The Prediction of the Life Satisfaction Based on the Attachment styles and Gratitude in the Elderly Living in a Nursing Home

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Department of psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran

Abstract

Elderly is one of the most important periods of every person’s life, which can have negative physical and psychological consequences for the individual, family and society if not spent with satisfaction and quality. Due to the change in the age structure of Iran's population from youth into old age, many researchers have considered the predictor variables of the life satisfaction in this age group. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to predict life satisfaction based on attachment styles and gratitude in the elderly. This was a descriptive study of correlational type. The statistical population consisted of the all elderly living in nursing homes of Yazd, Iran, among which Fatemeh Al-Zahra nursing home in Taft was selected. Selected using convenience sampling method were 110 people who filled out the satisfaction with life scale (Diener et al.), experiences in close relationships-revised (Brennan, Clark & Shaver), gratitude questionnaire (McCullough et al). The obtained data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis in SPSS-24 software. The results obtained from Pearson’s correlation coefficient indicated that among the predictor variables, avoidance attachment and gratitude respectively, had negative and positive correlation with life satisfaction, but there was no significant relationship between anxious attachment and life satisfaction. Besides, regression analysis showed that among avoidance attachment and gratitude variables, it was only gratitude that predicted life satisfaction significantly (p < 0.05). Gratitude could explain 44% of the variance of life satisfaction. Based on the mentioned results, gratitude as a positive and valuable characteristic, predicts life satisfaction in the elderly, through affecting social interactions and inducing positive change in one’s outlook on life.
References
Algoe, S. B. (2012). Find, remind and bind: The Functions of gratitude in everyday relationships. Social and Personality Psychology Compass6(6), 455-469.
Bayani, A. A., Koocheky, A. M., & Goodarzi, H. (2007). The reliability and validity of the satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Iranian Psychologists3(11), 259-260.
Behnam far, R., & Rasti, A. (2015). Linear regression, the normal distribution of error values or normal distribution of the dependent variable? Iranian Journal of Medical Education, 15, 263-265. [Persian]
Bodner, E., & Cohen-Fridel, S. (2010). Relations between attachment styles, ageism and quality of life in late life. International Psychogeriatrics22(8), 1353-1361.
Brennan, K. A., Clark, C. L., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Self-report measurement of adult attachment: An integrative overview. In J. A. Simpson & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (p. 46–76). The Guilford Press.
Campbell, L., Simpson, J. A., Boldry, J., & Kashy, D. A. (2005). Perceptions of conflict and support in romantic relationships: The role of attachment anxiety. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology88(3), 510-531.
Carstensen, L. L., Isaacowitz, D. M., & Charles, S. T. (1999). Taking time seriously: A theory of socioemotional selectivity. American Psychologist54(3), 165-181.‏
Chan, D. W. (2011). Burnout and life satisfaction: Does gratitude intervention make a difference among Chinese school teachers in Hong Kong? Educational Psychology31(7), 809-823.
Cicirelli, V. G. (2010). Attachment relationships in old age. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships27(2), 191-199.
Colby, S., & Ortman, J. M. (2014). The baby boom cohort in the United States: 2012 to 2060 (pp. 25-1141). US Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, US Census Bureau Dasht Bozorgi, Z. (2017). The role of amnesty, gratitude and humility in predicting the mental well-being of the elderly. Positive Psychology Research3(2), 65-76. [Persian]
Didino, D., Frolova, E. A., Taran, E. A., & Gorodetski, K. (2016). Predictors of life satisfaction among older adults in Siberia. The European Proceedings of Social & Behavioural Sciences (EpSBS). Vol. 7: Lifelong Wellbeing in the World (WELLSO 2015).—Nicosia, 72015, 400-407.‏
Diener, E. D., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment49(1), 71-75.‏
Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Lucas, R. E. (2003). Personality, culture, and subjective well-being: Emotional and cognitive evaluations of life. Annual Review of Psychology54(1), 403-425.‏
Emmonse, R. A., & Mccullough, M. E. (2003). Counting blessings versus burdens: An experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology84(2), 377-389.‏
Fraley, R. C., Hudson, N. W., Heffernan, M. E., & Segal, N. (2015). Are adult attachment styles categorical or dimensional? A taxometric analysis of general and relationship-specific attachment orientations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology109(2), 354-368.‏
Fraley, R. C., Waller, N. G., & Brennan, K. A. (2000). An item response theory analysis of self-report measures of adult attachment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology78(2), 350-365.‏
Galinha, I. C., Oishi, S., Pereira, C. R., Wirtz, D., & Esteves, F. (2014). Adult attachment, love styles, relationship experiences and subjective well-being: Cross-cultural and gender comparison between Americans, Portuguese, and Mozambicans. Social Indicators Research119(2), 823-852.
