Cognitive failure in the elderly: the role of mindfulness and meta-emotion

Authors

1 , Associate Professor, Faculty of Educational Sciences & Psychology, Alzahra university

2 Student of Master of clinical psychology, Dept. of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences & Psychology, Alzahra university

Abstract

Elderly people are considered as the most sensitive age group of the community, and their cognitive and emotional health deserves attention. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the role of mindfulness and meta-emotions in predicting cognitive failure in the elderly. The research method was descriptive correlational. The statistical population of this study was all the elderly in Tehran in 1396. The sample consisted of 215 elderly individuals who were selected using random sampling method from nursing homes, and a two stage cluster sampling method from Tehran parks. Data were collected using The Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (Broadbent, Cooper, FitzGerald & Parkes, 1982), The Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills (KIMS), and ‎Mitmansgruber’s Meta-Emotion Scale. The collected data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariate regression. The results of Pearson correlation coefficient shows that there is a significant negative relationship between cognitive failure and mindfulness. Also, the results shows that positive meta-emotions have a significant negative relationship with cognitive failures, while there is a significant positive correlation between negative meta-emotions and cognitive failure in the elderly. The results of regression analysis also shows that mindfulness and negative meta-emotions can significantly predict cognitive failures in the elderly. Therefore, by providing therapeutic interventions based on increasing mindfulness and reducing negative meta-emotions, it is possible to take steps to prevent or control cognitive failures in the elderly.

Keywords

References

آقاجانی، س.، و ابوالفضلی، ا. (خرداد 1394). مقایسه فراهیجان، هوش هیجانی و جهت­گیری دینی در افراد سالمند و غیرسالمند. همایش ملی هزاره سوم و علوم انسانی، شیراز، مرکز توسعه آموزش­های نوین ایران (متانا).
ابوالقاسمی، ع.، و کیامرثی، آ. (1388). بررسی رابطه بین فراشناخت و نارسایی­های شناختی در سالمندان. تازه­های علوم شناختی، 11(1)، 15-8.
ابوالقاسمی، ع.، کریمی یوسفی، س. ه.، و خشنودنیای چماچایی، ب. (1394). مقایسه باورهای فراشناختی و نارسایی های شناختی در سالمندان با و بدون رفتارهای دینی. مجله روانشناسی پیری، 1(3)، 222-213.
براتی، ه.، و عریضی سامانی، س. ح. (1394). رابطه بین نارسایی­های شناختی و باورهای شناختی در گذر عمر با توجه به مهار فکر. مجله روانشناسی، 75(3)، 251-235.
دهقان منشادی، ز.، تقوی، س.م.، و دهقان منشادی م. (1391). بررسی خصوصیات روان­سنجی سیاهه مهارت ذهن‌آگاهی کنتاکی. مجله اندیشه و رفتار، 7(26)، 37-27.
دهقانی، م.، اسماعیلیان، ن.، اکبری، ف.، حسنوند، م.، و نیک­منش، ا. (1393). بررسی ویژگی های روان سنجی و ساختار عاملی پرسش‌نامه­ی پنج وجهی ذهن‌آگاهی. اندیشه و رفتار در روان­شناسی بالینی، 9(33)، 87-77.
رضایی، ن.م.، پارسایی، ا.، نجاتی، ع.، نیک­آمال، م.، و هاشمی رزینی، س. (1393). ویژگی­های روانسنجی مقیاس فراهیجان دانشجویان. فصلنامه تحقیقات روانشناختی، 6 (23)، 124-111.
شفقی، م. (1392). نقش پیش بینی کنندگی ذهن‌آگاهی و سبک های مقابله در اختلالات بالینی دانشجویان دانشگاه فنی مهندسی گلپایگان (پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد چاپ نشده). دانشگاه الزهرا، تهران.
صفاری­نیا، م.، عیسی­زادگان، ع.، و قربانی، ا. (1391). بررسی نارسایی های شناختی، راهبردهای تنظیم شناختی هیجان با حمایت اجتماعی ادراک شده در بین افراد مبتلا بهMS و غیر مبتلای شهر تهران در سال 90-91 (پایان­نامه کارشناسی ارشد چاپ نشده). دانشگاه ارومیه.
صفری، ه.، نجاتی، ع.، و پارسایی، ا. (آبان 1393). بررسی رابطه فراهیجان و شادکامی در دانشجویان دانشگاه. اولین کنفرانس ملی توسعه پایدار در علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، مطالعات اجتماعی و فرهنگی، تهران-موسسه آموزش عالی مهر اروند، مرکز راهکارهای دستیابی به توسعه پایدار.
عباسی، م.، پیرانی، ذ.، درگاهی، ش.، و آقاویردی نژاد، ش. (1393). ارتباط نارسایی شناختی و نارسایی هیجانی با تعلل ورزی تصمیم­گیری در دانشجویان، مجله ایرانی آموزش در علوم پزشکی، 14(10)، 915-905.
نجاتی، و. (1389). بررسی ارتباط بین ذهن‌آگاهی و عملکردهای اجرایی در جانبازان نابینا، مجله علمی- پژوهشی طب جانباز، 3(9)، 48-44.
نظربلند، ن.، و فرزانه، ه. (1388). نارسایی حافظه کاری در اختلال افسردگی اساسی. مجله روانپزشکی و روانشناسی بالینی ایران، 15 (3)، 313-308.
یزدی، س. م.، درویزه، ز.، و شیخی، ز. (1394). مقایسة نارسایی‌های شناختی و شیوه‌های مقابله با استرس در بیماران مبتلا به اختلال افسردگی اساسی، اختلال اضطراب فراگیر و همبود. مطالعات روانشناختی، 11(3)، 28-7.
 
