The Relationship Between Self-Efficacy and Quality of Life Through the Mediating Role of Psychological Well-Being in the Elderly

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 PhD student in Psychology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

2 Dept. of Clinical and Applied Psychology, Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Tehran, Iran

3 Dept. of Psychology, Azad University, Science and Research Branch of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

The aging process is associated with a gradual decline in the function of the body systems of a healthy and matured adult to a vulnerable individual with a decrease in physiological capacity. Therefore, nowadays, paying attention to the components of health in healthy people has gained especial importance. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between self-efficacy and quality of life with the mediating role of psychological well-being in the elderly in Tehran, Iran. This was a descriptive study, of correlational type with structural equations modeling (SEM). The statistical population consisted of all the elderly (60 years and older) living in Tehran, among whom 200 people were selected using convenience sampling. Participants responded to the Ryff’s psychological well-being, Sherer's general self-efficacy and World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL) questionnaires. Pearson’s correlation coefficient and SEM were used to analyse data in SPSS and AMOS software. The results of SEM illustrated that the hypothetical model of this study has a good fit in the study sample. Thus, self-efficacy had a direct positive relationship with psychological well-being and also with quality of life. Besides, psychological well-being had a direct positive relationship with quality of life. It was also found that psychological well-being is indirectly related to quality of life through self-efficacy. The results indicate the importance of improving the living conditions of the elderly based on mental health and the degree of feeling comfortable when dealing with difficult situations.
References
Abhar Zanjani, F. (2022). The Effectiveness of Quality of Life Skills Training on Hope, Vitality and Resilience of the Elderly, 7th National Conference on Positive Psychology News, Bandar Abbas. [Persian]
Adinehpour, M., Talebzadeh, M., & Mohammadi, F. (2018). The Relationship between psychological well-being and self-efficacy in women. the 5th National Conference on Recent Innovations in Psychology, Applications and Empowerment with a focus on psychotherapy, Tehran. [Persian]
Amirbagloie Daryani, M., & Marashi, M. (2021). Feeling guilty and anxiety in the elderly: the role of Existential Concerns. Aging Psychology, 7(1), 29-41. [Persian]
Asgharnejad, T., Ahmadi Dehghotboddini, M., Farzad V., & Khodapanahi M. (2006). Psychometric properties of sherer's general self-efficacy scale, Journal of Psychology, 10(3 (39)), 262-274. [Persian]
Bolognesi, C., Migliore, L., Lista, F., Caroli, S., Patriarca, M., De Angelis, R., & Colognato, R. (2015). Biological monitoring of Italian soldiers deployed in Iraq. Results of the SIGNUM project. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 12(1), 20-31.
Bosscher, R., Smit, J. (1998). Confirmatory factor analaysis of the general self-efficacy scale. behavioral and therapy, 36(3), 339-343.
Briggs, A. M., Cross, M. J., Hoy, D. G., Sanchez-Riera, L., Blyth, F. M., Woolf, A. D., & March, L. (2016). Musculoskeletal health conditions represent a global threat to healthy aging: a report for the 2015 World Health Organization world report on ageing and health. The Gerontologist, 56(2), 243-255
Crous, G. (2017). Child psychological well-being and its associations with material deprivation and type of home. Children and Youth Services Review, 80(8), 88-95.
Ekestein., S M. (2020). Elderly Care: Current Issues and Challenges, Nova Science Publishers.
Erkutlu, H. (2014). Exploring the moderating effect of psychological capital on the relationship between narcissism and psychological well-being. Social and Behavioral Sciences, 150(8), 1148-1156.
