The Relationship Between Cognitive Emotion Regulation and Coronavirus Anxiety in the Elderly: The Mediating Role of Distress Tolerance

Document Type : Original Article

Author

Department of Educational Sciences, University of Farhangian, Kurdistan, Iran

Abstract

The spread of Coronavirus seems to be an important challenge for health care systems in Iran. Cognitive emotion regulation and distress tolerance are thought to be the variables that can have a significant impact on mental health and quality of life in the elderly during the outbreak of coronavirus. Consequently, this study aimed to investigate the mediating role of distress tolerance in the relationship between cognitive emotion regulation and Corona disease anxiety (CDA) in the elderly. The research method was correlational, of path analysis type. The statistical population included all the elderly living in Sanandaj, Iran in 2021, among whom 300 were selected using convenience sampling method. Data were collected using Alipour et al.’s CDA Scale, Garnefski & Kraaij’s Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, and Simons & Gaher’s Distress Tolerance Questionnaire, and were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation method and path analysis in Amos software. The results demonstrated that the model fits the research data. According to the results, the path of positive cognitive emotion regulation strategies to CDA was mediated by distress tolerance (β=-0.17, P<0.05) and the path of negative cognitive emotion regulation strategies to CDA was mediated by distress tolerance (β=0.25, P<0.01) significantly. According to the results of the current research, it can be said that targeting the three components of positive and negative cognitive emotion regulation as well as distress tolerance in relation to treatments and psychological services can be effective for the elderly during the spread of coronavirus.
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Keywords