Almasi, N. G. (2017). The relationship of meta-emotion dimensions and positive and negative symptoms in the patients of chronic schizophrenia. Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science, 7(02), 62-67.
Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., & Allen, K. B. (2004). Assessment of mindfulness by self-report: The Kentucky inventory of mindfulness skills. Assessment, 11(3), 191-206.
Bertranda, R., & Camos, V. (2015). The role of attention in pre­schoolers’ working memory. Cognitive Development, 33, 14-27.
Bishop, S. (2004). Mindfulness: A proposed operational defini­tion. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11(3), 230-241.
Boomsma, D.I., (1998). Genetic analysis of cognitive failures (CFQ): a study of Dutch adolescent twins and their parents. European Journal of Personality, 12(5), 321–330.
Broadbent, D. E., Cooper, P. J., Fitzgerald, P. F., & Parkes, K. R. (1982). The cognitive failures questionnaire (CFQ) and its correlates. British Journal ofClinical Psychology, 21(1), 1–16.
Labar, K. S., & Cabeza, R. (2006). Cognitive neuroscience of emotional memory. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 7(1), 54-64.
Carriere, J. S., Cheyne, J. A., & Smilek, D. (2008). Everyday attention lapses and memory failures: The affective consequences of mindlessness. Consciousness and cognition, 17(3), 835-847.‏
Cheyne, J. A., Carriere, J. S., & Smilek, D. (2006). Absent-mindedness: Lapses of conscious awareness and everyday cognitive failures. Journal of Consciousness and cognition, 15(3), 578-592.
Di Fabio, A. (2006). Decisional procrastination correlates: personality traits, self-esteem or perception of cognitive failure? International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance, 6(2), 109-122.
Dixon, R., Backman, L., & Nilsson, L. G. (2004). New frontiers in cognitive aging. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Flett, A, Haghbin M & Pychyl T (2016). Procrastination and depression from a cognitive perspective: an exploration of the associations among procrastinatory automatic thoughts, rumination and mindfulness. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive- Behavior Therapy, 34(3), 169-186.
Fredrickson, B. L., & Branigan, C. (2005). Positive emotions broaden the scope of attention and thought-action repertoires. Cognition and Emotion, 19(3), 313–332.
Greenberg L. (2002). Emotion Focused Therapy: Coaching Clients Through Their Feelings. Washington: American psychological association.
Haradhvala N (2016). Meta-emotions in daily life: associations with emotional awareness and depression (Master thesis). Washington University.
Herndon, F. (2008). Testing mindfulness with perceptual and cognitive factors: External vs. internal encoding, and the cognitive failures questionnaire. Personality and Individual Differences, 44(1), 32-41.‏
Jefferies, L. N., Smilek, D., Eich, E., & Enns, J. T. (2008). Emotional valence and arousal interact in attentional control. Psychological Science, 19 (3), 290–295.
Jha, A. P., Stanley, E. A., Kiyonaga, A., Wong, L., & Gelfand, L. (2010). Examining the protective effects of mindfulness train­ing on working memory and affective experience. Journal of Emotion, 10(1), 54-64.
Kanai, R., Dong, M.Y., Bahrami, B., & Rees, G., (2011). Distractibility in daily life is reflected in the structure and function of human parietal cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 31(18), 6620–662.
Knight, R. G., McMahon, J., Green, T. J., & Skeaff, C. M. (2004). Some normative and psychometric data for the Geriatric Depression Scale and the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire from a sample of healthy older persons. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 33, 163–170.
LaBar, K. S., & Cabeza, R. (2006). Cognitive neuroscience of emotional memory. Nature reviews. Neuroscience, 7(1), 54.
Lange, S., & Sub, H. M. (2014). Measuring slips and lapses when they occur–Ambulatory assessment in application to cognitive failures. Consciousness and cognition, 24, 1-11.‏
Langer, E. J. (1989). Mindfulness. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley/Addison Wesley Longman.‏
Lenze, E. J., Hickman, S., Hershey, T., Wendleton, L., Ly, K., Dixon, D., Dore P. & Wetherell, J. L. (2014). Mindfulness‐based stress reduction for older adults with worry symptoms and co‐occurring cognitive dysfunction. International journal of geriatric psychiatry, 29(10), 991-1000.
Mahoney, A. M., Dalby, J. T., & King, M. C. (1998). Cognitive failures and stress. Psychological Reports, 82(3), 1432–1434.
