The Relationship Between Corona Anxiety and Daily Memory in the Elderly: The Mediating Role of Anxiety Sensitivity

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Dept of Psychology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran

10.22126/jap.2022.7908.1629

Abstract

The decrease of memory abilities is one of the main problems in the elderly exacerbated by psychological factors such as anxiety. Therefore, the present study was to investigate the relationship between Corona anxiety and daily memory in the elderly through the mediating role of anxiety sensitivity. This was a descriptive-correlational research of path analysis kind. The statistical population of the study included all the education retirees over 60 years old living in Shiraz, Iran, 250 of whom were selected using convenience sampling. In this study, Alipour’s Corona anxiety, Sunderland’s daily memory and Floyd’s anxiety sensitivity questionnaires were filled out online by the participants. Data were analyzed using SPSS-26 software and Lisrel-8.32. The results of path analysis demonstrated that there is a negative direct relationship between Corona anxiety and daily memory, a positive direct relationship between Corona anxiety and anxiety sensitivity, and a negative direct relationship between anxiety sensitivity and daily memory. Corona anxiety also had an indirect and significant relationship with daily memory through the mediating role of anxiety sensitivity. According to the results, anxiety caused by the outbreak of Corona disease can affect memory function in the elderly. Hence, in addition to physical health, providing mental health of the elderly seems to be crucial as well in pandemic conditions.
References
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Barghi irani, Z., Aliakbari Dehkordi, M., & Bagian kulehmarz, M. (2015). The effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy on elderly's sleep and memory state. Journal of aging psychology, 1(1), 19-30. https://jap.razi.ac.ir/article_286.html [Persian]
Batra, K., Singh, T., Sharma, L., Batra, R., & Nena, S. (2020). Investigating the psychological impact of COVID-19 among healthcare workers: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17 (23), 90–98. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17239096
Blakey, S. M., Abramowitz, J. S., Reuman, L., Leonard, R. C., & Riemann, B. C. (2017). Anxiety sensitivity as a predictor of outcome in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry,57, 113-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2017.05.003
Bergman, Y.S., Cohen-Fridel, S., Shrira, A., Bodner, E., & Palgi, Y. (2020). COVID-19 health worries and anxiety symptoms among older adults: The moderating role of ageism. Intenatinal Psychogeriatr, 32(11), 1371-1375. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610220001258
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symptoms. Psychiatry Research, 2(52), 63-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.02.046
Curtis, A. F., Schmiedeler, A., Musich, M., Connell, M., Miller, M. B., & McCrae, C. S. (2022). COVID-19-Related anxiety and cognition in middle-aged and older adults: examining sex as a moderator. Psychological Reports, 332941211064820. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/00332941211064820
Ebnenasir, S. H., & Khaleghipoor, S. H. (2018). Effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on anxiety sensitivity, and quality of life in patients with hypertension having avoidance personality trait. Journal of Research in Behavioural Sciences, 16(2), 198-205.  http://rbs.mui.ac.ir/article-1-600-fa.html [Persian]
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Fellman, D., Ritakallio, L., Waris, O., Jylkkä, J., & Laine, M. (2020). Beginning of the Pandemic: COVID-19-elicited anxiety as a predictor of working memory performance. Frontiers in Psychology11, 576-466. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.576466
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Ghazanfari, F., & Badri, M. (2019). Development of etiology model of adolescent social anxiety disorder based on the components of anxiety sensitivity, negative emotional regulation and avoidant and ambivalent insecure attachment style with the mediating role of emotion-oriented coping strategy. Clinical Psychology Studies, 9 (35), 97-130. https://jcps.atu.ac.ir/article_10389.html [Persian]
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Hovenkamp-Hermclink, J., Voshaar, R., Batclaam, M., Penninx, B., Jeronimus, F., Schoevers, R., & Rices, H. (2019). Anxiety sensitivity, its stability and longitudinal association with severity of anxiety symptoms. Scintific Reports, 9(1), 1-7. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-39931-7
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Momeni, K., Amani, R., Janjani, P., Majzoobi, M., & Hadian Hamedani, K. (2021). The Relationship between attachment styles with Positive and negative affect in the elderly: The mediating role of reminiscence styles. Aging Psychology, 7(4), 407-422. https://jap.razi.ac.ir/article_1994.html [Persian]
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Keywords


