The Relationship Attachment Styles with Self-Coherence and Generativity in the Elderly: The Mediating Role of Basic Psychological Needs

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran

2 Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

According to the ever-increasing number of the elderly in Iranian society, paying attention to improving the quality of life of this group is of particular importance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between attachment styles with self-coherence and generativity through the mediating role of the basic psychological needs in Iranian elderly. The research method was descriptive-correlational of path analysis type. The statistical population included all the elderly living in Tehran, Iran, among whom 170 were selected using convenience sampling method. The research instruments included the Loyola’s Creativity, Antonovsky's psychological coherence, Collins and Reed’s attachment styles, and the Desi and Ryan’s basic psychological needs questionnaires. The results showed that the hypothesized model has a good fit in the study sample. The results showed that secure attachment style has a positive relationship with all three needs of autonomy, competence and relatedness. Avoidant attachment style had a negative significant relationship with competence, and ambivalent attachment style had a negative significant relationship with the autonomy and competence needs as well as self-coherence. In addition, there was a positive significant relationship between the needs of autonomy and competence with generativity. Finally, the autonomy need plays a mediating role in the relationship between secure and ambivalent attachment styles with generativity, and the competence need plays a mediating role in the relationship between all three styles of attachment with generativity. Consequently, given the importance of attachment styles and basic psychological needs, psychologists can take a step forward to increase the quality of life of the elderly through relying on these two variables and trying to improve them in the elderly and performing interventions and treatments for them.
References
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Bauminger, N., Finzi-Dottan, R., Chason, S., & Har-Even, D. (2008). Intimacy in adolescent friendship: The roles of attachment, coherence, and self-disclosure. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 25(3), 409-428. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0265407508090866
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Han, S., & Lee, S. (2017). College student binge eating: Attachment, psychological needs satisfaction, and emotion regulation. Journal of College Student Development, 58(7), 1074-1086.
Hiebler‐Ragger, M., Nausner, L., Blaha, A., Grimmer, K., Korlath, S., Mernyi, M., & Unterrainer, H. F. (2021). The supervisory relationship from an attachment perspective: Connections to burnout and sense of coherence in health professionals. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 28(1), 124-136. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2494
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Keywords


References
Arabzadeh M. (2017). Relationship Between Basic Psychological Needs and Mental Vitality in the Elderly. Salmand, Iranian Journal of Ageing, 12 (2),170-179. [persian].
Alipour A, Sharif N. (2012). Validity and reliability of the sense of coherence (SOC) questionnaire in university students. Pejouhande, 17(1), 50-56. [persian].
Arghabaei M, Solimanian A A, Mohammadipoor M, Ghalehnovy F. (2019). The role of attachment style in substance use tendency: Investigating the mediating role of sense of coherence. Etiadpajohi, 13(53), 97-118. [persian].
Bach, M. J. (2014). The Culture of Generativity: Exploring the Manifestation of Generativity in the Manifestation of Generativity in the Mexican - American Population (Dissertation for Degree of Doctor of Philosophy), Retrieved from https://epublications.marquette.edu/dissertations_mu/408/
Bachem, R., & Maercker, A. (2016). Development and psychometric evaluation of a revised sense of coherence scale. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 34(3), 206-215. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000323
Bastani F, Hajaty S, Hoseini R S. (2021). Anxiety and Fear of Falling in Older Adults With Fall-related Orthopedic Surgery. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing, 15 (4), 506-523. [persian].
Bauminger, N., Finzi-Dottan, R., Chason, S., & Har-Even, D. (2008). Intimacy in adolescent friendship: The roles of attachment, coherence, and self-disclosure. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 25(3), 409-428. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0265407508090866
Black, H. K., Santanello, H. R., & Caruso, C. J. (2013). Managing threats against control in old age: a narrative inquiry. Nursing research, 62(6), 430-437. https://dx.doi.org/10.1097%2FNNR.0000000000000003
Bradley, C. L., & Marcia, J. E. (1998). Generativity‐stagnation: A five‐category model. Journal of Personality, 66(1), 39-64. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.00002
Cankaya, C. (2020). An Explanation of Happiness with Secure Attachment, Basic Psychological Needs and Hope: The Case of Turkish University Students. European Journal of Educational Research, 9(1), 433-444.