Fouladiyan, M., Amir, A., & Fatemi amin, Z. (2019). A study on the social status of elderlies (comparison between elderlies living home with those living nursing homes). Journal of Social Problems of Iran, 10(1), 145-165. [Persian]
Haji Yousefi, A. (2019). Aging and mental health. Tehran: Roshan Nasl Publications. [Persain]
Hamid, N., Vatankhah, M., & Mehrabizadeh-Honarmad, M. (2013). The efficacy of quality of life group training on happiness and vitalty of aged men. Journal of Medical Science Studies, 24 (10), 800-811. [Persian]
Hamilton, K., Cornish, S., Kirkpatrick, A., Kroon, J., & Schwarzer, R. (2018). Parental supervision for their children's toothbrushing: Mediating effects of planning, self‐efficacy, and action control. British journal of health psychology, 23(2), 387-406.
Hamzehlouiyan, M., Besharat, M., Rahiminezhad, A., Zamanian, H., & Farahani, H. (2019). The Role of meaning, peace and faith in quality of life dimensions of women with cancer. Developmental Psychology, 15(59), 237-248. [Persian]
Han, W., & Shibusawa, T. (2015). Trajectory of physical health, cognitive status, and psychological well-being among Chinese elderly. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 60(1), 168-177.
Hanley, A. W., Baker, A. K., & Garland, E. L. (2017). Self-interest may not be entirely in the interest of the self: Association between selflessness, dispositional mindfulness and psychological well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 117(9), 166-171.
Heintzelman, S. J., & Diener, E. (2019). Subjective well-being, social interpretation, and relationship thriving. Journal of Research in Personality, 78(2), 93-105.
Huang, C. (2016). Achievement goals and self-efficacy: A meta-analysis. Educational Research
Javer, M., Rafiepoor, A., & Sabet, M. (2020). Relationship between self-efficacy and quality of life and the mediating role of perceived stress in people with cardiovascular disease: A structural equation model. Iranian Journal of cardiovascular Nursing, 9(1), 2-15. [Persian]
Khanjani, M., Shahidi, S., Fathabadi, J., Mazaheri, M., & Shokri, O. (2014). Factor structure and psychometric properties of the Ryff’s scale of Psychological well-being, short form (18-item) among male and female students. Thoughts and Behavior in Clinical Psychology, 9(32), 27-36. [Persian]
Liu, C., Cheng, Y., Hsu, A. S., Chen, C., Liu, J., & Yu, G. (2018). Optimism and self-efficacy mediate the association between shyness and subjective well-being among Chinese working adults. PloS one, 13(4), Article e0194559.
Mahmoudi Philabadi, A., & Nikrahang Gh R. (2017). The effectiveness of quality of life therapy on general health, life satisfaction, happiness and hope of the elderly, The third national conference on new studies and research in the field of educational sciences and psychology in Iran. [Persian]
Milam, L. A., Cohen, G. L., Mueller, C., & Salles, A. (2019). The Relationship between self-efficacy and well-being among surgical residents. Journal of surgical education, 76(2), 321-328.
Momeni, K., Amani, R., Janjani, P., Majzoobi, M., & Hadian Hamedani, K. (2021). The Relationship between attachment styles with Positive and negative affect in the elderly: the mediating role of reminiscence styles. Aging Psychology, 7(4), 407-422. [Persian]
Mortezabeigi, Z., Safari, A., Bozorghkhoo, Z., & Asgharnejad Farid, A. (2022). Predicting the happiness based on self-efficacy and quality of life by mediating of psychological well-being. Payesh, 21 (1), 47-57. [Persian]
Narimani, M., samadifard, H. (2017). Social health in the elderly: The Role of self-esteem, self-efficiency and happiness. Aging Psychology, 3(3), 199-206. [Persian]
Naseh L., Shaikhy R.A., & Rafiei H. (2016). General self-efficacy and associated factors among elderly residents of nursing home, Journal of holistic nursing and midwifery, 25(80), 90-97. [Persian]
Nejat S., Montazeri, A., Holakouee Naeini, K., Mohammad, K., & Majdzadeh, R. (2006). Standardization of the World health organization quality of life questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF): translation and psychometrics of the iranian species. Journal of the School of Health and the Institute of Health Research, 4 (4), 1-12. [Persian]