References
Alipour, A., Ghadami, A., Alipour, Z., & Abdollahzadeh, H. (2020). Preliminary validation of the Corona Disease anxiety scale (CDAS) in the Iranian sample. Journal of Health Psychology, 8(32), 163-175. https://hpj.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_6571.html [Persian]
Alizadeh Far, S., & Saffarinia, M. (2019). The Prediction of mental health based on the anxiety and the social cohesion that caused by Coronavirus. Journal of Quarterly Social Psychology, 9(36), 129-141. https://www.socialpsychology.ir/article_105547.html [Persian]
Asgari, M., ghadami, A., aminaei, R., & rezazadeh, R. (2020). Psychological effects of COVID-19 and its psychological effects: A Systematic review. Educational Psychology, 16(55), 173-206 https://jep.atu.ac.ir/article_11181.html. [Persian]
Bagheri Sheykhangafshe, F., Shabahang, R., Tajbakhsh, K., Hamideh Moghadam, A., Sharifipour Choukami, Z., & Mousavi, S. (2021). Role of health anxiety, anxiety sensitivity, and somatosensory amplification in predicting of students' COVID-19 anxiety. Journal of Psychological Studies, 16(4), 77-91. https://psychstudies.alzahra.ac.ir/article_5305.html [Persian]
Bahri, M., Ahmadi, E., & Bahri, M. (2015). Working memory function in state and trait anxiety: Attentional control theory. Shenakht Journal of Psychology and Psychiatry, 2(3), 29-39. http://shenakht.muk.ac.ir/article-1-115-fa.html [Persian]
Barghi irani, Z., Aliakbari Dehkordi, M., & Bagian kulehmarz, M. (2015). The effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy on elderly's sleep and memory state. Journal of aging psychology, 1(1), 19-30. https://jap.razi.ac.ir/article_286.html [Persian]
Batra, K., Singh, T., Sharma, L., Batra, R., & Nena, S. (2020). Investigating the psychological impact of COVID-19 among healthcare workers: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17 (23), 90–98. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17239096
Blakey, S. M., Abramowitz, J. S., Reuman, L., Leonard, R. C., & Riemann, B. C. (2017). Anxiety sensitivity as a predictor of outcome in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry,57, 113-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2017.05.003
Bergman, Y.S., Cohen-Fridel, S., Shrira, A., Bodner, E., & Palgi, Y. (2020). COVID-19 health worries and anxiety symptoms among older adults: The moderating role of ageism. Intenatinal Psychogeriatr, 32(11), 1371-1375. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610220001258
Counsell, A., Furtado, M., Iorio, C., Anand, L., Canzonieri, A., Fine, A., & Katzman, M. A. (2017). Intolerance of uncertainty, social anxiety, and generalized anxiety: Differences by diagnosis and
symptoms. Psychiatry Research, 2(52), 63-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.02.046
Curtis, A. F., Schmiedeler, A., Musich, M., Connell, M., Miller, M. B., & McCrae, C. S. (2022). COVID-19-Related anxiety and cognition in middle-aged and older adults: examining sex as a moderator. Psychological Reports, 332941211064820. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/00332941211064820
Ebnenasir, S. H., & Khaleghipoor, S. H. (2018). Effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on anxiety sensitivity, and quality of life in patients with hypertension having avoidance personality trait. Journal of Research in Behavioural Sciences, 16(2), 198-205.  http://rbs.mui.ac.ir/article-1-600-fa.html [Persian]
Eysenck, M. W., & Derakshan, N. (2011). New perspectives in attentional control theory. Personality and Individual Differences, 50 (7), 955–960. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.08.019
De-Vito, A., Calamia, M., Greening, S., & Roye, S. (2017). The association of anxiety, depression, and worry symptoms on cognitive performance in older adults. A Journal on Normal and Dysfunctional Development, 26(2),161-173. https://doi.org/10.1080/13825585.2017.1416057
Fellman, D., Ritakallio, L., Waris, O., Jylkkä, J., & Laine, M. (2020). Beginning of the Pandemic: COVID-19-elicited anxiety as a predictor of working memory performance. Frontiers in Psychology11, 576-466. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.576466
Fergus, T. A., & Bardeen, J. R. (2013). Anxiety sensitivity and intolerance of uncertainty: Evidence of incremental specificity in relation to health anxiety. Personality and Individual Differences, 55(6), 640-644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.05.016
Floyd, M., Garfield, A., & LaSota, M. T. (2005). Anxiety sensitivity and worry. Personality and Individual Differences, 38(5), 1223–1229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2004.08.005
 Ghorani Eshtelagh Sofla, A., Torabi Zonouz, S., Mahmoud Alilou. M., & Pak, R. (2021). Predicting the severity of anxiety in Coronavirus    disease based on anxiety sensitivity and intolerance of uncertainty. Thought and Behavior in Clinical Psychology, 16(59), 7-16. https://jtbcp.riau.ac.ir/article_2183.html [Persian]
Gholamzad, S., Saeidi, N., Danesh, S., Ranjbar, H., & Zarei, M. (2021). Analyzing the elderly’s quarantine-related experiences in the COVID-19 pandemic. Iranian Journal of Ageing, 16(1), 30-45. https://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-2143-fa.html [Persian]