Gana, K., Bailly, N., Saada, Y., Joulain, M., Trouillet, R., Hervé, C., & Alaphilippe, D. (2013). Relationship between life satisfaction and physical health in older adults: A longitudinal test of cross-lagged and simultaneous effects. Health Psychology32(8), 896-904.‏
Guarnieri, S., Smorti, M., & Tani, F. (2015). Attachment relationships and life satisfaction during emerging adulthood. Social Indicators Research121(3), 833-847.
Harper, S. (2014). Economic and social implications of aging societies. Science346(6209), 587-591.
Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology52(3), 511-524.‏
Homan, K. J. (2018). Secure attachment and eudaimonic well-being in late adulthood: The mediating role of self-compassion. Aging & Mental Health22(3), 363-370.
Ingram, A. M., Cox, B. S., Smith, D. M., & Parmelee, P. A. (2017). Attachment style, pain, and psychological well-being in older adults with knee osteoarthritis. Innovation in Aging1(suppl_1), 128-129.
Kho, Y., Kane, R. T., Priddis, L., & Hudson, J. (2015). The nature of attachment relationships and grief responses in older adults: An attachment path model of grief. Plos One10(10), article e0133703.‏
Khojasteh Mehr, R., Koraei, A., Abbaspour, Z., & Koochaki, R. (2012). The Role of Anxiety and Avoidance Attachment and Attribution in Marital Forgiveness: Testing a Mediation Model. Biannual Journal of Applied Counseling1(2), 51-72. [Persian]
Killen, A., & Macaskill, A. (2015). Using a gratitude intervention to enhance well-being in older adults. Journal of Happiness Studies16(4), 947-964.‏
Killen, A., & Macaskill, A. (2015). Using a gratitude intervention to enhance well-being in older adults. Journal of Happiness Studies16(4), 947-964.
Kong, F., Ding, K., & Zhao, J. (2015). The relationships among gratitude, self-esteem, social support and life satisfaction among undergraduate students. Journal of Happiness Studies16(2), 477-489.‏
Lambert, N. M., Fincham, F. D., Braithwaite, S. R., Graham, S. M., & Beach, S. R. H. (2009). Can prayer increase gratitude? Psychology of Religion and Spirituality1 (3), 139-149.‏
Lee, J., Kim, E., & Wachholtz, A. (2016). The effect of perceived stress on life satisfaction: The mediating effect of self-efficacy. Ch'ongsonyonhak Yongu23(10), 29-47.‏
Li, H., Chi, I., & Xu, L. (2013). Life satisfaction of older Chinese adults living in rural communities. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology28(2), 153-165.‏
Li, T., & Fung, H. H. (2014). How avoidant attachment influences subjective well-being: An investigation about the age and gender differences. Aging & Mental Health18(1), 4-10.‏
Lyubomirsky, S., Sheldon, K. M., & Schkade, D. (2005). Pursuing happiness: The architecture of sustainable change. Review of General Psychology9(2), 111-131.‏
Ma, C. Q., & Huebner, E. S. (2008). Attachment relationships and adolescents' life satisfaction: Some relationships matter more to girls than boys. Psychology in the Schools45(2), 177-190.‏
Martikainen, L. (2012). The family environment in adolescence as a predictor of life satisfaction in adulthood. In M. Vassar (Ed.), Psychology of life satisfaction (pp. 19–30). New York: Nova Science Publishers.
Martínez-Martí, M. L., & Ruch, W. (2017). Character strengths predict resilience over and above positive affect, self-efficacy, optimism, social support, self-esteem, and life satisfaction. The Journal of Positive Psychology12(2), 110-119.‏
Massey, B., Edwards, A. V., & Musikanski, L. (2020). Life Satisfaction, Affect, and Belonging in Older Adults. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 1-15.
