The Relationship Between Age Stereotypes with Psychological Well-being and Health-Promoting Lifestyle: The Mediating Role of Awareness of Age-Related Changes

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Dept. of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran

2 Dept. of Psychological Aging Research, Psychological Institute, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany

Abstract

The present study aims to investigate two established indicators addressing subjective aging (age stereotypes, representing general subjective aging indicator, and awareness of age-related changes, representing personal subjective aging indicator) and their relationship with a psychological well-being and a health-promoting lifestyle of the older adults. This is correlational study with a structural equation modeling (SEM). The analytical sample included older adults 60 years and older living in the Iranian province of Kermanshah in 2022; 360 people (175 men and 185 women) were selected by means of convenience sampling. Participants completed Kornadt and Rothermund age stereotypes questionnaires, kaspar et al.'s awareness of age-related changes, Ryff 's psychological well-being, and Walker et al.'s health-promoting lifestyle questionnaires. The collected data were statistically analyzed by SPSS_26 and Lisrel 8.8 software. The research results showed that the hypothesized model of this research has a good fit in the studied sample. Also, the results showed that age stereotypes are related to health-promoting lifestyle and psychological well-being only through AARC_losses. The findings emphasize the importance of the subjective aging and its relationship with physical and psychological health. Promoting successful aging in aging societies has become increasingly important. Positive subjective aging may contribute to physical and mental health in older adults, and overcoming negative subjective aging through change at the social and individual level may help promote successful aging.
Age stereotypes are defined as socially shared beliefs about the aging process and about older people as a group (Worm et al., 2017). Hence, age stereotypes are individual cognitive representations of the aging process and older people in general. which are widely established in a given culture. Research shows that age stereotypes are context-specific, and therefore should be conceptualized using a domain-specific approach (Kornadt & Rothermund, 2011). Unlike age stereotypes, which are general and strongly influenced by societal perspectives. It is about aging and targets older people as a group, people also have their own personal experiences of ageing, for example awareness of age-related changes.
 
References
Blumenthal, J., & Gullette, E. C. D. (2002). Exercise interventions and aging: Psychological and physical health benefits in older adults. Effective Health Behavior in Older Adults, 157–177.
Boeder, J., & Tse, D. C. K. (2021). Measuring Self-Perceptions of Aging: Differences Between Measures When Predicting Health Outcomes. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 76(5), 825–835. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaa064
Brothers, A., Kornadt, A. E., Nehrkorn-Bailey, A., Wahl, H.-W., & Diehl, M. (2021). The Effects of Age Stereotypes on Physical and Mental Health are Mediated by Self-Perceptions of Aging. The Journals of Gerontology, 76(5), 845–857. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaa176
Brothers, A., Miche, M., Wahl, H.-W., & Diehl, M. (2017). Examination of Associations Among Three Distinct Subjective Aging Constructs and Their Relevance for Predicting Developmental Correlates. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 72(4), 547–560. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbv085
Bryant, C., Bei, B., Gilson, K., Komiti, A., Jackson, H., & Judd, F. (2012). The relationship between attitudes to aging and physical and mental health in older adults. International Psychogeriatrics, 24(10), 1674–1683. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610212000774
Diehl, M. K., & Wahl, H.-W. (2010). Awareness of age-related change: Examination of a (mostly) unexplored concept. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 65(3), 340–350. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbp110
Diehl, M., & Wahl, H.-W. (2020). The psychology of later life: A contextual perspective. (first). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000185-000
Diehl, M., Wahl, H.-W., Barrett, A. E., Brothers, A. F., Miche, M., Montepare, J. M., Westerhof, G. J., & Wurm, S. (2014). Awareness of Aging: Theoretical Considerations on an Emerging Concept. Developmental Review: DR, 34(2), 93–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2014.01.001
