دانشگاه رازی روان‌شناسی پیری 2423-7647 10 4 2024 12 21 The Relationship between Sense of Coherence and Perceived Social Support with Resilience: The Mediating Role of Adaptive Cognitive-Emotional Regulation Strategies in Older Adults رابطه حس انسجام و حمایت اجتماعی ادراک شده با تاب‌آوری: نقش میانجی راهبردهای انطباقی تنظیم شناختی هیجانی سالمندان 427 405 3493 10.22126/jap.2025.11026.1801 FA محمدرضا نوروزی همایون گروه مشاوره، دانشکده روانشناسی و علوم‌تربیتی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران 0000-0003-3242-7650 مسعود صادقی گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم آباد، ایران 0000-0002-4020-7132 اسماعیل صدری دمیرچی گروه مشاوره، دانشکده روانشناسی و علوم‌تربیتی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران 0000-0003-0568-052X محمد حاتمی نژاد گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشکده روانشناسی و علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران 0000-0001-9655-0434 Journal Article 2024 08 26 Due to aging, the resilience of older adults, defined as the ability to adapt and cope with challenges, is influenced by psychological factors. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the relationship between the sense of coherence and perceived social support with resilience, with the mediating role of adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies (ACERS) in older adults. This was a descriptive-correlational study, employing structural equation modeling (SEM). The statistical population included all older adults in Khorramabad, Iran in 2023, among whom 250 individuals were selected through convenience sampling. Data were collected using Zimet et al.’s perceived social support, Antonovsky’s sense of coherence, Garnefski and Kraaij’s cognitive emotion regulation, and Connor-Davidson’s resilience scales. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS-26 and AMOS-24 software. Data analysis revealed that the sense of coherence and perceived social support significantly predict the resilience of older adults. Additionally, ACERS acted as a mediator in the relationship between the sense of coherence, perceived social support, and resilience. The findings indicated that both sense of coherence and perceived social support were positively related to resilience through ACERS. These results emphasize the importance of creating supportive environments and strengthening the sense of coherence in older adults to enhance their resilience. Thus, policymakers and social planners should focus on developing educational and supportive programs that enhance these factors to improve the quality of life for older adults. EXTENDED ABSTRACT Introduction Research has shown that resilience, defined as the ability to cope with challenges and recover effectively, plays a critical role in the well-being of older adults. Considering the unique challenges faced during aging, such as declining physical health, chronic illnesses, and social isolation, strengthening resilience has become a key topic in gerontological research. Among the various factors influencing resilience, psychological constructs such as the sense of coherence and perceived social support have garnered significant attention. The sense of coherence, a concept introduced by Antonovsky, reflects an individual’s ability to perceive life as comprehensible, manageable, and meaningful. This concept has been consistently associated with positive psychological and emotional outcomes in the older population. Similarly, perceived social support, which includes emotional, informational, and practical assistance from family, friends, and the community, has been identified as an essential protective factor for older adults, reducing stress and enhancing their adaptability. Additionally, cognitive emotion regulation strategies, particularly adaptive ones, act as mediators in the relationship between psychological and social resources and resilience. However, there is a research gap in examining how these factors interact and their role in the resilience of older adults. Previous studies have primarily investigated these variables independently, without considering their interrelationships in an integrated model. Addressing these gaps in the literature, the present study aimed to examine the relationship between the sense of coherence and perceived social support with resilience in older adults, focusing on the mediating role of adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies (ACMRS). By addressing this gap, the study seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of the factors enhancing resilience and