Structural Model of relationship between Spirituality and Mental Health and Death Anxiety: Mediation Role of Control Source and Social Support

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Islamic Azad University, Branch of Karaj, Karaj, Iran

2 oloom tahghighat University

3 Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Given the increase in Iranian elderly population, the study of the determiners of mental health  and death anxiety is required. So, present study seeks to study  the structural model of relationship between spirituality and mental health and death anxiety: mediation role of control source and social support. The statistical community of present study included the elderly men and women of Tehran of which 350 subjects were selected using available sampling method. They responded the spirituality questionnaire of Parsiyan and Donning, General health questionnaire of Goldberg and Hiller, death anxiety questionnaire of Templer, Control source Questionnaire of Levinson, and Social Support Questionnaire of wax, Phillips and Helli. The data were  analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling with SPSS and AMOS softwares. Findings showed that spirituality, Control source, and social support predict mental health and death anxiety. All path coefficients except those of  regression between internal source control on death anxiety were statistically significant and spirituality was effective on the mental health and death anxiety of the elderly  through  mediator variables in addition to its direct effect. Social support had direct effect on mental health and death anxiety. But the effect of internal source control was not confirmed. Predictive variables affected indirectly  41 percent of the general health variance and 19 percent of the death anxiety variance. Internal source control and social support mediate the relationship  between spirituality and mental health and death anxiety relatively. This model was desirably fitted with data. The growth and reinforcement  of internal source control, social and spiritual support were the appropriate methods  for preventing  and  reducing vulnerability of mental health problems in the elderly. It is recommended that these  variables be considered for reducing the death anxiety in the elderly and improving their psychological well-being

