 (2), 62-74. https://doi. org/10. 1521/jsyt. 2009. 28. 2. 62
Cheraghi, F., & NematTavousi, M. (2020). The Effectiveness of Psychodrama on Social Adjustment and Subjective Well-being in the Elderly. Aging Psychology, 6 (2), 149-163. https://doi. org/10. 22126/jap. 2020. 5448. 1432 [Persian]
Connie, E., & Metcalf, L. (2018). The Art of Solution Focused Therapy. (Translated by Fatemeh Seifallahi Nasrabadi; Mirsaeed Jafari; & Ahmadreza Salamati). Tehran: Akademic. (Original publication year, 2009)
DeJong, P., & Berg, I. K. (2012). Interviewing for solutions, Nelson Education.
Ebrahimpour, G. (2017). Comparison of satisfaction with life, Social Adjustment and Optimism in the Elderly at Home and Nursing Homes. Aging Psychology, 3 (3), 219-228. https://jap. razi. ac. ir/article_830. html[Persian]
Esmaeilpour Dilmaghani, R., Panahali, A., Aghdasi, A. N., & Khademi, A. (2022). The Comparison of the Effectiveness of Group-Based Logotherapy and Solution-Oriented Therapy on Death Anxiety and Feeling of Loneliness in Elderly women with Fear of Coronavirus. Aging Psychology, 8 (3), 249-235. https://doi. org/10. 22126/jap. 2022. 8172. 1645 [Persian]
Farokhzadian, A. A., & Mirderekvand, F. (2018). The Effectiveness of Self-Compassion Focused Therapy on Increase of Psychological Well-Being and Reduction of Depression in the Elderly. Aging Psychology, 3 (4), 293-302. https://jap. razi. ac. ir/article_903_en. html[Persian]
Fathi Ashtiani, A., & Dastani, M. (2013). Psychological tests for assessing personality and mental health. Tehran: Besat. [Persian]
Franklin, C., Zhang, A., Froerer, A., & Johnson, A. (2017). Solution Focused Brief Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Summary of Process Research, journal of marital and family therapy, 43 (1),16-30. https://doi. org/10. 1111/jmft. 12193
Gharanjik, A., Mohammadi Shahbolaghi, F., Ansari, G., Najafi, F., Ghaderi, S., Ashrafi, K., Taheri, N., & Sahaf, R. (2011). The Prevalence of Depression in Older Turkmen Adults in 1389. Salmand, 6 (3), 34-39. https://salmandj. uswr. ac. ir/article-1-441-en. html [Persian]
Ghazi Mohseni, M., Soleimanian, A. A., & Heidarnia, A. (2016). Examining the Effectiveness of Hope-Based Group Training on the Life Quality of the Elderly People. Salmand, 11 (2), 300-309. https://salmandj. uswr. ac. ir/article-1-1052-fa. html [Persian]
Golestanifar, S., & DashtBozorgi, Z. (2020). The Effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment based Therapy on Depression, Psychological Health and Life Expectancy of the Elderly with Nonclinical Depression. Aging Psychology, 6 (3), 191-203. https://doi. org/10. 22126/jap. 2020. 5748. 1470 [Persian]
Hajatour, R., & Haroon Rashidi, H. (2021). The Effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Irrational Beliefs and Death Attitude in the Elderly. Aging Psychology, 7 (1), 54-43. https://doi. org/10. 22126/jap. 2021. 6286. 1514 [Persian]
Hossein Nejhad, A., Moadeli, Z., Jahanpour, F., & Sharifikiya, I. (2017). Comparison of Depression between married women working in training hospitals and Instructors compared with housewives aged 25-50 in Shiraz in 2013 - 2014, Nursing Journal of the vulnerable, 3 (4), 38-51. https://magiran. com/p1677113 [Persian]
Hunter, D. C. (2011). The Evolution of Approaches to Depression: from paradigm shifts to social contexts, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.
Ilali, E. S., Bashkani, M., & Jahanbakhsh, F. (2018). A Review of the Effect of Leisure on Depression in the Elderly. Clinical Excellence, 8 (2) :50-60. URL: https://ce. mazums. ac. ir/article-1-411-en. html [Persian]
Jafari, M. S., Moradi, A., Ali Abadi, F., Ahmadi, S., Babai, A., Parvari, Z., Seifallahi Nasrabadi, F., Azizpur, A., Karimabadi, S., Moghim khan, T., & Yazdan Panah, F. (2020). The art of questioning in social solution complex therapy. Tehran: Academic Publication. [Persian]
javanmardi, F., naeimi, E., & moatamedi, A. (2020). The Effectiveness of Mindfulness Model on Improving Intimate Attitudes and Elderly Depression. Aging Psychology, 6 (1), 39-52. https://doi. org/10. 22126/jap. 2020. 5022. 1402 [Persian]
Kim, H. (2006). Client growth and alliance development in solution-focused brief family therapy. Unpublished PhD. Thesis, The State University of New York at Buffalo.
Kim, J. S., Brook, J., & Akin, B. A. (2018). Solution-focused brief therapy with substance-using individuals: A randomized controlled trial study. Research on Social Work Practice, 28 (4), 452-462. https://doi. org/10. 1177/1049731516650
Leslie, P. (2022). Perceptions and Possibilities: Strategic and Solution-Oriented Approaches to Working with Depression, Phoenix Publishing House.