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References
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Alipour, A., Ghadami, A., Alipour, Z., & Abdollahzadeh, H. (2020). Preliminary validation of the Corona Disease Anxiety Scale (CDAS) in the Iranian sample. Quarterly Journal of Health Psychology, 8(32), 163-175. [Persian] https://dx.doi.org/10.30473/hpj.2020.52023.4756
Allan, N. P., Macatee, R. J., Norr, A. M., & Schmidt, N. B. (2014). Direct and interactive effects of distress tolerance and anxiety sensitivity on generalized anxiety and depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 38, 530-540. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-014-9623-y
Amirfakhraei, A., Masoumifard, M., Esmaeilishad, B., DashtBozorgi, Z., & Darvish Baseri. L. (2020). Prediction of Corona virus Anxiety based on Health Concern, Psychological Hardiness, and Positive Meta-emotion in Diabetic Patients. Journal of Diabetes Nursing, 8 (2), 1072-1083. http://jdn.zbmu.ac.ir/article-1-404-fa.html [Persian] 
Arefpour, A. M., Shojaei, F. S., Hatami, M., & Mahdavi, H. (2020). Prediction of resilience based on cognitive regulation of emotion and guilty feeling in women with breast cancer. Quarterly of Applied Psychology, 13(4), 509-526. https://dx.doi.org/10.29252/apsy.13.4.509 [Persian]
Artuch-Garde, R., González-Torres, M. D. C., de la Fuente, J., Vera, M. M., Fernández-Cabezas, M., & López-García, M. (2017). Relationship between resilience and self-regulation: a study of spanish youth at risk of social exclusion. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 612-623. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00612
Aziziaram, S., & Basharpoor, S. (2020). The Role of Rumination, Emotion Regulation and Responsiveness to Stress in Predicting of Corona Anxiety (COVID-19) among Nurses. Quarterly Journal of Nursing Management, 3(9), 9-18. http://ijnv.ir/article-1-729-fa.html [Persian]  
Bogolyubova, O., Fernandez, A. S. M., Lopez, B. T., & Portelli, P. (2021). Traumatic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in an international sample: Contribution of fatalism to psychological distress and behavior change. European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 5(2), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejtd.2021.100219
Brandt, C. P., Zvolensky, M. J., & Bonn-Miller, M. (2013). Distress tolerance, emotion dysregulation, and anxiety and depressive symptoms among HIV+ individuals. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 37 (3), 446-455. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-012-9497-9
Cai, W., Pan, Y., Zhang, S., Wei, C., Dong, W., & Deng, G. (2017). Relationship between cognitive emotion regulation, social support, resilience and acute stress responses in Chinese soldiers: Exploring multiple mediation model. Psychiatry research, 256, 71-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.06.018
Conway, C. C., Naragon-Gainey, K., & Harris, M. T. (2021). The structure of distress tolerance and neighboring emotion regulation abilities. Assessment28(4), 1050-1064. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1073191120954914
Di Blasi, M., Gullo, S., Mancinelli, E., Freda, M. F., Esposito, G., Gelo, O. C. G., & Coco, G. L. (2021). Psychological distress associated with the COVID-19 lockdown: A two-wave network analysis. Journal of affective disorders284, 18-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.02.016
Domaradzka, E., & Fajkowska, M. (2018). Cognitive emotion regulation strategies in anxiety and depression understood as types of personality. Frontiers in psychology9, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00856
Duan, L., & Zhu, G. (2020). Psychological interventions for people affected by the COVID-19 epidemic. Lancet Psychiatry, 7(4), 300-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30073-0
Elhai, J. D., Levine, J. C., O’Brien, K. D., & Armour, C. (2018). Distress tolerance and mindfulness mediate relations between depression and anxiety sensitivity with problematic smartphone use. Computers in Human Behavior, 84, 477–484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.03.026
Ezazi Bojnourdi, E., Ghadampour, S., Moradi Shakib, A., & Ghazbanzadeh, R. (2020). Predicting Corona Anxiety based on Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies, Health Hardiness and Death Anxiety in Diabetic Patients. Iranian Nursing Scientific Association, 8 (2), 34-44. http://ijpn.ir/article-1-1547-fa.html [Persian]
Garnefski, N., & Kraaij, V. (2007). The cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire: psychometric features and prospective relationships with depression and anxiety in adults. European journal of psychological assessment, 23(3), 141-149. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.23.3.141
Gross, J. J. (Ed.). (2014). Handbook of emotion regulation (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Publications.
Hasani, J. (2011). The reliability and validity of the short form of the cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire. Journal of Research in Behavioural Sciences, 9 (4), 229-240. http://rbs.mui.ac.ir/article-1-207-fa.html . [Persian]
Hooman, H. A. (2005). Structural Equation Modeling with Lisrel Application. Tehran: The organization for researching and composing university textbooks in the humanities SAMT). [Persian]
Khoshnami, M. S., Javadi, S. M. H., Noruzi, S., & Arian, M. (2020). The Elderly as the symbol of a generation’s experience through Covid-19 pandemic. Elderly Health Journal, 6(1), 1-2. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/ehj.v6i1.3408
Kim, M., Jung, Y., & Kim, J. (2021). A study on factors affecting privacy risk tolerance to prevent the spread of COVID-19 in South Korea. Business Horizons, 64(6), 735-741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2021.07.002
Krejcie, R.V., & Morgan, D.W. (1970). Determining Sample Size for Research Activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30(3), 607-610. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F001316447003000308
Laposa, J. M., Collimore, K. C., Hawley, L. L., & Rector, N. A. (2015). Distress tolerance in OCD and anxiety disorders, and its relationship with anxiety sensitivity and intolerance of uncertainty. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 33, 8–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.04.003
Lee, S. A. (2020). Coronavirus Anxiety Scale: A brief mental health screener for COVID-19 related anxiety. Death Studies, 44(7), 393–401. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2020.1748481
Lee, S. A., Jobe, M. C., & Mathis, A. A. (2020). Mental health characteristics associated with dysfunctional coronavirus anxiety. Psychological Medicine, 51(8), 1403-1404. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329172000121X
Lee, S. A., Mathis, A. A., Jobe, M. C., & Pappalardo, E. A. (2020). Clinically significant fear and anxiety of COVID19: A psychometric examination of the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale. Psychiatry Research, 290, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113112
Margetić, B., Peraica, T., Stojanović, K., & Ivanec, D. (2021). Predictors of emotional distress during the COVID-19 pandemic; a Croatian study. Personality and Individual Differences175, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.110691
Mehra, A., Rani, S., Sahoo, S., Parveen, S., Singh, A. P., Chakrabarti, S., & Grover, S. (2020). A crisis for elderly with mental disorders: Relapse of symptoms due to heightened anxiety due to COVID-19. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 1-3. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajp.2020.102114
Meng, H., Xu, Y., Dai, J., Zhang, Y., Liu, B., & Yang, H. (2020). The Psychological effect of COVID-19 on the Elderly in China. Psychiatry Research, 289, 1-3. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.psychres.2020.112983 
Mertens, G., Gerritsen, L., Duijndam, S., Salemink, E., & Engelhard, I. M. (2020). Fear of the coronavirus (COVID-19): Predictors in an online study conducted in March 2020. Journal of anxiety disorders, 74(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102258.
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