Keywords

References

امینایی، م.، اصغری ابراهیم آباد، م.، آزادی، م.، و سلطانی شال، ر. (1394). بررسی اعتبار و پایایی نسخه فارسی پرسش­نامه معنویت پارسیان و دونینگ. اصول بهداشت روانی، 17(3)، 134-129.
اندیک، ر. (1393). پیش­بینی سلامت‌روان دانشجو معلمان بر اساس تیپ شخصیتی، منبع کنترل و جهت­گیری مذهبی دانشگاه فرهنگیان یزد (پایان­نامه کارشناسی ارشد چاپ نشده)، دانشگاه یزد.
ایمانی‌فر، ح.، بستانی، ق.، دودمان، ف.، و رئیسی، ر. (1390). مواجهه با مرگ از دیدگاه قرآن و روان‌شناسی. پژوهش‌های میان‌رشته‌ای قرآن کریم، 2(4)، 27-17.
خسروی، ز.، و آقاجانی، م (1382). بررسی رابطه بین سلامت‌روان، منبع کنترل و شیوه مقابله­ای دانش­آموزان دختر سال اول مقطع متوسطه شهر تهران. مطالعات اجتماعی-روان شناختی زنان (مطالعات زنان)، 1(1)، 54-19.
خشنود، ق.، شایان، ن.، بابایی امیری، ن.، و عاشوری، ج. (1394). رابطه جهت­گیری مذهبی، شادکامی، منبع کنترل و راهبردهای مقابله­ای با سلامت معنوی دانشجویان پرستاری. مجله توسعه پژوهش در پرستاری و مامایی، 12(3)، 18-9.
صالحی، ل.، سلیمانی­زاده، ل.، باقری یزدی، ع.، و عباس­زاده، ع. (1386). رابطه بین اعتقادهای مذهبی و منبع کنترل با سلامت‌روان در دانشجویان. مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی قزوین، 1(42)، 55-50.
عسگری، پ.، نادری، ف.، و شرف­الدین، ه. (1389). رابطه اضطراب اجتماعی و حمایت اجتماعی با احساس ذهنی بهزیستی در دانشجویان زن. فصلنامه زن و فرهنگ، 1(2)، 58-48.
قاسمی، و. (1392). مدلسازی معادله ساختاری در پژوهش­های اجتماعی با کاربرد Amos Graphics. تهران: نشر جامعه­شناسان.
گلابی، ف.، و احمدزاده، ح. (1394). تحلیل جامعه‌شناختی تأثیر باورهای مذهبی بر سلامت عمومی و روان‌شناختی جوانان. بازیابی شده از http://pmbo.ir
محمدی، م.، قربانی، ن.، و عبدالهی، ع. (1389). برجستگی مرگ و حرمت خود: یک مطالعه آزمایشی. روانشناسی تحولی (روانشناسان ایرانی)، 7(25)، 64-57.
ملکوتی، ک.، میراب­زاده، آ.، فتح­الهی، پ.، صلواتی، م.، کهالی، ش.، و افخم­ابراهیمی، ع. (1385). بررسی اعتبار، روایی، تحلیل عامل مقیاس سلامت عمومی (GHQ) فرم ۲۸ سوالی در سالمندان ایرانی. مجله سالمندی ایران، ۱(۱)، 21-1۱.
مهری‌نژاد، ا.، رمضان‌ساعتچی، ل.، و پایدار، س. (1395). بررسی رابطه بین حمایت اجتماعی و پایبندی به مذهب با اضطراب مرگ در سالمندان. مجله سالمندی ایران، ۱۱(۴)، 503-494.
مومنی، خ.، و شهبازی راد، ا. (1391). رابطه معنویت، تاب آوری و راهبردهای مقابله ای با کیفیت زندگی دانشجویان. مجله علوم رفتاری، 6 (2)، 103-97.
Aarts, J. W., Deckx, L., Abbema, D. L., Tjan‐Heijnen, V. C., Akker, M., & Buntinx, F. (2015). The relation between depression, coping and health locus of control: differences between older and younger patients, with and without cancer. Psycho‐Oncology, 24(8), 950-957.
Abdel-Khalek, A. M. (2002). Why do we fear death? The construction and validation of the reasons for death fear scale. Death Studies, 26(8), 669-680.
 Assari, S., & Moghani Lankarani, M. (2016). Race and gender differences in correlates of death anxiety among elderly in the United States. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 10(2), e2024.
Bromell, L., & Cagney, K. A. (2014). Companionship in the neighborhood context: Older adults’ living arrangements and perceptions of social cohesion. Research on Aging, 36(2), 228-243.
Brown, C., & Lowis, M. J. (2003). Psychosocial development in the elderly: An investigation into Erikson's ninth stage. Journal of Aging Studies, 17(4), 415-426.
Cicirelli, V. G. (2002). Fear of death in older adults: Predictions from terror management theory. Journal of Gerontology B Psychological Science and Social Science, 57(4), 358-366.
Daaleman, T. P., & Dobbs, D. (2010). Religiosity, spirituality, and death attitudes in chronically ill older adults. Research on Aging, 32(2), 224-243.
Debnam, K. J., Holt C. L., Clark E. M., Roth D. L., Foushee H. R., Crowther M., & Southward P. L. (2012). Spiritual health locus of control and health behaviors in African Americans. American Journal of Health Behavior, 36, 360–372.
Debnam, K., Holt, C. L., Clark, E. M., Roth, D. L., & Southward, P. (2012). Relationship between religious social support and general social support with health behaviors in a national sample of African Americans. Journal of behavioral medicine, 35(2), 179-189.
Goldberg, D., & Williams, P. (2000). General health questionnaire (GHQ). UK: Nfer-Nelson.
Häggström, E., Mbusa, E., & Wadensten, B. (2008). Nurses' workplace distress and ethical dilemmas in Tanzanian health care. Nursing Ethics, 15(4), 478-491.
 Hayward, R. D., Taylor, W. D., Smoski, M. J., Steffens, D. C., & Payne, M. E. (2013). Association of five-factor model personality domains and facets with presence, onset, and treatment outcomes of major depression in older adults. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 21(1), 88-96.
Holt, C. L., Wang, M. Q., Clark, E. M., Williams, B. R., & Schulz, E. (2013). Religious involvement and physical and emotional functioning among African Americans: The mediating role of religious support. Psychology & Health, 28(3), 267-283.