Ghazanfari, F., & Badri, M. (2019). Development of etiology model of adolescent social anxiety disorder based on the components of anxiety sensitivity, negative emotional regulation and avoidant and ambivalent insecure attachment style with the mediating role of emotion-oriented coping strategy. Clinical Psychology Studies, 9 (35), 97-130. https://jcps.atu.ac.ir/article_10389.html [Persian]
Haddadsamani, F., & Ahmadi, Y. (2021). Evaluation of elderly anxiety during the corona pandemic. Paper presented at the National Conference on Aging Health in South Khorasan, Jiroft. https://civilica.com/doc/1261932/ [Persian]
Hosseini Ramaghani, N., Hadian Fard, H., Taghavi, S. M., & Aflaksiar, A. (2015). The Comparison of executive performances in the girl students with social anxiety disorder and normal students in Shiraz city. Journal of Psychological Methods and Models, 22(3),237-247. https://ecc.isc.ac/showJournal/22727/61334/792602 [Persian]
Hovenkamp-Hermclink, J., Voshaar, R., Batclaam, M., Penninx, B., Jeronimus, F., Schoevers, R., & Rices, H. (2019). Anxiety sensitivity, its stability and longitudinal association with severity of anxiety symptoms. Scintific Reports, 9(1), 1-7. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-39931-7
Kumar, A., & Somani, A. (2020). Dealing with Corona virus anxiety and OCD. Asian Journal of Psychiatry51, 93-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102053  
Lai, J., Ma, S., Wang, Y., Cai, Z., Hu, J., Wei, N., Wu, J., Du, H., Chen, T., Li, R., Tan, H., Kang, L., Yao, L., Huang, M., Wang, H., Wang, G., Liu, Z., & Hu, S. (2020). Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to Coronavirus Disease. JAMA Network Open3(3), 39-76. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3976
Latifi, Z., Kiani, M., & Yousefi, Z. (2019). The Structural equation modeling of the older people’s life expectancy based on the anxiety sensitivity, social support, and pain perception. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing, 14 (2), 188-199. http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-1258-fa.html[Persian]
Mccabe, R. E. (1999). Implicit and explicit memory for threat words in high-and low-anxiety-sensitive participants. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 23(1), 21-38. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018706607051
Mehra, A., Rani, S., Sahoo, S., Parveen, S., Singh, A. P., Chakrabarti, S., & Grover, S. (2020). A crisis for elderly with mental disorders: Relapse of symptoms due to heightened anxiety due to COVID-19. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 102-114. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102114
Mistry, S. K., Ali, A. R. M. M., Akther, F. (2020). Exploring fear of COVID-19 and its correlates among older adults in Bangladesh. Global Health, 17, 47-56. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12992-021-00698-0
Momeni, K., Amani, R., Janjani, P., Majzoobi, M., & Hadian Hamedani, K. (2021). The Relationship between attachment styles with Positive and negative affect in the elderly: The mediating role of reminiscence styles. Aging Psychology, 7(4), 407-422. https://jap.razi.ac.ir/article_1994.html [Persian]
Momeni, K., Amani, R., Janjani, P., Majzoobi, M. R., Forstmeier, S., & Nosrati, P. (2022). Attachment styles and happiness in the elderly: the mediating role of reminiscence styles. BMC geriatrics22(1), Article 349. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-022-03053-z
Moradi Manesh, F., Mirjafari, S., Goodarzi, M., & Mohammadi, n. (2007). Evaluation of psychometric properties of the revised Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASIR). Journal of Psychology, 11(4),446-426. https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=93918 [Persian]
Nikpouraghdam, M., Jalali Farahani, A., Alishiri, G., Heydari, S., Ebrahimnia, M., Samadinia, H., Sepandi, M., Jafari, N. J., Izadi, M., Qazvini, A., Dorostkar, R., Tat, M., Shahriary, A., Farnoosh, G., Hosseini Zijoud, S. R., Taghdir, M., Alimohamadi, Y., Abbaszadeh, S., Gouvarchin Ghaleh, H. E., & Bagheri, M. (2019). Epidemiological characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients in IRAN: A single center study. Journal of Clinical Virology: The Official Publication of The Pan American Society for Clinical Virology127, 104-378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104378
Ojalehto, H. J., Abramowitz, J. S., Hellberg, S.N., Butcher, M. W., & Buchholz, J. L. (2021). Predicting COVID-19-related anxiety: The role of obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions, anxiety sensitivity, and body vigilance. Journal Anxiety Disord. 2021 Oct; 83, Article 102460. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.janxdis.102460.
Rajkumar R. P. (2020). COVID-19 and mental health: A review of the existing literature. Asian journal of psychiatry52, Article 102066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102066
Rector, N., Shimizu, K., & Leybman, M. (2006). Anxiety sensitivity within the anxiety disorders: Disorder-specific sensitivities and depression comorbidity. Behavior Research and Therapy, 45, 1967–1975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2006.09.017
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