Han, W.-J., & Shibusawa, T. (2014). Trajectory of Physical Health, Cognitive Status, and Psychological Well-Being Among Chinese Elderly. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2014.09.001
Heintzelman, S., & Diener, E. (2018). Subjective Well-Being, Social Interpretation, and Relationship Thriving. Journal of Research in Personality, 78. 93-105 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2018.11.007
Kaspar, R., Gabrian, M., Brothers, A., Wahl, H.-W., & Diehl, M. (2019). Measuring Awareness of Age-Related Change: Development of a 10-Item Short Form for Use in Large-Scale Surveys. The Gerontologist, 59(3), e130–e140. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnx213
Khanjani, M., Shahidi, S., Fathabadi, J., Mazaheri, M. A., & Shokri, O. (2014). Factor structure and psychometric properties of the Ryff’s scale of psychological well-being, short form (18-item) among male and female students. Thoughts and Behavior in Clinical Psychology, 9(32), 27–36. [Persian]
Kornadt, A. E., & Rothermund, K. (2011). Contexts of aging: Assessing evaluative age stereotypes in different life domains. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 66(5), 547–556. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbr036
Levy, B. (1996). Improving Memory in Old Age Through Implicit Self-Stereotyping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 1092–1107. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.71.6.1092
Levy, B. R., & Myers, L. M. (2004). Preventive health behaviors influenced by self-perceptions of aging. Preventive Medicine, 39(3), 625–629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.02.029
Levy, B. R., Slade, M. D., Kunkel, S. R., & Kasl, S. V. (2002). Longevity increased by positive self-perceptions of aging. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(2), 261–270. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.83.2.261
Levy, B. R., Slade, M. D., Pietrzak, R. H., & Ferrucci, L. (2018). Positive age beliefs protect against dementia even among elders with high-risk gene. PLoS ONE, 13(2). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0191004
Meisner, B. A. (2012). A meta-analysis of positive and negative age stereotype priming effects on behavior among older adults. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 67(1), 13–17. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbr062
Moatamedy, A., Borjali, A., & Sadeqpur, M. and. (2018). Prediction of Psychological Well-Being of the Elderly Based on the Power of Stress Management and Social Support. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.21859/sija.13.1.98 [Persian]
Mock, S. E., & Eibach, R. P. (2011). Aging attitudes moderate the effect of subjective age on psychological well-being: Evidence from a 10-year longitudinal study. Psychology and Aging, 26, 979–986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0023877
Mohammadi Zeidi, I., Pakpour Hajiagha, A., & Mohammadi Zeidi, B. (2011). Reliability and validity of Persian version of the health-promoting lifestyle profile. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 20(1), 102–113. http://jmums.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-955-en.html[Persian]
Momeni, K., Amani, R., Janjani, P., Majzoobi, M. R., Forstmeier, S., & Nosrati, P. (2022). Attachment styles and happiness in the elderly: The mediating role of reminiscence styles. BMC Geriatrics, 22(1), 349. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-022-03053-z
Nosrati, P., Momeni, K., & Janjani, P. Examining the psychometric characteristics of the questionnaire of age stereotypes of the elderly (2023). Salmand: Iranian Journal of Aging Under press. [Persian].
Nosrati, P., Momeni, K., & Wahl, H.-W. (2022). Testing the Psychometric Properties of the Awareness of Age-Related Changes Questionnaire in a Sample of the Community-Dwelling Older Adults in Iran. Aging psychology, 8(2), 119_133. [Persian]. https://doi.org/10.22126/JAP.2022.7125.1579
Paterson, D. H., Govindasamy, D., Vidmar, M., Cunningham, D. A., & Koval, J. J. (2004). Longitudinal Study of Determinants of Dependence in an Elderly Population. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 52(10), 1632–1638. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2004.52454.x
Preacher, K. J. (2015). Advances in mediation analysis: A survey and synthesis of new developments. Annual Review of Psychology, 66, 825–852.
Rahimi Pour, M., & Karami, E. (2014). The Mediating Role of Spiritual Intelligence with Psychological well-being and life satisfaction in Mehriz Elderly people. The Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 3(3), 72-81. [Persian].
