The Effectiveness of Group Logo Therapy on Self-Belief and Feelings of Worthlessness in the Elderly with Type II Diabetes

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Master of Rehabilitation Counseling, Payame Noor University, Qazvin, Iran.

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

Low self-believe and feelings of worthlessness are the most common negative mental and emotional states in the elderly with diabetes, which can have several side effects. Therefore, the present study was to probe the effectiveness of group logo therapy on self-belief and feelings of worthlessness in the elderly with type II diabetes. The research method was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest and control group design. The statistical population included all the elderly with type II diabetes in Qazvin. Stratified sampling method was performed on all eligible individuals in the statistical population. The research tools were Azadi’s self-belief questionnaires and Schwartz’s value scale. Having completed the questionnaires, 80 people with the lowest score in each component (46 females and 34 males) were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups (23 women and 17 men in each group). The experimental group exposed to eight 90-minute Victor Frankel Logo therapy sessions. The data were analyzed using univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) statistical method in SPSS-22 software. The results of indicated that experimental intervention was effective on increasing self-belief and reducing the feelings of worthlessness in the elderly with type II diabetes (p < 0.05). The results also showed that gender factor is effective on increasing the effectiveness of group Logo therapy on increasing the self-belief in the elderly with type II diabetes but not on the effectiveness of group Logo therapy on reducing the sense of worthlessness in the elderly with type II diabetes. It is recommended to use a group Logo therapy program to increase self-belief and reduce the feelings of worthlessness in the elderly with type II diabetes.
References 
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Ameli, M., & Dattilio, F.M. (2013). Enhancing Cognitive Behavior Therapy with Logo therapy: Techniques for Clinical Practice. Journal of Psychotherapy, 50(3), 387-391.
Amiri, M., Saghaei, A., & Abedi, A. (2011). Effectiveness of stress inoculation training (SIT) on general health of diabetic patients. Journal of Applied Psychology, 4(16), 85-100.
Amirifard, F., Yahyayie, G. A. (2017). Effectiveness of Group Logo therapy on Improving the Quality of Life in menopausal women. Bulletin de la Société Royale des Sciences de Liège, 86(special edition), 175 -181.
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Asghari, N., Aliakbari, M., & Dadkhah, A. (2012). The Effects of Group Logo therapy on Decreasing the Degree of Depression in Female Olds. Journal of Disability Studies, 1(2), 31-38. [Persian]
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The Exercise of Control (1st ed.). New York, NY: Worth Publishers.
Bastani, F., & BeigiBoroujeni, P. (2019). The Association between the Perception of Aging and Functional Independence in the Elderly Patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus. Iran Journal of Nursing (IJN), 32(117), 7-21. [Persian]
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Clark, N. M., Gakuru, O. N. (2014). The effect on health and self-confidence of participation in collaborative learning activities. SAGE Journals,Health Education & Behavior, 41, 476-484.
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Hajiazizi, A. H., Bahmani, B., Mahdi, N., ManzariTavakoli, V., & Barshan, A. (2017). Effectiveness of Group Logo therapy on Death Anxiety and Life Expectancy of the Elderly Living in Boarding Houses in Kerman. Iranian Journal of Ageing, 12(2), 220-231. [Persian]
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Keywords


AbbaszadehAhranjani, Sh., Tabatabai, Mulazi, A., & Pajoohi, M. (2009). Diabetes and old age. Iranian Journal of Diabetes and Metabolism, 8(4), 317-330. [Persian]
Ameli, M., & Dattilio, F.M. (2013). Enhancing Cognitive Behavior Therapy with Logo therapy: Techniques for Clinical Practice. Journal of Psychotherapy, 50(3), 387-391.
Amiri, M., Saghaei, A., & Abedi, A. (2011). Effectiveness of stress inoculation training (SIT) on general health of diabetic patients. Journal of Applied Psychology, 4(16), 85-100.
Amirifard, F., Yahyayie, G. A. (2017). Effectiveness of Group Logo therapy on Improving the Quality of Life in menopausal women. Bulletin de la Société Royale des Sciences de Liège, 86(special edition), 175 -181.
Antonucci, t. & Akiyama, T. (1987). An Examination of sex Differences in Social Support Among Older Men and Women. Journal of Sex Roles, 17. 737-749.
Atar, M. (2017). Feelings of worthlessness and the problems that result / What is feelings of worthlessness and what are the consequences? Monthly Specialty Electronic Psychology, 19 (3). 35-23. [Persian]
Arber, S. & Ginn, J. (1995). Connecting Gender and Ageing; A Sociological Approach. Buckingham and Philadelphia: Open University Press.