inform the design of interventions to improve the quality of life for older adults. Method The present study was descriptive-correlational in nature, using structural equation modeling (SEM). The statistical population of this study included all older adults aged 60 and above living in Khorramabad County, Iran in 2023. The sample size consisted of 250 individuals (141 men and 109 women) selected through convenience sampling. The inclusion criteria were being aged 60 years or older and willing to participate in the research. The exclusion criteria included having a severe psychiatric or psychological disorder and the use of psychotropic medications based on self-reported medical history. Participants completed a set of standardized tools including Zimet et al.’s perceived social support, Antonovsky’s sense of coherence, Garnefski and Kraaij’s cognitive emotion regulation, and Connor-Davidson’s resilience scales. Data collection took place in public places such as parks, mosques, and cultural centers where older adults typically gather. Detailed instructions were provided to each participant, and the objectives of the study were explained, with an emphasis on the confidentiality of their responses. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their inclusion in the study. For data analysis, descriptive statistics and Pearson’s correlation coefficients were used to examine the bivariate correlations between research variables in SPSS-26, and SEM was analyzed using AMOS-24. Results Prior to conducting statistical analyses, assumptions related to SEM were assessed. The distribution of all variables was confirmed to be normal, and skewness and kurtosis values were within acceptable ranges. No multicollinearity among variables was observed, with tolerance values close to 1 and variance inflation factor (VIF) values less than 2. The fit indices of the proposed model, evaluated through SEM, indicated that the fit indices were within acceptable ranges (CFI=0.97, TLI=0.96, RMSEA=0.06), demonstrating the ability of the model to explain the relationships among variables. The results of direct effect coefficients showed that there is a significant direct relationship between the sense of coherence and resilience (β=0.39, p<0.01) and also a significant direct relationship between perceived social support and resilience (β=0.17, p<0.01). Additionally, ACMRS had a significant direct relationship with both the sense of coherence (β=0.64, p<0.01) and perceived social support (β=0.30, p<0.01). The direct relationship between ACMRS and resilience was also significant (β=0.29, p<0.05). Mediation analysis using the bootstrap method confirmed the partial mediating role of ACMRS in the relationship between the sense of coherence and resilience (β=0.18) and between perceived social support and resilience (β=0.08). In total, the predictor variables were able to explain 62% of the variance in resilience, highlighting the importance of these factors in enhancing the resilience of older adults. These findings provide empirical support for the proposed model and emphasize the role of psychological and social factors, along with adaptive cognitive strategies, in increasing resilience. Conclusion Findings of this study emphasize the crucial role of the sense of coherence and perceived social support in enhancing the resilience of older adults, particularly considering the mediating role of ACMRS. The results indicate that older adults with a stronger sense of coherence, perceiving life as meaningful, comprehensible, and manageable, are better able to cope with life’s challenges and, consequently, exhibit higher levels of resilience. Similarly, perceived social support, which includes emotional, informational, and instrumental support from family, friends, and the community, plays a fundamental role in enhancing resilience by fostering a sense of security and belonging. The mediating role of ACMRS, such as positive reappraisal, refocusing, and acceptance, highlights the importance of emotional regulation in strengthening resilience. These strategies enable older adults to effectively manage negative emotions and stress, thereby improving their ability to adapt to adverse conditions. The findings of this study are consistent with previous research, which has consistently shown that internal resources (such as the sense of coherence) and external resources (such as social support) are vital for enhancing resilience in older adults. Overall, this research provides a comprehensive model for understanding the mechanisms through which the sense of coherence