Carr, S., Colthurst, K., Coyle, M., & Elliott, D. (2013). Attachment dimensions as predictors of mental health and psychosocial well-being in the transition to university. European journal of psychology of education, 28(2), 157-172.
Çerkez, Y. (2017). The effect of attachment styles on perfectionism in romantic relationships. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 13(10), 6923-6931.
Christensen, C. (2017). Attachment, Forgiveness, and Generativity in Midlife (Doctoral dissertation). (UMI No. 10629212).
Dezutter, J., Toussaint, L., & Leijssen, M. (2016). Forgiveness, ego-integrity, and depressive symptoms in community-dwelling and residential elderly adults. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 71(5), 786-797. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbu146
Eriksson, M., & Lindström, B. (2005). Validity of Antonovsky’s sense of coherence scale: a systematic review. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 59(6), 460-466.
Falgares, G., Marchetti, D., De Santis, S., Carrozzino, D., Kopala-Sibley, D. C., Fulcheri, M., & Verrocchio, M. C. (2017). Attachment styles and suicide-related behaviors in adolescence: the mediating role of self-criticism and dependency. Frontiers in psychiatry, 36(8).
Farhadi M, mohagheghi H, Nesai Moghadam B. (2020). The Relationship between Attachment Styles and Student Interpersonal Problems: The Role of Mediating Emotional Intelligence. Razi journal of medical sciences, 27 (1) :73-84. [persian].
Fastame, M. C., Hitchcott, P. K., Penna, M. P., & Murino, G. (2016). Does institutionalization influence perceived metamemory, psychological well-being, and working-memory efficiency in Italian elders? A preliminary study. Journal of Clinical Gerontology and Geriatrics, 7(1), 6-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcgg.2015.07.001
Felton, L., & Jowett, S. (2013). Attachment and well-being: The mediating effects of psychological needs satisfaction within the coach–athlete and parent–athlete relational contexts. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14(1), 57-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.07.006
Ghaedi far H, Abdkhodai M S, Aghamohammadian Sherbaf H R. (2013). The Role of mediating sense of coherence in relationship styles of attachment with self-regulation. Journal of Research in Psychological Health, 7 (1) :11-19. [persian].
Ghorbani, N., Watson, P. J., & Hargis, M. B. (2008). Integrative Self-Knowledge Scale: Correlations and incremental validity of a cross-cultural measure developed in Iran and the United States. The Journal of Psychology, 142(4), 395-412.
Grevenstein, D., & Bluemke, M. (2015). Can the Big Five explain the criterion validity of Sense of Coherence for mental health, life satisfaction, and personal distress? Personality and Individual Differences, 77, 106-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.12.053
Gruenewald, T. L., Karlamangla, A. S., Greendale, G. A., Singer, B. H., & Seeman, T. E. (2009). Increased mortality risk in older adults with persistently low or declining feelings of usefulness to others. Journal of aging and health, 21(2), 398-425. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0898264308329023
Han, S., & Lee, S. (2017). College student binge eating: Attachment, psychological needs satisfaction, and emotion regulation. Journal of College Student Development, 58(7), 1074-1086.
Hiebler‐Ragger, M., Nausner, L., Blaha, A., Grimmer, K., Korlath, S., Mernyi, M., & Unterrainer, H. F. (2021). The supervisory relationship from an attachment perspective: Connections to burnout and sense of coherence in health professionals. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 28(1), 124-136. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2494
Heidari A, Ghorbani N, Pourhosein R. (2018). The Relationship Between Attachment Style and Life Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction. Psychological sciences, 17(70), 643-650. [persian].
Hinojosa, A. S., McCauley, K. D., Randolph-Seng, B., & Gardner, W. L. (2014). Leader and follower attachment styles: Implications for authentic leader–follower relationships. The Leadership Quarterly, 25(3), 595-610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.12.002
Helvik, A. S., Engedal, K., & Selbæk, G. (2014). Sense of coherence and quality of life in older in-hospital patients without cognitive impairment- a 12month follow-up study. BMC psychiatry, 14(1), 1-9.
Ilies, R., Wagner, D., Wilson, K., Ceja, L., Johnson, M., DeRue, S., & Ilgen, D. (2017). Flow at work and basic psychological needs: Effects on well‐being. Applied Psychology, 66(1), 3-24. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12075
Joseph, H. D. (2018). Generativity and Other Buffers of Death Awareness in First Responders with PTSD (MSU Graduate Theses). Retrieved from https://bearworks.missouristate.edu/theses/3277/.