McCullough, M. E., Emmons, R. A., & Tsang, J. A. (2002). The grateful disposition: a conceptual and empirical topography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology82(1), 112-127.‏
Meléndez, J. C., Tomás, J. M., Oliver, A., & Navarro, E. (2009). Psychological and physical dimensions explaining life satisfaction among the elderly: A structural model examination. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics48(3), 291-295.
Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2003). The attachment behavioral system in adulthood: Activation, psychodynamics, and interpersonal processes.‏ Journal of Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 53-152.
Mikulincer, M., Gillath, O., & Shaver, P. R. (2002). Activation of the attachment system in adulthood: threat-related primes increase the accessibility of mental representations of attachment figures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology83(4), 881-895.‏
Nazari Chegani, A., Behroozi, N., Hashemi Sheykh Shabani, S. E., & Mehrabizadeh Honarmand, M. (2012). The Relationship of Attachment Styles with Depression and Life Satisfaction with Mediating Role of Social Support and Optimism in Female Students of SCU. Journal of Psychological Achievements19(2), 81-100.‏
Nickerson, A. B., & Nagle, R. J. (2004). The influence of parent and peer attachments on life satisfaction in middle childhood and early adolescence. In Quality-of-life research on children and adolescents (pp. 35-60). Springer, Dordrecht.
Noei Iran, L., & Mahmoud Alilou, M. (2015). Predicting quality of life and happiness based on attachment style. Iranian Journal of Rehabilitation Research1(4), 60-69.
Nourialeagha, B., Ajilchi, B., & Kisely, S. (2020). The mediating role of gratitude in the relationship between attachment styles and psychological well-being. Australasian Psychiatry28(4), 426-430.
Ognibene, T. C., & Collins, N. L. (1998). Adult attachment styles, perceived social support and coping strategies. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships15(3), 323-345.
Oswald, F., & Wahl, H. W. (2004). Housing and health in later life. Reviews on Environmental Health19(3-4), 223-252.‏
Pan, Y., Zhang, D., Liu, Y., Ran, G., & Teng, Z. (2016). Different effects of paternal and maternal attachment on psychological health among Chinese secondary school students. Journal of Child and Family Studies25(10), 2998-3008.
Peterson, C., Ruch, W., Beermann, U., Park, N., & Seligman, M. E. (2007). Strengths of character, orientations to happiness, and life satisfaction. The Journal of Positive Psychology2(3), 149-156.
Pouravari, M., Behboodi, M., & Sharifi, A. (2018). Identifying Pattern of Relationships between Attachment Styles, Life Satisfaction and Perfectionism in University Students. Razavi International Journal of Medicine6(1), 1-6.
Rapoza, K. A., Vassell, K., Wilson, D. T., Robertson, T. W., Manzella, D. J., Ortiz-Garcia, A. L., & Jimenez-Lazar, L. A. (2016). Attachment as a moderating factor between social support, physical health, and psychological symptoms. SAGE Open6(4), 1-13.‏
Regalia, C., & Manzi, C. (2018). Gratitude, Wellbeing, and Prosocial Behavior in Elderly People. In E. Scabini & G. Rossi (Eds.), Living Longer: A Resource for the Family, An Opportunity for Society (p.35-44). Champaign, IL: Common Ground Research Networks.
Rezaei A., Abdolahi M., Akbari Balootbangan A & Kheirkhahan N. (2015). Comparison of Attachment Styles in Elderly Living at Home and Hospice: A Case Study: Semnan, 2013. Journal of Geriatric Nursing, 1(2), 9-21. [Persian]
Rosendahl, E., Gustafson, Y., Nordin, E., Lundin-Olsson, L., & Nyberg, L. (2008). A randomized controlled trial of fall prevention by a high-intensity functional exercise program for older people living in residential care facilities. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research20(1), 67-75.
‏Saeidi, S., Mohammadzadeh Ebrahimi, A & Soleimanian, A. (2018). Structural Model of the Relationships between Gratitude, Marital Relationship Quality and Marital Satisfaction in teachers of Sabzevar City. Journal of Sabzevar Medical Science University, 27(3), 413-421. [Persian]
Şahin, D. S., Özer, Ö., & Yanardağ, M. Z. (2019). Perceived social support, quality of life and satisfaction with life in elderly people. Educational Gerontology45(1), 69-77.
Salvador-Ferrer, C. (2017). The relationship between Gratitude and Life satisfaction in a sample of Spanish university students. Anales De Psicología/Annals of Psychology33(1), 114-119.