and perceived social support contribute to the resilience of older adults. The findings underscore the importance of strengthening the sense of coherence, expanding social support networks, and teaching ACMRS as a part of interventions to enhance resilience and overall well-being in older adults. These insights can inform the development of targeted programs and policies to support healthy aging and improve the quality of life for older adults. Ethical Consideration This research adhered to all ethical guidelines. Informed consent was obtained from participants, and their confidentiality was maintained. Participation in the study was voluntary, and data were used solely for research purposes. Financial Support This research did not receive any financial support. Authors’ Contributions MHN: Conceptualization, design, Writing–Original Draft, Software Validation, Formal analysis, Visualization, Writing–Review & Editing, Data Curation. MNH: Conceptualization, design, Writing–Original Draft, Visualization, Writing– Review & Editing, Data Curation. MS: Visualization, Writing–Review & Editing. ESD: Visualization, Writing – Review & Editing. Conflict of Interest The author had no conflicts of interest. Acknowledgments The authors would like to express their gratitude to all the participants who contributed to the completion of this research. References Acoba, e. F. (2024). Social support and mental health: The Mediating role of perceived stress. Frontiers in psychology, 15, 1330720. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1330720 Alamdari, N., & Taghvaeinia, A. (2024). The effectiveness of positive education program based on PERMA model on positive thinking and life expectancy in older adults. 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Journal of Personality Assessment, 52, 30-41. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2 با توجه به سن بالا، تاب‌آوری سالمندان به عنوان توانایی سازگاری و مقابله با چالش‌ها، تحت تأثیر عوامل روان شناختی قرار دارد. بنابراین هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی رابطه حس انسجام و حمایت اجتماعی ادراک شده با تاب‌آوری با نقش میانجی راهبردهای انطباقی تنظیم شناختی هیجان سالمندان بود. روش پژوهش حاضر از نوع توصیفی-همبستگی با روش مدلیابی معادلات ساختاری بود. جامعه آماری این مطالعه شامل تمام سالمندان شهرستان خرم آباد در سال 1402 بود که به روش نمونه‌گیری دردسترس، تعداد ۲۵۰ نفر انتخاب شدند. برای جمع‌آوری داده‌ها از پرسش‌نامه‌های حمایت اجتماعی ادراک شده زیمت و همکاران، حس انسجام آنتوونسکی، تنظیم شناختی هیجان گارنفسکی و کرایج، و تاب‌آوری کانر و دیویدسون استفاده شد و اطلاعات به دست آمده با استفاده از نرم‌افزار SPSS26 و AMOS24 تحلیل شدند. تحلیل داده‌ها نشان داد که حس انسجام و حمایت اجتماعی ادراک شده به‌طور معناداری تاب‌آوری سالمندان را پیش‌بینی می‌کند. همچنین، راهبردهای انطباقی تنظیم شناختی هیجان به‌عنوان یک میانجی در رابطه بین حس انسجام، حمایت اجتماعی و تاب‌آوری عمل می‌کند. نتایج نشان می‌دهد که حس انسجام و حمایت اجتماعی ادراک شده از طریق راهبردهای انطباقی تنظیم شناختی هیجان با تاب‌آوری سالمندان رابطه مثبت دارند. این یافته‌ها اهمیت ایجاد محیط‌های حمایتی و تقویت حس انسجام در سالمندان را برای افزایش تاب‌آوری آنها مورد تأکید قرار می‌دهد. بنابراین، سیاست‌گذاران و برنامه‌ریزان اجتماعی باید بر توسعه برنامه‌های آموزشی و حمایتی تمرکز کنند که این عوامل را تقویت نماید تا کیفیت زندگی سالمندان بهبود یابد.

https://jap.razi.ac.ir/article_3493_b84ecea2824d2368347a65c75600b0cb.pdf

دانشگاه رازی روان‌شناسی پیری 2423-7647 10 4 2024 12 21 The Relationship Between Indestructible Healthy Lifestyle Patterns, Levels of Sensation-Seeking and Perceived Stress with Cognitive Performance in Older Adults with Hypertension رابطه الگوهای سالم زیستی خود تجزیه ناپذیر، سطوح هیجان خواهی و استرس ادراک شده با عملکرد شناختی سالمندان مبتلا به فشار خون 448 429 3495 10.22126/jap.2025.11352.1813 FA علی افشاری گروه روانشناسی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه مراغه، مراغه، ایران 0000-0002-3720-6542 Journal Article 2024 10 08 Abstract Hypertension and cognitive impairments are common conditions among older adults. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the Indivisible Self Model of Wellness (IS-WEL), sensation-seeking levels, and perceived stress with cognitive performance in older adults with hypertension. This was a descriptive-correlational study. The study population included all older adults diagnosed with hypertension in Urmia, Iran, in 2023. A total of 215 older adults with hypertension were selected from healthcare centers in Urmia through convenience sampling. Data were collected using Nasreddine et al.’s Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Myers et al.’s Wellness Evaluation of Lifestyle, Zuckerman’s Sensation Seeking Scale, and Cohen’s Perceived Stress Scale. Data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis in SPSS version 22. The results showed significant relationships between cognitive performance and IS-WEL, sensation-seeking, and perceived stress. The predictor variables explained 33% of the variance in cognitive performance (p<.001). Executive functioning accounted for 15%, excitement for 11%, self-socialization for 3%, self-coping for 2%, and perceived stress for 2% of the variance (p<.001). These findings suggest that older adults with hypertension tend to have weak IS-WEL, and high levels of sensation-seeking and perceived stress. Emotional regulation and stress management training are recommended to improve cognitive performance in this population. EXTENDED ABSTRACT Introduction Studies have shown that with the onset of aging, blood pressure tends to increase while cognitive performance declines. In the research literature, various factors have been investigated in relation to cognitive performance among older adults with hypertension, with the Indivisible Self Model of Wellness (IS-WEL) emerging as one of the most significant predictors. IS-WEL is a holistic model of wellness that conceptualizes health as the integrated functioning of multiple life domains, including physical, emotional, social, and spiritual aspects. As individuals grow older and enter later stages of life, the relevance of IS-WEL becomes increasingly pronounced. Another important factor associated with cognitive functioning in older adults is sensation-seeking. Sensation-seeking is rooted in an individual's arousal capacity; those with high levels of sensation-seeking tend to prefer constant mental stimulation, experience boredom with repetitive tasks, and seek out novel and stimulating experiences to maintain arousal. In addition, perceived stress is a psychological factor that can negatively impact cognitive performance, health, and well-being in older adults. Despite the importance of stress, emotional regulation, and healthy lifestyle patterns in this population, these variables have received relatively limited attention in the context of hypertension-related cognitive decline. Accordingly, the present study aimed to examine the relationship of IS-WEL, sensation-seeking, and perceived stress with cognitive performance in older adults with hypertension. Method The present study was fundamental in its objective and descriptive in its methodology. The statistical population consisted of older adults with hypertension residing in Urmia, Iran. A total of 215 individuals (112 men and 103 women) were selected through visits to healthcare centers in Urmia using a convenience sampling method. Initial coordination was made by visiting relevant health centers in Urmia and obtaining permission from their administrators, including the Hamrah Elderly Day Center. In an introductory session, the researcher introduced themselves, explained the study’s purpose to the participants, and provided full instructions on how to complete the questionnaires to ensure honest and voluntary participation. Eligible participants were selected based on inclusion criteria, and efforts were made to establish trust and ensure sincere responses from the sample group. Inclusion criteria were: (1) age between 65 and 85 years, and (2) literacy. Exclusion criteria included: (1) the presence of physical illnesses or psychiatric disorders, (2) use of psychiatric medications within the past year, and (3) unwillingness to participate in the study. Data collection instruments included Nasreddine et al.’s Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Myers et al.’s Wellness Evaluation of Lifestyle, Zuckerman’s Sensation Seeking Scale, and Cohen’s Perceived Stress Scale. On average, each participant required approximately 40 to 60 minutes to complete the questionnaires. The questionnaires were distributed among participants, and instructions were provided to ensure accurate completion. Participants were informed about the anonymity and confidentiality of their responses, and written informed consent was obtained prior to participation. Incomplete or invalid questionnaires were excluded from the final analysis. Following data collection, responses were entered into SPSS version 22 for statistical analysis. Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analysis were employed to analyze the data. Results Prior to conducting data analysis, the distribution of scores for all variables was assessed and found to be normal, and the assumptions of multicollinearity were satisfied. The independence of errors was evaluated using the Durbin-Watson statistic, with a coefficient of 1.91 indicating no autocorrelation. Following confirmation of the necessary assumptions, the study’s conceptual model was tested using stepwise multiple regression to predict cognitive performance based on sensation-seeking, perceived stress, and self-destructive healthy lifestyle patterns. The results of the regression analysis are presented in Table 1. Based on the results presented in Table 1, the predictor variables collectively explained 33% of the variance in cognitive performance (R²=.33). Specifically, executive functioning accounted for 15%, excitement for 11%, self-socialization for 3%, self-coping for 2%, and perceived stress for 2% of the variance. The F-statistic for the overall regression model was significant at the .001 level, indicating that the combination of these five variables significantly predicts cognitive performance. Conclusion The association between healthy lifestyle patterns and cognitive performance in older adults with hypertension highlights the importance of promoting health-enhancing behaviors and ensuring optimal blood pressure control. Such efforts can contribute to an improved quality of life and a reduction in the burden of cognitive disorders among older adults. There exists a complex relationship between sensation-seeking tendencies and cognitive performance in older adults, particularly those with hypertension. Some studies have suggested that moderate levels of sensation-seeking may support the maintenance of cognitive functioning in this population. Individuals with moderate sensation-seeking tendencies are more likely to engage in cognitively and physically stimulating activities, which, in turn, may help preserve or even enhance cognitive abilities. In contrast, elevated levels of perceived stress have been shown to negatively influence cognitive functioning. Among older adults with hypertension, higher stress levels may disrupt daily routines, reduce adherence to healthy behaviors, and ultimately impair cognitive performance. Unhealthy lifestyle patterns can exacerbate both stress and hypertension, thereby compounding their detrimental effects on cognition. Conversely, adherence to a healthy lifestyle, characterized by regular physical activity, proper nutrition, stress management, and adequate social engagement, can enhance cognitive function and mitigate the adverse effects of both hypertension and psychological stress in older individuals. These findings emphasize the need for integrated health interventions targeting lifestyle modification in hypertensive older adults to protect and sustain cognitive health. Ethical Consideration Ethics Code This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Maragheh University with the ethics code 015 IR.UM.1402. Financial Support This research did not receive any financial support. Authors’ Contributions The author was responsible for all aspects of conducting the study. Conflict of Interest The author had no conflicts of interest. 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Https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-006x.46.1.139 فشار خون بالا و نارسایی‌های شناختی، اختلالات معمول در سالمندان است. بنابر‌این، این مطالعه با هدف بررسی رابطه الگوهای سالم زیستی خودتجزبه ناپذیر، سطوح هیجان ‌خواهی و استرس ادراک‌شده با عملکرد شناختی سالمندان مبتلا به پرفشاری خون انجام شد. این پژوهش توصیفی از نوع همبستگی بود. جامعه آماری این پژوهش را سالمندان مبتلا به فشار خون شهر ارومیه در سال 1402 تشکیل می‌دادند. با مراجعه به مراکز بهداشتی درمانی شهر ارومیه تعداد 215 فرد سالمند مبتلا به فشار خون به روش نمونه‌گیری در دسترس انتخاب شدند. برای جمع‌آوری داده‌ها از پرسش‌نامه‌های شناختی مونترال نصرالدین و همکاران، سالم زیستی خود تجزیه ناپذیر میرز و همکاران، حس جستجوی زاکرمن و استرس ادراک‌شده کوهن استفاده شد. برای تحلیل داده‌ها از آزمون پیرسون و رگرسیون چندگانه در نرم‌افزار SPSS-22 استفاده شد. نتایج بدست آمده نشان داد که عملکرد شناختی سالمندان مبتلا به پرفشاری خون با سالم زیستی خود تجزیه ناپذیر و سطوح هیجان‌خواهی و استرس ادراک شده رابطه معناداری دارد. متغیرهای پیش بین 33 درصد نمره عملکرد شناختی را تبیین کردند (001/0). میزان اعمال اجرایی 15/0، هیجان زدگی 11/0، خود اجتماعی 3/0، خود مقابله‌ای 2/0 و استرس ادراک شده 2/0 از تغییرات عملکرد شناختی را پیش‌بینی کردند (001/0). بنابراین، در سالمندان مبتلا به فشارخون بالا الگوهای سالم زیستی خود تجزیه ناپذیر ضعیف بوده و سطوح هیجان‌خواهی و استرس ادراک شده در سطح بالایی است. برای کمک به این سالمندان باید مهارت‌های کنترل هیجانات و مدیریت استرس را آموزش داد.