Nowruzi, A., & Momeni Yansari, A. (2012). General self-efficacy, life expectancy and life orientation in older women receiving education. Contemporary Psychology, 7, 3146-3149. [Persian]
Orang. S., Hashemi Razini, H., Ramshini, M., & Orang, T. (2018). Investigating the meaning of life and psychological well-being, in youth, adults, and elderly (A Comparative Study of Three Age Groups). Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing, 13 (2), 182-197. [Persian]
Peters, M., Potter, C. M., Kelly, L., & Fitzpatrick, R. (2019). Self-efficacy and health-related quality of life: a cross-sectional study of primary care patients with multi-morbidity. Health and quality of life outcomes, 17(1), 37.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68-78.
Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of personality and social psychology, 57(6), 1069-1081.
Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. H. (2006). Best news yet on the six-factor model of well-being. Social science research, 35(4), 1103-1119.
Sasani, K., Seirafi, M., Mesch, F., Sarami, G., & Peymani, J. (2020). Modeling of health-related quality of life based on self-approach to body image by mediating of self-compassion and shame in overweight and obese people. Iranian Journal of Nursing Research, 14 (6), 78-87. [Persian]
Seif, A. (2018). Educational Psychology: The Psychology of Learning and Teaching. Roshd Publications. [Persian]
Shaabani, J., Rahgoi, A., Nourozi, K., Rahgozar, M., & Shaabani, M. (2017). The Relationship between self-efficacy and quality of life among elderly people. salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing., 11 (4), 518-527. [Persian]
Shafiei, H., & Nasiri, S. (2020). The role of health literacy, psychological well-being and self –efficacy in prediction the quality of life of patients with type 2 diabetes. Quarterly Journal of HealthPsychology 9(33), 7-22. [Persian]
Sherer, M., & Maddux, J. (1982). The self- efficacy scale: constraction and varidation. Psychological Report, 51(2), 663-671.
Soleimani, R. (2020). Investigating the relationship between happiness, psychological well-being and self-efficacy with the quality of life of students in Rasht. Master Thesis of Koushiar Institute of Higher Education. [Persian]
solhi, M., bararpour, F. &, hosseini, F. (2018). Self-efficacy and quality of life in elderly residents of Kahrizak. Journal of Geriatric Nursing, 4 (4), 9-19. [Persian]
sori, A., Shabani Moghadam, K., Soury, R. (2016). The Effect of physical activity on quality of life in elder women in Kermanshah province. Applied Research in Sport Management, 4(4), 75-84. [Persian]
Taneva, S. (2016). What is psychological well-being and how it changes throughout the employment cycle? UnicampBFCM
 Tourani, S., Behzadifar, M., Martini, M., Aryankheal, A., Taheri Mirghaed, M., Salemi, M., Behzadifr, M.., & Bragazzi, N. L. (2018). Health-related quality of life among healthy elderly Iranians: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 16(1), Article 18.
Vahedi Kojnagh, H., Afshari, A., Rezaei Malajagh, R., Eghbali, A., & Taheri, M. (2020). The Prediction of the elderly’s life satisfaction based on health-promoting lifestyle. Aging Psychology, 6(3), 285-297. [Persain]
Varaee, P., Momeni, K., & Moradi, A. (2018). Self-compassion, attitude towardsrReligion and death anxiety: predictors of psychological well-being in the elderly. Journal of Developmental Psychology: Iranian Psychologists, 14(56), 445-460. [Persian]
World Health Organization. (2015). World report on ageing and health. World Health Organization.
Yeung, D. Y. (2015). Aging and Psychological WellBeing. Encyclopedia of Geropsychology, 1-6.
Zhou, W., He, G., Gao, J., Yuan, Q., Feng, C., & Zhang, C. K. (2012). The effects of group reminiscence therapy on depression, self-esteem, and affect balance of Chinese community-dwelling elderly. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 54(3), 440-447.