Seligman, M. E., Steen, T. A., Park, N., & Peterson, C. (2005). Positive psychology progress: empirical validation of interventions. American Psychologist60(5), 410-421.
Shanesazzadeh, L., & Nadi, M. A. (2018). Structural Model of the Relationship between Big Five Traits, Emotional Intelligence Abilities with Interpersonal Forgiveness among Nursing Students. Iranian Journal of Psychiatric Nursing, 6 (4), 74-82. [Persian]
Sharif, S. P., Amiri, M., Allen, K. A., Nia, H. S., Fomani, F. K., Matbue, Y. H., ... & Waheed, H. (2021). Attachment: the mediating role of hope, religiosity, and life satisfaction in older adults. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes19(1), 1-10.
Shaver, P. R., Mikulincer, M., Alonso-Arbiol, I., & Lavy, S. (2010). Assessment of adult attachment across cultures: Conceptual and methodological considerations. In P. Erdman & K.-M. Ng (Eds.), Family therapy and counseling series. Attachment: Expanding the cultural connections (p. 89–108). New York, NY: Routledge/Taylor & Francis.‏
Shunqin, Y. (2015). Review of effects of “attachment” of the elderly on physical and mental health of old chronic patients. Studies in Asian Social Science2(2), 15-18.‏
Spence, R., Jacobs, C., & Bifulco, A. (2020). Attachment style, loneliness and depression in older age women. Aging & Mental Health24(5), 837-839.
Sümer, N., & Yetkili, O. (2018). Cultural aspects of attachment anxiety, avoidance, and life satisfaction: Comparing the US and Turkey. In Close relationships and happiness across cultures (pp. 165-184). Springer, Cham.
Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S., & Ullman, J. B. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (Vol. 5, pp. 481-498). Boston, Pearson.
Tepeli Temiz, Z., & Tarı Cömert, I. (2018). The Relationship Between Life Satisfaction, Attachment Styles and Psychological Resilience in University Students. The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 31(3), 274-283.
Terry, T., & Huebner, E. S. (1995). The relationship between self-concept and life satisfaction in children. Social Indicators Research35(1), 39-52.
Webster, J. D. (1997). Attachment style and well-being in elderly adults: A preliminary investigation. Canadian Journal on Aging/La Revue canadienne du vieillissement16(1), 101-111.
Wood, A. M., Froh, J. J., & Geraghty, A. W. (2010). Gratitude and well-being: A review and theoretical integration. Clinical Psychology Review30(7), 890-905.‏
Yildirim, M., & Alanazi, Z. S. (2018). Gratitude and life satisfaction: Mediating role of perceived stress. International Journal of Psychological Studies10(3), 21-28.
Zanjari, N., Elsagh, A., sadeghi, R., Nouri, M. (2018). Factors Affecting Life Satisfaction of the Elderly People in Tehran. A Research Journal on Social Work5(16), 101-126. [Persian]

Keywords


References
Algoe, S. B. (2012). Find, remind and bind: The Functions of gratitude in everyday relationships. Social and Personality Psychology Compass6(6), 455-469.
Bayani, A. A., Koocheky, A. M., & Goodarzi, H. (2007). The reliability and validity of the satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Iranian Psychologists3(11), 259-260.
Behnam far, R., & Rasti, A. (2015). Linear regression, the normal distribution of error values or normal distribution of the dependent variable? Iranian Journal of Medical Education, 15, 263-265. [Persian]
Bodner, E., & Cohen-Fridel, S. (2010). Relations between attachment styles, ageism and quality of life in late life. International Psychogeriatrics22(8), 1353-1361.
Brennan, K. A., Clark, C. L., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Self-report measurement of adult attachment: An integrative overview. In J. A. Simpson & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (p. 46–76). The Guilford Press.
Campbell, L., Simpson, J. A., Boldry, J., & Kashy, D. A. (2005). Perceptions of conflict and support in romantic relationships: The role of attachment anxiety. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology88(3), 510-531.
Carstensen, L. L., Isaacowitz, D. M., & Charles, S. T. (1999). Taking time seriously: A theory of socioemotional selectivity. American Psychologist54(3), 165-181.‏
Chan, D. W. (2011). Burnout and life satisfaction: Does gratitude intervention make a difference among Chinese school teachers in Hong Kong? Educational Psychology31(7), 809-823.