Malakouti, K., Fathollahi, P., Mirabzadeh, A., Salavati, M., & Kahani, S. (2006). Validation of geriatric depression scale (GDS15) in Iran. Research in Medicine. 30 (4):361-369. https://pejouhesh. sbmu. ac. ir/article-1-342-en. html [Persian]
Martin, A., Boadi, N., Fernandes, C., & Watt, S. (2013). Robinson-Wood T. Applying resistance theory to depression in black women. Journal of Systemic Therapies, 32 (1),1-13. https://doi. org/10. 1521/jsyt. 2013. 32. 1. 1
Miri, M., Salehiniya, H., Tiyuri, A., Bahlgerdi, M., & Taghizadeh, A. (2016). Prevalence of mental disorders and its related factors among elderly of Birjand, 2014. Journal of Geriatric Nursing, 2 (2) :94-103. https://jgn. medilam. ac. ir/article-1-153-fa. htm [Persian]
Mohammad, L., & Gholami Heidarabadi, Z. (2019). The Effectiveness of Training the Problem Solving-based Cognitive Strategies on depression in elderly women. Aging Psychology, 4 (4), 337-349. https://doi. org/10. 22126/jap. 2019. 1126 [Persian]
Mohammadi, I., & Sajjadian, I. (2019). The Effectiveness of Resiliency Training on Social Adjustment and Purposeful Life in the Elderly Male Living in Nursing Homes. Aging Psychology, 5 (2), 89-100. https://doi. org/10. 22126/jap. 2019. 1121 [Persian]
Mohammadi, S. Y., & Kamali, H. (2018). The Effectiveness of Group Logo therapy on Social Adjustment, Loneliness and General Health in Elderly. Aging Psychology, 4 (1), 61-72. https://jap. razi. ac. ir/article_945_en. html?lang=fa [Persian]
Moradi, S., Ghodrati Girkohi, M., & Hayati, M. (2019). The Effectiveness of the Life Review Program on Sense of Loneliness, Social Adjustment, Coherence and Integration in the Elderly. Aging Psychology, 5 (3), 179-199. https://doi. org/10. 22126/jap. 2019. 1225 [Persian]
Moran, P., Romaniuk, H., Coffey, C., Chanen, A., Degenhardt, L., Borschmann, R, & Patton., G. C. (2016). The influence of personality disorder on the future mental health and social adjustment of young adults: a population-based, longitudinal cohort study. The Lancet Psychiatry, 3 (7), 636-645. https://doi. org/10. 1016/S2215-0366 (16)30029-3
Orang, T., Orang, M., & Orang, S. (2020). Elderly and Social Ethics. Ethics in Science and Technology, 15 (3), 1-5. https://ethicsjournal. ir/article-1-1961-en. html [Persian]
Piri, E., Ghasemi, B., & Salehi, R. (2017). Yoga Breathing Exercises and Relaxation Effect on Depression in Elderly women. Aging Psychology, 3 (3), 189-198. https://jap. razi. ac. ir/article_814. html?lang=en [Persian]
Rajabi, G., & Sotodeh Navrodi, S. (2012). A Study of Impact of Group Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy on Depression Reduction and Increase of Marital Satisfaction in Married Women. Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences, 20 (80), 83-91. https://journal. gums. ac. ir/article-1-123-fa. html[Persian]
Reddy, P. D. (2015). Thirumoorthy A, Vijayalakshmi P, Hamza MA. Effectiveness of solutionfocused brief therapy for an adolescent girl with moderate depression. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 37 (1), 87-89. https://doi. org/10. 4103/0253-7176. 150849
Shariat, A., Ghazanfari, A., Yarmohammadian, A., Solati, K., & Chorami, M. (2020). The Effectiveness of Gestalt Therapy on Depression, Self-Differentiation, Integrative Self-Knowledge and Positive Psychological Characteristics in the Elderly. Aging Psychology, 6 (3), 267-249. https://doi. org/10. 22126/jap. 2020. 5573. 1456 [Persian]
Slekiene, J., & Mosler, H. J. (2018). Does depression moderate handwashing in children? BMC Public Health, 18 (82), 1-9. https://doi. org/10. 1186/s12889-017-4638-4.
Smith, J. (2003). Stress and aging: theoretical and empirical challenges for interdisciplinary research. Neurobiology of Aging, 3 (24), 77-80. https://doi. org/10. 1016/s0197-4580 (03)00049-6
Soleimaninejad, A. L., TaheriTanjani, P., Abolfathi Momtaz, Y., & Khodakarim, S. (2020). Relationship between malnutrition and depression among Iranian elderly population. Koomesh, 22 (3), 467-476. https://koomeshjournal. semums. ac. ir/article-1-5504-en. html [Persian]
Towsyfyan, N., Pazoki, A., Yousefi, N., Peyghami, T., & Momeni, A. (2021). Effects of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy on Social Adjustment in Women with MS. Journal of Disability Studies. 11 (1), 176-183. https://jdisabilstud. org/article-1-995-fa. html [Persian]
Yazdanbakhsh, K. (2016). Effects of life review on social adjustment of retirees' elderly persons. Aging Psychology, 1 (3), 179-185. https://jap. razi. ac. ir/article_330. html [Persian]
Yesavage, J. A., & Sheikh, J. I. (2008). Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). Clin Gerontologist. 5 (1-2):165-173. https://doi. org/10. 1300/J018v05n01_09
Yesavage, J. A., Brink, T. L., Rose, T. L., Lum, O., Huang, V., Adey, M., & Leirer, V. O. (1982). Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: a preliminary report. Journal of psychiatric research, 17 (1), 37-49. https://doi. org/10. 1016/0022-3956 (82)90033-4
Zakizadeh, H., & Haroonrashidi, H. (2022). The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy on the Social Adjustment and Cognitive Distortion in the Elderly Men. Aging Psychology, 8 (2), 105-117. https://doi. org/10. 22126/jap. 2022. 7624. 1613 [Persian]
Keywords
Main Subjects
)