Asghari, N., Aliakbari, M., & Dadkhah, A. (2012). The Effects of Group Logo therapy on Decreasing the Degree of Depression in Female Olds. Journal of Disability Studies, 1(2), 31-38. [Persian]
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The Exercise of Control (1st ed.). New York, NY: Worth Publishers.
Bastani, F., & BeigiBoroujeni, P. (2019). The Association between the Perception of Aging and Functional Independence in the Elderly Patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus. Iran Journal of Nursing (IJN), 32(117), 7-21. [Persian]
Bastani, S., & ZakariaiSeraji, F. (2012). Gender Differences in Aging: Social Networks and Social Support. Journal of Social Issues Iran, 3(1), 33-57. [Persian]
Blair, R. G. (2004). Helping older adolescents search for meaning in depression. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 26(4), 333–347.
Branden, N. (2001).The Psychology of Self-Esteem: A Revolutionary Approach to Self-Understanding that Launched a New Era in Modern Psychology (1st ed.). New York, NY: Jossey-Bass.
Branden, N. (2009). The power of self-confidence (Translated by B. Dadras). Tehran: Golestan. (Original language release date, 1992). [Persian]
Breitbart, W., Gibson, C., Poppito, Sh. R., & Berg, A. (2004). Psychotherapeutic intervention at the end of life: a focus on meaning and spirituality. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 49(6), 336-372.
Caughey, G. E., Roughead, E. E., Vitry, A. I., McDermott, R. A., Shakib, S., Gilbert, A. l. (2010). Comorbidity in the elderly with diabetes: Identification of areas of potential treatment conflicts. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 87(3), 385-93.
Craig, G. J. (2012). Understanding Human Development, Books a la Carte Edition (3rd ed.). London: Pearson.
Clark, N. M., Gakuru, O. N. (2014). The effect on health and self-confidence of participation in collaborative learning activities. SAGE Journals,Health Education & Behavior, 41, 476-484.
Corey, G. (2015). Theory and application of counseling and psychotherapy (translated by Y. Seyed Mohammadi). (9th ed.). Tehran: Arasbaran. (Original language release date, 2013). [Persian]
De Beauvoir, S. (1970). Modern Classics Old Age. London: Penguin Classic.
Delavari, H. Nasirian, M. & Baezegar bafrooei, K. (2014). Logo therapy effect on anxiety and depression in mothers of children with cancer.  Iranian Journal of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, 4(2), 42-47.
Ellis, A. (2014). The myth of self-belief (Translated by R. Azim). Tehran: Nasle Noandish. (Original language release date, 2006). [Persian]
Elsherbiny, M. M. K., Al Maamari, R. H. (2018). The Effectiveness of Logo therapy in Mitigating the Social Isolation of neglected Institutionalised Older People. The British Journal of Social Work48(4), 1090–1108.
Erikson, E. H. (1998). The life cycle completed. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company.
Fakhar, F. Navabinezhad, SH. & Foroughan, M. (2008). The Role of Group Counseling with Logo-Therapeutic Approach on the Mental Health of Older Women. Iranian Journal of Ageing, 3(1), 58-67. [Persian]
Faramarzi, S., & Bavali, F. (2017). The effectiveness of group logo therapy to improve psychological well-being of mothers with intellectually disabled children. International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 63(1), 41-45.
Frankel, V. E. (1979). The Unheard Cry for Meaning: Psychotherapy and Humanism. New York, NY: Touchstone.
Frankel, V. E. (1984). Man's Search for Meaning: An Introduction to Logo therapy (3th ed.). New York, NY: Touchstone.
Frankel, V. E. (2019). Search within yourself / self-knowledge and self-confidence, how to increase your self-confidence (translated by E. Mubarakizadeh). Tehran: Pol. (Original language release date, 1963). [Persian]
Frouzande, Z., Mami, Sh., & Amani, O. (2020). The Effectiveness of Group Logo therapy on Resiliency, Depression and Quality of Life in Elderly. Journal of Gerontology (joge), 4(4), 19-29. [Persian]
Garcia-Alandete, J. (2015). Does Meaning in Life Predict Psychological Well-Being? An Analysis Using the Spanish Versions of the Purpose-In-Life Test and the Ryff’s Scales. The European Journal of Counselling Psychology, 3(2), 89–98.
Giddens, A. (2007). Sociology. Self-confidence (translated by H. Chavoshian). Tehran: Ney. (Original language release date, 1986). [Persian]
Glicken, M. (2010). Social work in the 21 century. California: SAGA publications.