Rockwood, K. (2016). What can we expect of health in old age? The Lancet, 387(10020), 730–731. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01022-3
Ryff, C. (2013). Psychological Well-Being Revisited: Advances in the Science and Practice of Eudaimonia. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 83, 10–28. https://doi.org/10.1159/000353263
Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness Is Everything, or Is It? Explorations on the Meaning of Psychological Well-Being. In Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (Vol. 57, Issue 6, pp. 1069–1081).
Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. H. (2006). Best news yet on the six-factor model of well-being. Social Science Research, 35(4), 1103–1119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2006.01.002
Sabatini, S., Silarova, B., Martyr, A., Collins, R., Ballard, C., Anstey, K. J., Kim, S., & Clare, L. (2020). Associations of Awareness of Age-Related Change with Emotional and Physical Well-being: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. The Gerontologist, 60(6), e477–e490. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnz101
Sabatini, S., Ukoumunne, O. C., Brothers, A., Diehl, M., Wahl, H.-W., Ballard, C., Collins, R., Corbett, A., Brooker, H., & Clare, L. (2022). Differences in awareness of positive and negative age-related changes accounting for variability in health outcomes. European Journal of Ageing, 19(4), 1087–1097. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-021-00673-z
Sabatini, S., Ukoumunne, O. C., Martyr, A., Ballard, C., Lamont, R. A., Collins, R., Pentecost, C., Hunt, A., Quinn, C., Thom, J. M., & Clare, L. (2021). Relationship between self-perceptions of aging and ‘living well’ among people with mild-to-moderate dementia: Findings from the ideal programme. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 94, 104328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2020.104328
Sadeghi, M., & Bavazin, F. (2019). Loneliness in the Elderly: Prediction Based on Mental Well-Being, Psychological Capital and Spiritual Intelligence. Aging Psychology, 5(1), 41-51. [Persian].
Siebert, J. S., Wahl, H.-W., & Schröder, J. (2016). The Role of Attitude Toward Own Aging for Fluid and Crystallized Functioning: 12-Year Evidence from the ILSE Study. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 73(5), 836-845. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbw050
Sohrabi, M., Abedanzade, R., Shetab Boushehri, N., Parsaei, S., & Jahanbakhsh, H. (2017). The Relationship between Psychological Well-being and Mental Toughness Among Elders: Mediator Role of Physical Activity. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing, 11(4), 538-549. [Persian].
Tarugu, J., Pavithra, R., Vinothchandar, S., Basu, A., Chaudhuri, S., & John, K. (2019). Effectiveness of structured group reminiscence therapy in decreasing the feelings of loneliness, depressive symptoms and anxiety among inmates of a residential home for the elderly in Chittoor district. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, 6, 847–854. https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20190218
United Nations. (2019). World Population Ageing 2019: Highlights.
Walker, S. N., & Hill-Polerecky, D. M. (1996). Psychometric evaluation of the Health Promoting lifestyle profile 2. Unpublished Manuscript, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 120–126.
Walker, S. N., Sechrist, K. R., & Pender, N. J. (1987). The Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile: Development and psychometric characteristics. Nursing Research, 36(2), 76–81.
Westerhof, G. J., Miche, M., Brothers, A. F., Barrett, A. E., Diehl, M., Montepare, J. M., Wahl, H. W., & Wurm, S. (2014). The influence of subjective aging on health and longevity: A meta-analysis of longitudinal data. Psychology and Aging, 29(4), 793–802. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038016
Westerhof, G. J., Nehrkorn-Bailey, A. M., Tseng, H.-Y., Brothers, A., Siebert, J. S., Wurm, S., Wahl, H.-W., & Diehl, M. (2023). Longitudinal effects of subjective aging on health and longevity: An updated meta-analysis. Psychology and Aging. https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000737
World Health Organization. (2011). Global Health and Aging [Internet]. National. Institute on Aging National Institutes of Health; Available from: https:// www. who. int/ ageing/ publi catio ns/ global_ health. pdf
world health organization. (2019). Global Health and Aging National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health.