Cicirelli, V. G. (2010). Attachment relationships in old age. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships27(2), 191-199.
Colby, S., & Ortman, J. M. (2014). The baby boom cohort in the United States: 2012 to 2060 (pp. 25-1141). US Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, US Census Bureau Dasht Bozorgi, Z. (2017). The role of amnesty, gratitude and humility in predicting the mental well-being of the elderly. Positive Psychology Research3(2), 65-76. [Persian]
Didino, D., Frolova, E. A., Taran, E. A., & Gorodetski, K. (2016). Predictors of life satisfaction among older adults in Siberia. The European Proceedings of Social & Behavioural Sciences (EpSBS). Vol. 7: Lifelong Wellbeing in the World (WELLSO 2015).—Nicosia, 72015, 400-407.‏
Diener, E. D., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment49(1), 71-75.‏
Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Lucas, R. E. (2003). Personality, culture, and subjective well-being: Emotional and cognitive evaluations of life. Annual Review of Psychology54(1), 403-425.‏
Emmonse, R. A., & Mccullough, M. E. (2003). Counting blessings versus burdens: An experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology84(2), 377-389.‏
Fraley, R. C., Hudson, N. W., Heffernan, M. E., & Segal, N. (2015). Are adult attachment styles categorical or dimensional? A taxometric analysis of general and relationship-specific attachment orientations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology109(2), 354-368.‏
Fraley, R. C., Waller, N. G., & Brennan, K. A. (2000). An item response theory analysis of self-report measures of adult attachment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology78(2), 350-365.‏
Galinha, I. C., Oishi, S., Pereira, C. R., Wirtz, D., & Esteves, F. (2014). Adult attachment, love styles, relationship experiences and subjective well-being: Cross-cultural and gender comparison between Americans, Portuguese, and Mozambicans. Social Indicators Research119(2), 823-852.
Gana, K., Bailly, N., Saada, Y., Joulain, M., Trouillet, R., Hervé, C., & Alaphilippe, D. (2013). Relationship between life satisfaction and physical health in older adults: A longitudinal test of cross-lagged and simultaneous effects. Health Psychology32(8), 896-904.‏
Guarnieri, S., Smorti, M., & Tani, F. (2015). Attachment relationships and life satisfaction during emerging adulthood. Social Indicators Research121(3), 833-847.
Harper, S. (2014). Economic and social implications of aging societies. Science346(6209), 587-591.
Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology52(3), 511-524.‏
Homan, K. J. (2018). Secure attachment and eudaimonic well-being in late adulthood: The mediating role of self-compassion. Aging & Mental Health22(3), 363-370.
Ingram, A. M., Cox, B. S., Smith, D. M., & Parmelee, P. A. (2017). Attachment style, pain, and psychological well-being in older adults with knee osteoarthritis. Innovation in Aging1(suppl_1), 128-129.
Kho, Y., Kane, R. T., Priddis, L., & Hudson, J. (2015). The nature of attachment relationships and grief responses in older adults: An attachment path model of grief. Plos One10(10), article e0133703.‏
Khojasteh Mehr, R., Koraei, A., Abbaspour, Z., & Koochaki, R. (2012). The Role of Anxiety and Avoidance Attachment and Attribution in Marital Forgiveness: Testing a Mediation Model. Biannual Journal of Applied Counseling1(2), 51-72. [Persian]
Killen, A., & Macaskill, A. (2015). Using a gratitude intervention to enhance well-being in older adults. Journal of Happiness Studies16(4), 947-964.‏
Killen, A., & Macaskill, A. (2015). Using a gratitude intervention to enhance well-being in older adults. Journal of Happiness Studies16(4), 947-964.