Mammarella N, Borella E, Carretti B, Leonardi G & Fairfield B (2013). Examining an emotion enhancement effect in working memory: Evidence from age-related differences. Journal of Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 23(3), 416-428.
Mecacci, L., Righi, S., & Rocchetti, G. (2006). Cognitive failures and circadian typology. Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 107–113.
Mitmansgruber, H., Beck, T. N., Hofer, S., & Schubler, G. (2009). When you don’t like what you feel: Experiential avoidance, mindfulness and Meta emotion in emotion regulation. Personality and Individual Differences, 46(4), 448–453.
Moore, A., & Malinowski, P. (2009). Meditation, mindfulness and cognitive flexibility. Consciousness and Cognition, 18(1), 176-186.
Napoli, M., Krech, P. R., & Holley, L. C. (2005). Mindfulness training for elementary school students. Journal of Applied School Psychology, 21(1), 99-125.
Neff, K. D. (2003). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and identity, 2(3), 223-250.
Ocampo, J. M. (2010). Self-rated health: Importance of use in elderly adults. Journal of Colombia Medical, 41(3), 275-289.
Paller, K. A., Creery, J. D., Florczak, S. M., Weintraub, S., Mesulam, M. M., Reber, P. J., … Maslar, M. (2014). Benefits of mindfulness training for patients with progressive cognitive decline and their caregivers. American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias, 30(3), 257–267.
Payne, T. W., & Schnapp, M. A. (2014). The relationship between negative affect and reported cognitive failures. Depression research and treatment, 396195. Doi: 10.1155/2014/396195
Pfeifer, S., van Os, J., Hanssen, M., Delespaul, P., & Krabbendam, L. (2008). Subjective experience of cognitive failures as possible risk factor for negative symptoms of psychosis in the general population. Schizophrenia bulletin, 35(4), 766-774.
Quintana-Hernandez, D. J., Miro-Barrachina, M. T., Ibanez-Fernandez, I. J., Santana-del Pino, A., Quintana-Montesdeoca, M. P., Rodrıguez-de, Vera., … Bravo-Caraduje, N. (2016). Mindfulness in the maintenance of cognitive capacities in Alzheimer’s disease: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 50, 217–232.
Reason, J., Manstead, A., Stradling, S., Baxter, J., & Campbell, K. (1990). Errors and violations on the roads: a real distinction? Ergonomics, 33(10-11), 1315-1332.
Segal, Z. V., Williams, M. G., & Teasdale, J. D. (2002). Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy for Depression: A New Approach to Preventing Relapse. New York City: Guilford Press.
Simpson, S. A., Wadsworth, E. J., Moss, S. C., & Smith, A. P. (2005). Minor injuries, cognitive failures and accidents at work: incidence and associated features. Occupational Medicine, 55(2), 99-108.
Sirois, F. M. (2014). Absorbed in the moment? An investigation of procrastination, absorption and cognitive failures. Personality and individual differences, 71, 30-34.
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th Ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bocon.
Tamm, L., Epstein, J. N., Peugh, J. L., Nakonezny, P. A., & Hughes, C. W. (2013). Preliminary data suggesting the effica­cy of attention training for school-aged children with ADHD. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 4, 16-28.
Wallace, J. C., Vodanovich, S. J., & Restino, B. M. (2003). Predicting cognitive failures from boredom proneness and daytime sleepiness scores: An investigation within military and undergraduate samples. Personality and Individual Differences, 34(4), 635-644.
Wan, L., Friedman, B. H., Boutros, N. N., & Crawford, H. J. (2008). Smoking status affects men and women differently on schizotypal traits and cognitive failures. Personality and Individual Differences, 44(2), 425-435.
Wilhelm, O., Witthoft, M., & Schipolowski, S., (2010). Self-reported cognitive failures: competing measurement models and self-report correlates. Journal of Individual Differences, 31(1), 1–14.
Wilkerson, A., Boals, A., & Taylor, D. J. (2012). Sharpening our understanding of the consequences of insomnia: The relationship between insomnia and everyday cognitive failures. Cognitive therapy and research, 36(2), 134-139.
Zeidan, F., Johnson, S., Diamond, B., David, Z. H., & Goolka­sian, P. (2010). Mindfulness meditation improves cognition: Evidence of brief mental training. Consciousness and Cognition, 19(2), 597-605.
 
 
Aging Psychology
Volume 3, Issue 2 - Serial Number 9
November 2017
Pages 115-125

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 08 August 2017
  • Revise Date: 01 November 2017
  • Accept Date: 24 November 2017

Share

How to cite

Statistics