Wurm, S., Diehl, M., Kornadt, A., Westerhof, G., & Wahl, H.-W. (2017). How do views on aging affect health outcomes in adulthood and late life? Explanations for an established connection. Developmental Review, 46, 27–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2017.08.002
Wurm, S., Tesch-Römer, C., & Tomasik, M. J. (2007). Longitudinal Findings on Aging-Related Cognitions, Control Beliefs, and Health in Later Life,62(3),156-164. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/62.3.p156
Wurm, S., Tomasik, M. J., & Tesch-Römer, C. (2010). On the importance of a positive view on ageing for physical exercise among middle-aged and older adults: Cross-sectional and longitudinal findings. Psychology and Health, 25(1), 25–42.
Yazdanbakhsh, K. (2016). Effects of life review on social adjustment of retirees’ elderly persons. Aging Psychology, 1(3), 179–185. [Persian]
Zhou, W., Chen, D., Hong, Z., Fan, H., Liu, S., & Zhang, L. (2021). The relationship between health-promoting lifestyles and depression in the elderly: Roles of aging perceptions and social support. Quality of Life Research, 30(3), 721–728. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-020-02674-4

Keywords

Main Subjects


References
Blumenthal, J., & Gullette, E. C. D. (2002). Exercise interventions and aging: Psychological and physical health benefits in older adults. Effective Health Behavior in Older Adults, 157–177.
Boeder, J., & Tse, D. C. K. (2021). Measuring Self-Perceptions of Aging: Differences Between Measures When Predicting Health Outcomes. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 76(5), 825–835. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaa064
Brothers, A., Kornadt, A. E., Nehrkorn-Bailey, A., Wahl, H.-W., & Diehl, M. (2021). The Effects of Age Stereotypes on Physical and Mental Health are Mediated by Self-Perceptions of Aging. The Journals of Gerontology, 76(5), 845–857. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaa176
Brothers, A., Miche, M., Wahl, H.-W., & Diehl, M. (2017). Examination of Associations Among Three Distinct Subjective Aging Constructs and Their Relevance for Predicting Developmental Correlates. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 72(4), 547–560. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbv085
Bryant, C., Bei, B., Gilson, K., Komiti, A., Jackson, H., & Judd, F. (2012). The relationship between attitudes to aging and physical and mental health in older adults. International Psychogeriatrics, 24(10), 1674–1683. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610212000774
Diehl, M. K., & Wahl, H.-W. (2010). Awareness of age-related change: Examination of a (mostly) unexplored concept. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 65(3), 340–350. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbp110
Diehl, M., & Wahl, H.-W. (2020). The psychology of later life: A contextual perspective. (first). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000185-000
Diehl, M., Wahl, H.-W., Barrett, A. E., Brothers, A. F., Miche, M., Montepare, J. M., Westerhof, G. J., & Wurm, S. (2014). Awareness of Aging: Theoretical Considerations on an Emerging Concept. Developmental Review: DR, 34(2), 93–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2014.01.001
Han, W.-J., & Shibusawa, T. (2014). Trajectory of Physical Health, Cognitive Status, and Psychological Well-Being Among Chinese Elderly. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2014.09.001
Heintzelman, S., & Diener, E. (2018). Subjective Well-Being, Social Interpretation, and Relationship Thriving. Journal of Research in Personality, 78. 93-105 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2018.11.007
Kaspar, R., Gabrian, M., Brothers, A., Wahl, H.-W., & Diehl, M. (2019). Measuring Awareness of Age-Related Change: Development of a 10-Item Short Form for Use in Large-Scale Surveys. The Gerontologist, 59(3), e130–e140. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnx213
Khanjani, M., Shahidi, S., Fathabadi, J., Mazaheri, M. A., & Shokri, O. (2014). Factor structure and psychometric properties of the Ryff’s scale of psychological well-being, short form (18-item) among male and female students. Thoughts and Behavior in Clinical Psychology, 9(32), 27–36. [Persian]