https://jap.razi.ac.ir/article_3495_d20ef1d4f9b4be238eb3539d195a1ea0.pdf

دانشگاه رازی روان‌شناسی پیری 2423-7647 10 4 2024 12 21 The Effectiveness of Social Cognition and Interaction Training on Cognitive and Affective Theory of Mind in Cognitively Healthy Older Adults اثربخشی آموزش شناخت اجتماعی و تعامل بر نظریه ذهن شناختی و عاطفی سالمندان بدون مشکلات شناختی 468 449 3496 10.22126/jap.2025.11208.1808 FA سوسن علیزاده فرد گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران 0000-0002-5650-8554 طاهره دودل گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران 0009-0002-4809-8759 Journal Article 2024 09 09 One of the new psychosocial interventions designed to address social cognitive deficits is Social Cognition and Interaction Training (SCIT). To date, this educational approach has not been applied to improve social cognition in older adults without cognitive impairments. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of SCIT in enhancing cognitive and affective theory of mind in older adults without cognitive impairments. The study was quasi-experimental research with a pretest-posttest-follow-up design. The statistical population consisted of individuals with healthy cognitive functions, aged 65 to 75 years in Tehran, Iran. A total of 46 participants were selected with a convenience method and based on eligibility criteria. Participants were randomly assigned to an experimental group (22 members) and a control group (24 members). The experimental group received twenty 60-minute training sessions, held three times a week. This study utilized the Montreal Cognitive Assessment and the Yoni task for cognitive and affective theory of mind. Data were analyzed using univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) in SPSS version 23. The results indicated that SCIT significantly improved both cognitive and affective theory of mind scores in the experimental group in posttest and follow-up (with a four-week time interval) phases (p<.01). Based on these findings, SCIT can be considered as an effective method for reducing social cognitive challenges in older adults and improving their social interactions. EXTENDED ABSTRACT Introduction Research indicates that cognitive abilities, including social cognition, tend to decline with age. Social cognition is a broad concept divided into various subdomains, among which theory of mind has received the most research attention. This complex ability consists of two components: an affective component, which involves understanding others’ emotions, and a cognitive component, which involves understanding the intentions behind their actions. Recent studies have confirmed that impairments in social cognition and theory of mind lead to difficulties in effective interactions and healthy social communication among older adults. Furthermore, such issues are associated with the emergence of other serious cognitive, psychological, physical, and social challenges in later life. One promising psychosocial intervention designed to address social cognitive difficulties and enhance theory of mind is Social Cognition and Interaction Training (SCIT). Although the effectiveness of this intervention has been well-documented, there has been little research specifically examining its impact on the affective and cognitive aspects of theory of mind in older adults. Considering this gap in the literature, the present study aims to investigate the effectiveness of SCIT on the affective and cognitive theory of mind in cognitively healthy older adults. Method The present study was quasi-experimental research using a pretest-posttest-follow-up with a control group design. The statistical population included individuals aged 65 to 75 years in Tehran, Iran in 2023, among whom 46 participants were selected using a convenience sampling method and based on eligibility criteria. Participants were randomly assigned to an experimental group (22 members) and a control group (24 members). The inclusion criteria were (1) being aged 65 to 75 years, (2) the absence of cognitive impairment, (3) literacy in reading and writing, and (4) a score above 26 on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. The exclusion criteria were (1) presence of psychological, physical, or other conditions interfering with the study process, and (2) sensory or motor impairments preventing task performance. All participants completed the Montreal Cognitive Assessment and Yoni task for affective and cognitive theory of mind as pretests. Subsequently, the experimental group underwent a group-based SCIT program, while the control group remained on a waiting list without any training at the same time. The intervention consisted of twenty 60- minute training sessions, held three times a week. Following the intervention period, the Yoni task was re-administered to both groups as a posttest, and again after four weeks as a follow-up