Golmohammadian, M., Nazari, H., & Parvaneh, A. (2016). Effectiveness of group logo therapy on death anxiety and social adjustment of elderly men. Aging Psychology2(3), 175-167. [Persian]
Hajiazizi, A. H., Bahmani, B., Mahdi, N., ManzariTavakoli, V., & Barshan, A. (2017). Effectiveness of Group Logo therapy on Death Anxiety and Life Expectancy of the Elderly Living in Boarding Houses in Kerman. Iranian Journal of Ageing, 12(2), 220-231. [Persian]
Hajiyosefi, E. (2019). Aging and mental health. Tehran: Nasle Roshan. [Persian]
Heidari, S., NouriTajer, M., Hosseini, F., Inanlou, M., Golgiri, F., & Shirazi, F. (2008). Geriatric Family Support and Diabetic Type-2 Glycemic Control. Iranian Journal of Ageing, 3(2). 573-580. [Persian]
Ho, M. Y., Cheung, F. M., & Cheung, S. F. (2010). The role of meaning in life and optimism in promoting well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(5), 658–663.
Kang, K. A., Im Im, J.  Kim, H. S., Kim, S. J., Song, M. K., & Sim, S. (2009). The Effect of Logo therapy on the Suffering, Finding Meaning, and Spiritual Well-being of Adolescents with Terminal Cancer. Journal of Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing. 15(2). 136-144.
Kang, K. A., Kim, S. J., Song, M. K., & Kim, M. J (2013). Effects of Logo therapy on Life Respect, Meaning of Life, and Depression of Older School-age Children. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 43(1), 91-101.
Kingdon, C. (2009). Sociology for Midwives. London: Quay Books.
Khaledian, M., & Sohrabi, F. (2015). Effectiveness of Group Logo therapy on Reducing Depression and Increasing Hope in Elderly with Empty Nest Syndrome. Journal of Clinical Psychology Studies, 4(15), 79-104. [Persian]
Khaledian, M. Yarahmadi, M. & Mahmoudfakhe, H. (2016). Effect of group logo therapy in reducing depression and increasing hope in drug addicts. Journal of Research & Health Social Development & Health Promotion Research Center, 6(1), 167-174.
KhezriMoghadam, N., Vahidi, S., Ashormahani, M. (2018). Efficiency of Cognitive-Existential Group Therapy on Life Expectancy and Depression of Elderly Residing in Nursing Home. Iranian Journal of Ageing, 13(1). 62-73. [Persian]
Kleftaras, G., & Psarra, E. (2012). Meaning in life, psychological well-being and depressive symptomatology: A comparative study. Journal of Psychology, 3(4), 337–345.
Lazarus, R. S., & Lazarus, B. N. (2006). Coping with aging. England: Oxford University Press.
Mandegari, M. (2013). A comparative study of value system in families with drug addicts and normal families (Unpublished Master Thesis in Psychology). Azad University, Hormozgan. [Persian]
Mann, M., Hosman, C. H., Schaalma, H. P., & Vries, N. K. (2004). Self-esteem in a broad-spectrum approach for mental health promotion. Journal of Health Education Research, 19(4), 357-372.
Mashayekhi, M. (1998). A study of the construction of the elderly population in the country in 1996. Population Quarterly, (25&26). 71-89. [Persian]
Melton, A. M. A., & Schulenberg, S. E. (2007). On the relationship between meaning in life and boredom proneness: Examining a logo therapy postulate. Psychological Reports, 10(3), 1016-1022.
Milani, M. (2019). Meaning therapy / basics and applications of meaning therapy. Tehran: Dorsa. [Persian]
Miller, D. K., Louis, L. Y., Perry, H. M., I. I., Kaiser, F. E., & Morley, J. E. (1999). Reported and Measured Physical Functioning in Older Inner-City Diabetic African Americans. The Journals of Gerontology, 54(5), 230-236.
Miri, M., salehiniya, H., Tiyuri, A., bahlgerdi, M., taghizadeh, A. (2016). Prevalence of mental disorders and its related factors among elderly of Birjand. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 2 (2), 94-103. [Persian]
Mirzaei, M., & Shamsghahfarokhi, M. (2007). Demography of Elder Population in Iran over the Period 1956 To 2006. Iranian Journal of Ageing, 2(3). 326-331. [Persian]
Mohammadi, F. Dokanei Fard, F. Heidari, H. (2014). Effectiveness of Logo Therapy in Hope of Life in the Women Depression. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 159, 643 – 646.
Mosafayi, M. (2004). The role of individual and national self-confidence in the development of the country. Proceedings of the Azad University Science Production Movement Conference. [Persian]
Motamedi, A. (2017). Psychology of Aging. Tehran: Samt. [Persian]
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