Kornadt, A. E., & Rothermund, K. (2011). Contexts of aging: Assessing evaluative age stereotypes in different life domains. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 66(5), 547–556. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbr036
Levy, B. (1996). Improving Memory in Old Age Through Implicit Self-Stereotyping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 1092–1107. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.71.6.1092
Levy, B. R., & Myers, L. M. (2004). Preventive health behaviors influenced by self-perceptions of aging. Preventive Medicine, 39(3), 625–629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.02.029
Levy, B. R., Slade, M. D., Kunkel, S. R., & Kasl, S. V. (2002). Longevity increased by positive self-perceptions of aging. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(2), 261–270. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.83.2.261
Levy, B. R., Slade, M. D., Pietrzak, R. H., & Ferrucci, L. (2018). Positive age beliefs protect against dementia even among elders with high-risk gene. PLoS ONE, 13(2). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0191004
Meisner, B. A. (2012). A meta-analysis of positive and negative age stereotype priming effects on behavior among older adults. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 67(1), 13–17. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbr062
Moatamedy, A., Borjali, A., & Sadeqpur, M. and. (2018). Prediction of Psychological Well-Being of the Elderly Based on the Power of Stress Management and Social Support. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.21859/sija.13.1.98 [Persian]
Mock, S. E., & Eibach, R. P. (2011). Aging attitudes moderate the effect of subjective age on psychological well-being: Evidence from a 10-year longitudinal study. Psychology and Aging, 26, 979–986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0023877
Mohammadi Zeidi, I., Pakpour Hajiagha, A., & Mohammadi Zeidi, B. (2011). Reliability and validity of Persian version of the health-promoting lifestyle profile. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 20(1), 102–113. http://jmums.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-955-en.html[Persian]
Momeni, K., Amani, R., Janjani, P., Majzoobi, M. R., Forstmeier, S., & Nosrati, P. (2022). Attachment styles and happiness in the elderly: The mediating role of reminiscence styles. BMC Geriatrics, 22(1), 349. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-022-03053-z
Nosrati, P., Momeni, K., & Janjani, P. Examining the psychometric characteristics of the questionnaire of age stereotypes of the elderly (2023). Salmand: Iranian Journal of Aging Under press. [Persian].
Nosrati, P., Momeni, K., & Wahl, H.-W. (2022). Testing the Psychometric Properties of the Awareness of Age-Related Changes Questionnaire in a Sample of the Community-Dwelling Older Adults in Iran. Aging psychology, 8(2), 119_133. [Persian]. https://doi.org/10.22126/JAP.2022.7125.1579
Paterson, D. H., Govindasamy, D., Vidmar, M., Cunningham, D. A., & Koval, J. J. (2004). Longitudinal Study of Determinants of Dependence in an Elderly Population. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 52(10), 1632–1638. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2004.52454.x
Preacher, K. J. (2015). Advances in mediation analysis: A survey and synthesis of new developments. Annual Review of Psychology, 66, 825–852.
Rahimi Pour, M., & Karami, E. (2014). The Mediating Role of Spiritual Intelligence with Psychological well-being and life satisfaction in Mehriz Elderly people. The Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 3(3), 72-81. [Persian].
Rockwood, K. (2016). What can we expect of health in old age? The Lancet, 387(10020), 730–731. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01022-3
Ryff, C. (2013). Psychological Well-Being Revisited: Advances in the Science and Practice of Eudaimonia. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 83, 10–28. https://doi.org/10.1159/000353263
Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness Is Everything, or Is It? Explorations on the Meaning of Psychological Well-Being. In Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (Vol. 57, Issue 6, pp. 1069–1081).
Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. H. (2006). Best news yet on the six-factor model of well-being. Social Science Research, 35(4), 1103–1119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2006.01.002
Sabatini, S., Silarova, B., Martyr, A., Collins, R., Ballard, C., Anstey, K. J., Kim, S., & Clare, L. (2020). Associations of Awareness of Age-Related Change with Emotional and Physical Well-being: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. The Gerontologist, 60(6), e477–e490. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnz101
Sabatini, S., Ukoumunne, O. C., Brothers, A., Diehl, M., Wahl, H.-W., Ballard, C., Collins, R., Corbett, A., Brooker, H., & Clare, L. (2022). Differences in awareness of positive and negative age-related changes accounting for variability in health outcomes. European Journal of Ageing, 19(4), 1087–1097. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-021-00673-z
Sabatini, S., Ukoumunne, O. C., Martyr, A., Ballard, C., Lamont, R. A., Collins, R., Pentecost, C., Hunt, A., Quinn, C., Thom, J. M., & Clare, L. (2021). Relationship between self-perceptions of aging and ‘living well’ among people with mild-to-moderate dementia: Findings from the ideal programme. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 94, 104328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2020.104328
Sadeghi, M., & Bavazin, F. (2019). Loneliness in the Elderly: Prediction Based on Mental Well-Being, Psychological Capital and Spiritual Intelligence. Aging Psychology, 5(1), 41-51. [Persian].
Siebert, J. S., Wahl, H.-W., & Schröder, J. (2016). The Role of Attitude Toward Own Aging for Fluid and Crystallized Functioning: 12-Year Evidence from the ILSE Study. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 73(5), 836-845. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbw050
Sohrabi, M., Abedanzade, R., Shetab Boushehri, N., Parsaei, S., & Jahanbakhsh, H. (2017). The Relationship between Psychological Well-being and Mental Toughness Among Elders: Mediator Role of Physical Activity. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing, 11(4), 538-549. [Persian].
Tarugu, J., Pavithra, R., Vinothchandar, S., Basu, A., Chaudhuri, S., & John, K. (2019). Effectiveness of structured group reminiscence therapy in decreasing the feelings of loneliness, depressive symptoms and anxiety among inmates of a residential home for the elderly in Chittoor district. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, 6, 847–854. https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20190218
United Nations. (2019). World Population Ageing 2019: Highlights.
Walker, S. N., & Hill-Polerecky, D. M. (1996). Psychometric evaluation of the Health Promoting lifestyle profile 2. Unpublished Manuscript, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 120–126.
Walker, S. N., Sechrist, K. R., & Pender, N. J. (1987). The Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile: Development and psychometric characteristics. Nursing Research, 36(2), 76–81.
Westerhof, G. J., Miche, M., Brothers, A. F., Barrett, A. E., Diehl, M., Montepare, J. M., Wahl, H. W., & Wurm, S. (2014). The influence of subjective aging on health and longevity: A meta-analysis of longitudinal data. Psychology and Aging, 29(4), 793–802. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038016
Westerhof, G. J., Nehrkorn-Bailey, A. M., Tseng, H.-Y., Brothers, A., Siebert, J. S., Wurm, S., Wahl, H.-W., & Diehl, M. (2023). Longitudinal effects of subjective aging on health and longevity: An updated meta-analysis. Psychology and Aging. https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000737
World Health Organization. (2011). Global Health and Aging [Internet]. National. Institute on Aging National Institutes of Health; Available from: https:// www. who. int/ ageing/ publi catio ns/ global_ health. pdf
world health organization. (2019). Global Health and Aging National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health.
Wurm, S., Diehl, M., Kornadt, A., Westerhof, G., & Wahl, H.-W. (2017). How do views on aging affect health outcomes in adulthood and late life? Explanations for an established connection. Developmental Review, 46, 27–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2017.08.002
Wurm, S., Tesch-Römer, C., & Tomasik, M. J. (2007). Longitudinal Findings on Aging-Related Cognitions, Control Beliefs, and Health in Later Life,62(3),156-164. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/62.3.p156
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