Kong, F., Ding, K., & Zhao, J. (2015). The relationships among gratitude, self-esteem, social support and life satisfaction among undergraduate students. Journal of Happiness Studies16(2), 477-489.‏
Lambert, N. M., Fincham, F. D., Braithwaite, S. R., Graham, S. M., & Beach, S. R. H. (2009). Can prayer increase gratitude? Psychology of Religion and Spirituality1 (3), 139-149.‏
Lee, J., Kim, E., & Wachholtz, A. (2016). The effect of perceived stress on life satisfaction: The mediating effect of self-efficacy. Ch'ongsonyonhak Yongu23(10), 29-47.‏
Li, H., Chi, I., & Xu, L. (2013). Life satisfaction of older Chinese adults living in rural communities. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology28(2), 153-165.‏
Li, T., & Fung, H. H. (2014). How avoidant attachment influences subjective well-being: An investigation about the age and gender differences. Aging & Mental Health18(1), 4-10.‏
Lyubomirsky, S., Sheldon, K. M., & Schkade, D. (2005). Pursuing happiness: The architecture of sustainable change. Review of General Psychology9(2), 111-131.‏
Ma, C. Q., & Huebner, E. S. (2008). Attachment relationships and adolescents' life satisfaction: Some relationships matter more to girls than boys. Psychology in the Schools45(2), 177-190.‏
Martikainen, L. (2012). The family environment in adolescence as a predictor of life satisfaction in adulthood. In M. Vassar (Ed.), Psychology of life satisfaction (pp. 19–30). New York: Nova Science Publishers.
Martínez-Martí, M. L., & Ruch, W. (2017). Character strengths predict resilience over and above positive affect, self-efficacy, optimism, social support, self-esteem, and life satisfaction. The Journal of Positive Psychology12(2), 110-119.‏
Massey, B., Edwards, A. V., & Musikanski, L. (2020). Life Satisfaction, Affect, and Belonging in Older Adults. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 1-15.
McCullough, M. E., Emmons, R. A., & Tsang, J. A. (2002). The grateful disposition: a conceptual and empirical topography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology82(1), 112-127.‏
Meléndez, J. C., Tomás, J. M., Oliver, A., & Navarro, E. (2009). Psychological and physical dimensions explaining life satisfaction among the elderly: A structural model examination. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics48(3), 291-295.
Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2003). The attachment behavioral system in adulthood: Activation, psychodynamics, and interpersonal processes.‏ Journal of Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 53-152.
Mikulincer, M., Gillath, O., & Shaver, P. R. (2002). Activation of the attachment system in adulthood: threat-related primes increase the accessibility of mental representations of attachment figures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology83(4), 881-895.‏
Nazari Chegani, A., Behroozi, N., Hashemi Sheykh Shabani, S. E., & Mehrabizadeh Honarmand, M. (2012). The Relationship of Attachment Styles with Depression and Life Satisfaction with Mediating Role of Social Support and Optimism in Female Students of SCU. Journal of Psychological Achievements19(2), 81-100.‏
Nickerson, A. B., & Nagle, R. J. (2004). The influence of parent and peer attachments on life satisfaction in middle childhood and early adolescence. In Quality-of-life research on children and adolescents (pp. 35-60). Springer, Dordrecht.
Noei Iran, L., & Mahmoud Alilou, M. (2015). Predicting quality of life and happiness based on attachment style. Iranian Journal of Rehabilitation Research1(4), 60-69.
Nourialeagha, B., Ajilchi, B., & Kisely, S. (2020). The mediating role of gratitude in the relationship between attachment styles and psychological well-being. Australasian Psychiatry28(4), 426-430.
Ognibene, T. C., & Collins, N. L. (1998). Adult attachment styles, perceived social support and coping strategies. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships15(3), 323-345.
Oswald, F., & Wahl, H. W. (2004). Housing and health in later life. Reviews on Environmental Health19(3-4), 223-252.‏
Pan, Y., Zhang, D., Liu, Y., Ran, G., & Teng, Z. (2016). Different effects of paternal and maternal attachment on psychological health among Chinese secondary school students. Journal of Child and Family Studies25(10), 2998-3008.
Peterson, C., Ruch, W., Beermann, U., Park, N., & Seligman, M. E. (2007). Strengths of character, orientations to happiness, and life satisfaction. The Journal of Positive Psychology2(3), 149-156.
Pouravari, M., Behboodi, M., & Sharifi, A. (2018). Identifying Pattern of Relationships between Attachment Styles, Life Satisfaction and Perfectionism in University Students. Razavi International Journal of Medicine6(1), 1-6.
Rapoza, K. A., Vassell, K., Wilson, D. T., Robertson, T. W., Manzella, D. J., Ortiz-Garcia, A. L., & Jimenez-Lazar, L. A. (2016). Attachment as a moderating factor between social support, physical health, and psychological symptoms. SAGE Open6(4), 1-13.‏
Regalia, C., & Manzi, C. (2018). Gratitude, Wellbeing, and Prosocial Behavior in Elderly People. In E. Scabini & G. Rossi (Eds.), Living Longer: A Resource for the Family, An Opportunity for Society (p.35-44). Champaign, IL: Common Ground Research Networks.