Jastrzebski, J., & Slaski, S. (2011). Death anxiety, locus of control and big five personality traits in emerging adulthood in Poland. Psychology and Education: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 48(4), 1–15.
Kim, S., & Park, K. S. (2016). A Meta-Analysis on variables related to death anxiety of elderly in Korea. Korean Journal of Adult Nursing, 28(2), 156-168.
Kim-Goh, M. (1993). Conceptualization of mental illness among Korean-American clergymen and implications for mental health service delivery. Community Mental Health Journal, 29(5), 405-412.
Kirmizioglu, Y., Doğan, O., Kuğu, N., & Akyüz, G. (2009). Prevalence of anxiety disorders among elderly people. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 24(9), 1026-1033.
Kishimoto, Y., Okamoto, N., Saeki, K., Tomioka, K., Obayashi, K., Komatsu, M., & Kurumatani, N. (2016). Bodily pain, social support, depression symptoms and stroke history are independently associated with sleep disturbance among the elderly: a cross-sectional analysis of the Fujiwara-kyo study. Environmental health and preventive medicine, 21(5), 10-19.
Koenig, H. G. (2012). Religion, spirituality, and health: The Research and clinical
implications. International Scholarly Research Network, 16, 1–33.
Levenson, H. (1973). Reliability and Validity of the I, P, and C Scales-A Multidimensional View of Locus of Control.
MacKinlay, E., & Burns, R. (2017). Spirituality promotes better health outcomes and lowers anxiety about aging: The Importance of spiritual dimensions for baby boomers as they enter older adulthood. Journal of Religion, Spirituality & Aging, 29(4),1-18.
Marks, L. (2005). Religion and bio-psycho-social health: A Review and conceptual model. Journal of Religion and Health, 44(2), 173-186.
Measuring National Well-being and Health. )2013(. Office for National Statistics.
Pachana, N. & Laidlaw, K. (2014).Oxford Handbook of Geropsychology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Park, C. L. (2007). Religiousness/spirituality and health: A meaning systems perspective. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 30(4), 319-328.
Parsian, N., & Dunning, T. D. (2009). Developing and validating a questionnaire to measure spirituality: A psychometric process. Global journal of health science, 1(1), 2.
Rentala, S., Lau, B. H. P., & Chan, C. L. (2017). Association between spirituality and depression among depressive disorder patients in India. Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health, 19(4), 1-13.
Sanderson, C. A. (2012). Health psychology. Wiley Global Education.
Schumacker, R. E. & Lomax, R. G. (2004). A Beginners guide to structural equation modeling. Mahwah, New Jersey & London: Lawrence Erlbaum association publishers.
Sergentanis, T. N., Papadodima, S. A., Evaggelakos, C. I., Mytilinaios, D. G., Goutas, N. D., & Spiliopoulou, C. A. (2010). Students' physical and psychological reactions to forensic dissection: Are there risk factors? Anatomical Sciences Education, 3(6), 287-294.
Sharma, V., Marin, D. B., Koenig, H. K., Feder, A., Iacoviello, B. M., Southwick, S. M., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2017). Religion, spirituality, and mental health of US military veterans: Results from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 217, 197-204.
 Suhail, K. & Akram, S. (2002). Correlates of death anxiety in Pakistan. Death study, 26(1), 39-50.
Tavakoli, M. A., & Ahmadzadeh, B. (2011) Investigation of validity and reliability of Templer death anxiety scale. Thought & Behavior in Clinical Psychology, 6(21), 72-80.
Vaux, A., Phillips, J., Holly, L., Thomson, B., Williams, D., & Stewart, D. (1986). The social support appraisals (SS-A) scale: Studies of reliability and validity. American Journal of Community Psychology, 14(2), 195-218.
Wedgeworth, M., LaRocca, M. A., Chaplin, W. F., & Scogin, F. (2017). The role of interpersonal sensitivity, social support, and quality of life in rural older adults. Geriatric Nursing, 38(1), 22-26.
Westerhof, G. J., & Keyes, C. L. (2010). Mental illness and mental health: The Two continua model across the lifespan. Journal of Adult Development, 17(2), 110-119.
Wink, P. (2006). Who is afraid of death? Religiousness, spirituality, and death anxiety in late adulthood. Journal of Religion, Spirituality & Aging, 18(2-3), 93-110.
Aging Psychology
Volume 3, Issue 3 - Serial Number 10
February 2018
Pages 167-179

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 16 January 2018
  • Revise Date: 14 April 2018
  • Accept Date: 22 April 2018

Share

How to cite

Statistics