assessment. Data analysis was conducted using univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) in SPSS-23 software. Results Before data analysis, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test confirmed the normal distribution of the scores for all variables. The assumptions of homogeneity of variances (using Levene's test) and homogeneity of regression coefficients (via interaction effects of the independent variable and pretest scores on posttest and follow-up scores for each dependent variable) were also verified. Hypotheses were tested using ANCOVA. The ANCOVA results for differences between the two groups in affective and cognitive theory of mind at the posttest phase showed that the F-value for cognitive theory of mind (23.864) was significant (p<.001). Similarly, the F-value for affective theory of mind (5.187) was significant (p<.001). These findings indicate significant differences between the experimental and control groups at the posttest phase. Therefore, SCIT resulted in a significant increase in the mean scores of both cognitive and affective theory of mind in the experimental group. The ANCOVA results for differences between the two groups at the follow-up phase showed that the F-value for cognitive theory of mind (6.311) was significant (p<.05), and the F-value for affective theory of mind (31.487) was significant (p<.001). These findings demonstrate significant differences between the two groups at the follow-up phase as well. Accordingly, SCIT led to sustained and significant increases in the scores of both cognitive and affective theory of mind at the follow-up phase compared to their pretest in the experimental group. This indicates that SCIT was effective in the enhancing scores of cognitive and affective theory of mind, with these improvements persisting up to four weeks after the end of intervention. Conclusion Two types of social cognitive dysfunction, deficits and biases, commonly emerge in later life. This treatment addresses deficits by teaching strategies aimed at improving neurocognitive functions such as memory and concentration. Bias-focused methods involve identifying potential biases, reshaping individuals’ perspectives on them, and practicing skills to reduce their influence. Through this educational approach, individuals learn to integrate interventions targeting both deficits and biases to better gather social cues and evaluate evidence for more accurate social judgments. Initially, participants are encouraged to generate alternative interpretations to correct distorted social judgments. Over time, the focus expands to understanding how different judgments can lead to various social and emotional outcomes. Rather than promoting rigidly correct but unproductive thinking, this approach emphasizes the gradual development of flexible and functional thought patterns. Participants are also encouraged to increase their awareness of thoughts and emotions, experiencing them as reflections of both themselves and the external world. Additionally, they are guided to adopt others’ perspectives, recognizing that the way they interpret situations shapes how they feel about themselves and their environment. Ethical Consideration Ethical Code This research has been approved by the Ethics Committee of Payame Noor University and is registered under the ethics code IR.PNU.REC.1401.344. Financial Support This study received no financial support. Authors’ Contributions A. 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Psychophysiology, 58, Article 13796. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.13796 یکی از مداخلات روانی-اجتماعی جدیدی که با هدف رفع مشکلات شناخت اجتماعی طراحی شده است، آموزش شناخت اجتماعی و تعامل می ‏باشد. تاکنون این شیوه آموزشی برای ارتقای شناخت اجتماعی سالمندان بدون مشکلات شناختی بکار گرفته نشده است. بنابراین هدف این پژوهش بررسی اثربخشی آموزش شناخت اجتماعی و تعامل بر ارتقای نظریه ذهن شناختی و عاطفی در سالمندان بدون مشکلات شناختی بود. این پژوهش یک مطالعه نیمه آزمایشی با طرح پیش‌آزمون-پس‌آزمون-پیگیری ‏بود. جامعه آماری شامل سالمندان ۶۵ تا ۷۵ سال بدون مشکلات شناختی شهر تهران بود که تعداد 46 سالمند بر اساس نمونه گیری در دسترس و معیارهای ورود به مطالعه انتخاب، و به‏ طور تصادفی در دو گروه آزمایش (۲۲ نفر) و گواه (24 نفر) گمارش شدند. گروه آزمایش در ۲۰ جلسه هفتگی 60 دقیقه‌‏ای به صورت سه بار در هفته آموزش دیدند. در این پژوهش از آزمون ارزیابی شناختی مونترال و آزمون نظریه ذهن شناختی و عاطفی یونی استفاده شد. داده‏‌ها با شیوه تحلیل کوواریانس تک‌متغیری و استفاده از نرم‏‌افزار SPSS نسخه 23 مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که آموزش شناخت اجتماعی و تعامل، نمرات نظریه ذهن شناختی و عاطفی گروه آزمایش را در مرحله پس‌آزمون و پیگیری (4 هفته بعد) به شکل معناداری افزایش داد (01/0P<). براساس یافته‏‌های این پژوهش، می ‏توان از آموزش شناخت اجتماعی و تعامل به‏ عنوان یک روش مؤثر در جهت کاهش مشکلات شناخت اجتماعی سالمندان و بهبود روابط اجتماعی آنان استفاده نمود.