Keywords

References

References
Abhar Zanjani, F. (2022). The Effectiveness of Quality of Life Skills Training on Hope, Vitality and Resilience of the Elderly, 7th National Conference on Positive Psychology News, Bandar Abbas. [Persian]
Adinehpour, M., Talebzadeh, M., & Mohammadi, F. (2018). The Relationship between psychological well-being and self-efficacy in women. the 5th National Conference on Recent Innovations in Psychology, Applications and Empowerment with a focus on psychotherapy, Tehran. [Persian]
Amirbagloie Daryani, M., & Marashi, M. (2021). Feeling guilty and anxiety in the elderly: the role of Existential Concerns. Aging Psychology, 7(1), 29-41. [Persian]
Asgharnejad, T., Ahmadi Dehghotboddini, M., Farzad V., & Khodapanahi M. (2006). Psychometric properties of sherer's general self-efficacy scale, Journal of Psychology, 10(3 (39)), 262-274. [Persian]
Bolognesi, C., Migliore, L., Lista, F., Caroli, S., Patriarca, M., De Angelis, R., & Colognato, R. (2015). Biological monitoring of Italian soldiers deployed in Iraq. Results of the SIGNUM project. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 12(1), 20-31.
Bosscher, R., Smit, J. (1998). Confirmatory factor analaysis of the general self-efficacy scale. behavioral and therapy, 36(3), 339-343.
Briggs, A. M., Cross, M. J., Hoy, D. G., Sanchez-Riera, L., Blyth, F. M., Woolf, A. D., & March, L. (2016). Musculoskeletal health conditions represent a global threat to healthy aging: a report for the 2015 World Health Organization world report on ageing and health. The Gerontologist, 56(2), 243-255
Crous, G. (2017). Child psychological well-being and its associations with material deprivation and type of home. Children and Youth Services Review, 80(8), 88-95.
Ekestein., S M. (2020). Elderly Care: Current Issues and Challenges, Nova Science Publishers.
Erkutlu, H. (2014). Exploring the moderating effect of psychological capital on the relationship between narcissism and psychological well-being. Social and Behavioral Sciences, 150(8), 1148-1156.
Fouladiyan, M., Amir, A., & Fatemi amin, Z. (2019). A study on the social status of elderlies (comparison between elderlies living home with those living nursing homes). Journal of Social Problems of Iran, 10(1), 145-165. [Persian]
Haji Yousefi, A. (2019). Aging and mental health. Tehran: Roshan Nasl Publications. [Persain]
Hamid, N., Vatankhah, M., & Mehrabizadeh-Honarmad, M. (2013). The efficacy of quality of life group training on happiness and vitalty of aged men. Journal of Medical Science Studies, 24 (10), 800-811. [Persian]
Hamilton, K., Cornish, S., Kirkpatrick, A., Kroon, J., & Schwarzer, R. (2018). Parental supervision for their children's toothbrushing: Mediating effects of planning, self‐efficacy, and action control. British journal of health psychology, 23(2), 387-406.
Hamzehlouiyan, M., Besharat, M., Rahiminezhad, A., Zamanian, H., & Farahani, H. (2019). The Role of meaning, peace and faith in quality of life dimensions of women with cancer. Developmental Psychology, 15(59), 237-248. [Persian]
Han, W., & Shibusawa, T. (2015). Trajectory of physical health, cognitive status, and psychological well-being among Chinese elderly. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 60(1), 168-177.
Hanley, A. W., Baker, A. K., & Garland, E. L. (2017). Self-interest may not be entirely in the interest of the self: Association between selflessness, dispositional mindfulness and psychological well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 117(9), 166-171.
Heintzelman, S. J., & Diener, E. (2019). Subjective well-being, social interpretation, and relationship thriving. Journal of Research in Personality, 78(2), 93-105.
Huang, C. (2016). Achievement goals and self-efficacy: A meta-analysis. Educational Research
Javer, M., Rafiepoor, A., & Sabet, M. (2020). Relationship between self-efficacy and quality of life and the mediating role of perceived stress in people with cardiovascular disease: A structural equation model. Iranian Journal of cardiovascular Nursing, 9(1), 2-15. [Persian]
Khanjani, M., Shahidi, S., Fathabadi, J., Mazaheri, M., & Shokri, O. (2014). Factor structure and psychometric properties of the Ryff’s scale of Psychological well-being, short form (18-item) among male and female students. Thoughts and Behavior in Clinical Psychology, 9(32), 27-36. [Persian]
Liu, C., Cheng, Y., Hsu, A. S., Chen, C., Liu, J., & Yu, G. (2018). Optimism and self-efficacy mediate the association between shyness and subjective well-being among Chinese working adults. PloS one, 13(4), Article e0194559.
Mahmoudi Philabadi, A., & Nikrahang Gh R. (2017). The effectiveness of quality of life therapy on general health, life satisfaction, happiness and hope of the elderly, The third national conference on new studies and research in the field of educational sciences and psychology in Iran. [Persian]
Milam, L. A., Cohen, G. L., Mueller, C., & Salles, A. (2019). The Relationship between self-efficacy and well-being among surgical residents. Journal of surgical education, 76(2), 321-328.