Rezaei A., Abdolahi M., Akbari Balootbangan A & Kheirkhahan N. (2015). Comparison of Attachment Styles in Elderly Living at Home and Hospice: A Case Study: Semnan, 2013. Journal of Geriatric Nursing, 1(2), 9-21. [Persian]
Rosendahl, E., Gustafson, Y., Nordin, E., Lundin-Olsson, L., & Nyberg, L. (2008). A randomized controlled trial of fall prevention by a high-intensity functional exercise program for older people living in residential care facilities. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research20(1), 67-75.
‏Saeidi, S., Mohammadzadeh Ebrahimi, A & Soleimanian, A. (2018). Structural Model of the Relationships between Gratitude, Marital Relationship Quality and Marital Satisfaction in teachers of Sabzevar City. Journal of Sabzevar Medical Science University, 27(3), 413-421. [Persian]
Şahin, D. S., Özer, Ö., & Yanardağ, M. Z. (2019). Perceived social support, quality of life and satisfaction with life in elderly people. Educational Gerontology45(1), 69-77.
Salvador-Ferrer, C. (2017). The relationship between Gratitude and Life satisfaction in a sample of Spanish university students. Anales De Psicología/Annals of Psychology33(1), 114-119.
Seligman, M. E., Steen, T. A., Park, N., & Peterson, C. (2005). Positive psychology progress: empirical validation of interventions. American Psychologist60(5), 410-421.
Shanesazzadeh, L., & Nadi, M. A. (2018). Structural Model of the Relationship between Big Five Traits, Emotional Intelligence Abilities with Interpersonal Forgiveness among Nursing Students. Iranian Journal of Psychiatric Nursing, 6 (4), 74-82. [Persian]
Sharif, S. P., Amiri, M., Allen, K. A., Nia, H. S., Fomani, F. K., Matbue, Y. H., ... & Waheed, H. (2021). Attachment: the mediating role of hope, religiosity, and life satisfaction in older adults. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes19(1), 1-10.
Shaver, P. R., Mikulincer, M., Alonso-Arbiol, I., & Lavy, S. (2010). Assessment of adult attachment across cultures: Conceptual and methodological considerations. In P. Erdman & K.-M. Ng (Eds.), Family therapy and counseling series. Attachment: Expanding the cultural connections (p. 89–108). New York, NY: Routledge/Taylor & Francis.‏
Shunqin, Y. (2015). Review of effects of “attachment” of the elderly on physical and mental health of old chronic patients. Studies in Asian Social Science2(2), 15-18.‏
Spence, R., Jacobs, C., & Bifulco, A. (2020). Attachment style, loneliness and depression in older age women. Aging & Mental Health24(5), 837-839.
Sümer, N., & Yetkili, O. (2018). Cultural aspects of attachment anxiety, avoidance, and life satisfaction: Comparing the US and Turkey. In Close relationships and happiness across cultures (pp. 165-184). Springer, Cham.
Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S., & Ullman, J. B. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (Vol. 5, pp. 481-498). Boston, Pearson.
Tepeli Temiz, Z., & Tarı Cömert, I. (2018). The Relationship Between Life Satisfaction, Attachment Styles and Psychological Resilience in University Students. The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 31(3), 274-283.
Terry, T., & Huebner, E. S. (1995). The relationship between self-concept and life satisfaction in children. Social Indicators Research35(1), 39-52.
Webster, J. D. (1997). Attachment style and well-being in elderly adults: A preliminary investigation. Canadian Journal on Aging/La Revue canadienne du vieillissement16(1), 101-111.
Wood, A. M., Froh, J. J., & Geraghty, A. W. (2010). Gratitude and well-being: A review and theoretical integration. Clinical Psychology Review30(7), 890-905.‏
Yildirim, M., & Alanazi, Z. S. (2018). Gratitude and life satisfaction: Mediating role of perceived stress. International Journal of Psychological Studies10(3), 21-28.
Zanjari, N., Elsagh, A., sadeghi, R., Nouri, M. (2018). Factors Affecting Life Satisfaction of the Elderly People in Tehran. A Research Journal on Social Work5(16), 101-126. [Persian]