Kormas, C., Karamali, G., & Anagnostopoulos, F. (2014). Attachment anxiety, basic psychological needs satisfaction and depressive symptoms in university students: A mediation analysis approach. International Journal of Psychological Studies, 6(2), 1-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijps.v6n2p1
Kroneberg, C., & Kalter, F. (2012). Rational choice theory and empirical research: Methodological and theoretical contributions in Europe. Annual review of sociology, 38, 73-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-071811-145441
Kruse, A., & Schmitt, E. (2012). Generativity as a route to active ageing. Current Gerontology and Geriatrics Research, 2(2) 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/647650
Langeland, E., & Wahl, A. K. (2009). The impact of social support on mental health service users’ sense of coherence: A longitudinal panel survey. International journal of nursing studies, 46(6), 830-837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2008.12.017
 Lee, A. R. (2017). Psychological proximity to issues of the elderly: The role of age-morphing technology in campaigns for the elderly. Computers in Human Behavior, 69, 311-323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.12.046
Lee, H. (2020). A Study on the Ego-Integrity Phenomenon of the Elderly. Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology, 37(4), 794-806. https://doi.org/10.12925/jkocs.2020.37.4.794
Leiter, M. P., Day, A., & Price, L. (2015). Attachment styles at work: Measurement, collegial relationships, and burnout. Burnout Research, 2(1), 25-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.burn.2015.02.003
Lin, J. H. (2016). Need for relatedness: A self-determination approach to examining attachment styles, Facebook use, and psychological well-being. Asian Journal of Communication, 26(2), 153-173.
Lumme, S. K. (2011). Images of ageing in a 50 magazine. Journal of Aging Studies, 25(1), 45–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2010.08.013
Mc Gee, S. L., Höltge, J., Maercker, A., & Thoma, M. V. (2018). Sense of coherence and stress-related resilience: Investigating the mediating and moderating mechanisms in the development of resilience following stress or adversity. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, 378-391. https://dx.doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyt.2018.00378
Nam, M. J., & Cho, Y. M. (2018). The Effect of Basic Psychological Needs and Wisdom on Successful Aging in the Elderly. Korean Journal of Adult Nursing, 30 (1), 70-78. https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2018.30.1.70
Nezamdoust M, Borjali A, Poursharifi H, Kraskian Mujembar A, Seirafi M. (2018). The Relationship between Hope and Sense of Coherence with Psychosocial Well-being among Older People: Mediating Role of Attitude toward death. Aging psychology, 4(3). 179-195. [persian].
Ng, S. M., & Hou, W. K. (2017). Contentment duration mediates the associations between anxious attachment style and psychological distress. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 258-267. https://dx.doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2017.00258.
Niemiec, C., & Ryan, R. (2007). Autonomy, competence, and relatedness in the classroom: Applying self-determination theory to educational practice. Theory & Research in Education, 7, 133-144. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1477878509104318
Østbye, T., Clancy, S., Stankevitz, K., Malhotra, R., Ogundare, O., Shah, V., ... & Maselko, J. (2018). Generativity among elderly in a rural area of Maharashtra, India: Correlates and relationship with quality of life approved. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health, 30(3), 276-285. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1010539518772191
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American psychologist, 55(1), 68-78
Ryan, R. M., Lynch, M. F., Vansteenkiste, M., & Deci, E. L. (2011). Motivation and autonomy in counseling, psychotherapy, and behavior change: A look at theory and practice. The Counseling Psychologist, 39(2), 193-260. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0011000009359313
Sandberg, J., Bradford, A., & Brown, A. (2015). Differentiating Between Attachment Styles and Behaviors and their Association with Marital Quality. Family process, 56(2), 518-531. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12186
Saravia, J. C., Iberico, C., & Yearwood, K. (2014). Validation of sense of coherence (SOC) 13-item scale in a Peruvian sample. Journal of Behavior, Health & Social Issues, 6(2), 35-44. https://doi.org/10.5460/jbhsi.v6.2.43847
Serrat, R., Villar, F., Warburton, J., & Petriwskyj, A. (2017). Generativity and political participation in old age: A mixed method study of Spanish elders involved in political organisations. Journal of Adult Development, 24(3), 163-176.
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