Momeni, K., Amani, R., Janjani, P., Majzoobi, M., & Hadian Hamedani, K. (2021). The Relationship between attachment styles with Positive and negative affect in the elderly: the mediating role of reminiscence styles. Aging Psychology, 7(4), 407-422. [Persian]
Mortezabeigi, Z., Safari, A., Bozorghkhoo, Z., & Asgharnejad Farid, A. (2022). Predicting the happiness based on self-efficacy and quality of life by mediating of psychological well-being. Payesh, 21 (1), 47-57. [Persian]
Narimani, M., samadifard, H. (2017). Social health in the elderly: The Role of self-esteem, self-efficiency and happiness. Aging Psychology, 3(3), 199-206. [Persian]
Naseh L., Shaikhy R.A., & Rafiei H. (2016). General self-efficacy and associated factors among elderly residents of nursing home, Journal of holistic nursing and midwifery, 25(80), 90-97. [Persian]
Nejat S., Montazeri, A., Holakouee Naeini, K., Mohammad, K., & Majdzadeh, R. (2006). Standardization of the World health organization quality of life questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF): translation and psychometrics of the iranian species. Journal of the School of Health and the Institute of Health Research, 4 (4), 1-12. [Persian]
Nowruzi, A., & Momeni Yansari, A. (2012). General self-efficacy, life expectancy and life orientation in older women receiving education. Contemporary Psychology, 7, 3146-3149. [Persian]
Orang. S., Hashemi Razini, H., Ramshini, M., & Orang, T. (2018). Investigating the meaning of life and psychological well-being, in youth, adults, and elderly (A Comparative Study of Three Age Groups). Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing, 13 (2), 182-197. [Persian]
Peters, M., Potter, C. M., Kelly, L., & Fitzpatrick, R. (2019). Self-efficacy and health-related quality of life: a cross-sectional study of primary care patients with multi-morbidity. Health and quality of life outcomes, 17(1), 37.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68-78.
Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of personality and social psychology, 57(6), 1069-1081.
Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. H. (2006). Best news yet on the six-factor model of well-being. Social science research, 35(4), 1103-1119.
Sasani, K., Seirafi, M., Mesch, F., Sarami, G., & Peymani, J. (2020). Modeling of health-related quality of life based on self-approach to body image by mediating of self-compassion and shame in overweight and obese people. Iranian Journal of Nursing Research, 14 (6), 78-87. [Persian]
Seif, A. (2018). Educational Psychology: The Psychology of Learning and Teaching. Roshd Publications. [Persian]
Shaabani, J., Rahgoi, A., Nourozi, K., Rahgozar, M., & Shaabani, M. (2017). The Relationship between self-efficacy and quality of life among elderly people. salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing., 11 (4), 518-527. [Persian]
Shafiei, H., & Nasiri, S. (2020). The role of health literacy, psychological well-being and self –efficacy in prediction the quality of life of patients with type 2 diabetes. Quarterly Journal of HealthPsychology 9(33), 7-22. [Persian]
Sherer, M., & Maddux, J. (1982). The self- efficacy scale: constraction and varidation. Psychological Report, 51(2), 663-671.
Soleimani, R. (2020). Investigating the relationship between happiness, psychological well-being and self-efficacy with the quality of life of students in Rasht. Master Thesis of Koushiar Institute of Higher Education. [Persian]
solhi, M., bararpour, F. &, hosseini, F. (2018). Self-efficacy and quality of life in elderly residents of Kahrizak. Journal of Geriatric Nursing, 4 (4), 9-19. [Persian]
sori, A., Shabani Moghadam, K., Soury, R. (2016). The Effect of physical activity on quality of life in elder women in Kermanshah province. Applied Research in Sport Management, 4(4), 75-84. [Persian]
Taneva, S. (2016). What is psychological well-being and how it changes throughout the employment cycle? UnicampBFCM
 Tourani, S., Behzadifar, M., Martini, M., Aryankheal, A., Taheri Mirghaed, M., Salemi, M., Behzadifr, M.., & Bragazzi, N. L. (2018). Health-related quality of life among healthy elderly Iranians: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 16(1), Article 18.
Vahedi Kojnagh, H., Afshari, A., Rezaei Malajagh, R., Eghbali, A., & Taheri, M. (2020). The Prediction of the elderly’s life satisfaction based on health-promoting lifestyle. Aging Psychology, 6(3), 285-297. [Persain]
Varaee, P., Momeni, K., & Moradi, A. (2018). Self-compassion, attitude towardsrReligion and death anxiety: predictors of psychological well-being in the elderly. Journal of Developmental Psychology: Iranian Psychologists, 14(56), 445-460. [Persian]
World Health Organization. (2015). World report on ageing and health. World Health Organization.
Yeung, D. Y. (2015). Aging and Psychological WellBeing. Encyclopedia of Geropsychology, 1-6.
Zhou, W., He, G., Gao, J., Yuan, Q., Feng, C., & Zhang, C. K. (2012). The effects of group reminiscence therapy on depression, self-esteem, and affect balance of Chinese community-dwelling elderly. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 54(3), 440-447.

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 17 February 2022
  • Revise Date: 09 April 2022
  • Accept Date: 10 April 2022

Share

How to cite

Statistics