https://jap.razi.ac.ir/article_3496_752f1cb63e87c9b10b33b1e25ecf0e96.pdf

دانشگاه رازی روان‌شناسی پیری 2423-7647 10 4 2024 12 21 The Relationship Between Distress Tolerance and Perceived Social Support with Life Satisfaction among Older Adults Residing in Nursing Homes رابطه تحمل پریشانی و حمایت اجتماعی ادراک شده با رضایت از زندگی در سالمندان مقیم سرای سالمندان 486 469 3603 10.22126/jap.2025.11373.1814 FA نازنین مطهری گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روان‌شناسی، واحد اصفهان (خوراسگان)، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اصفهان، ایران. 0009-0002-2392-4567 هاجر ترکان گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روان‌شناسی، واحد اصفهان (خوراسگان)، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اصفهان، ایران. 0000-0002-0036-6964 Journal Article 2024 09 11 Life satisfaction is considered one of the key variables in mental health among older adults and is associated with various factors. Consequently, the present study aimed to determine the relationship between distress tolerance and perceived social support with life satisfaction among older adults residing in nursing homes. This descriptive correlational study included a population consisted of all older adults living in nursing homes in Isfahan, Iran in 2024. A total of 150 individuals were selected using a convenience sampling method. The measures included Simons and Gaher’s stress tolerance, Zimet’s perceived social support, and Diener’s satisfaction with life questionnaires. Data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis in SPSS version 26 software. The results indicated a significant relationship between distress tolerance and perceived social support with life satisfaction among nursing home residents (p<.001), which together explained 90.1% of the variance in life satisfaction. Perceived social support had a greater contribution to this prediction. In conclusion, by identifying the variables of distress tolerance and perceived social support, it is possible to predict the life satisfaction of nursing home residents. Based on the findings, it is recommended that greater attention be given to these psychological variables by professionals working in the field of aging psychology. EXTENDED ABSTRACT Introduction The complexities of modern life have reduced the capacity of family members to care for older adults. Consequently, the number of older adults residing in nursing homes has been steadily increasing. In such circumstances, one critical factor influencing mental health in aging, namely life satisfaction, can undergo significant changes. Life satisfaction among older adults is influenced by demographic and clinical characteristics, including age, leisure activities, family and social relationships, income, and employment status. Research has shown that lower distress tolerance is associated with reduced life satisfaction, and there is a significant positive correlation between distress tolerance and life satisfaction. Furthermore, perceived social support has a direct and significant relationship with life satisfaction and is identified as a predictive variable for life satisfaction. Despite the identified relationships between these variables and life satisfaction, no study has examined these relationships to date among older adults residing in nursing homes. Therefore, this study aims to address the research gap by exploring the relationship between distress tolerance, perceived social support, and life satisfaction in nursing home residents. Method This descriptive correlational study targeted all older adults residing in nursing homes in Isfahan, Iran during 2024. A sample of 150 individuals (48 men and 102 women) was selected from Sadeghieh Nursing home in Isfahan through convenience sampling, based on the formula for correlational studies proposed by Fidell and Tabachnick (2007). Inclusion criteria included: (1) age 65 or older, (2) a minimum of three months of residency in the nursing home, (3) basic reading and writing literacy, and (4) willingness and consent to participate in the study. Exclusion criteria included: (1) acute psychiatric disorders, and (2) physical limitations or illnesses preventing participation in the study. Eligible participants who agreed to cooperate were asked to carefully complete Simons and Gaher’s stress tolerance, Zimet’s perceived social support, and Diener’s satisfaction with life questionnaires. Any ambiguities encountered during the survey were addressed patiently. For data analysis, descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) were used to present the status of predictive and criterion variables, while inferential statistics included Pearson’s correlation and multiple regression analyses performed using SPSS software version 26. Results To assess the normality of the research data, skewness and kurtosis indices were utilized. Based on the results, the skewness and kurtosis values were within the acceptable range (-2 to 2). Therefore, the assumption of normality was met. The tolerance values for all predictor variables exceeded 0.1, and the variance inflation factors were less than 10, indicating no multicollinearity issues in the regression model. Additionally, the Durbin-Watson test value was 1.96 (within the acceptable range of 1.5 to 2.5), confirming that the assumption of residual independence was met. The results of the Pearson’s correlation test revealed a significant positive relationship between distress tolerance, including its components (emotional distress tolerance, absorption by negative emotions, subjective evaluation of distress, and regulation of efforts to alleviate distress) with life satisfaction (p<.01). Furthermore, a significant positive relationship was found between perceived social support and its components (family support, friend support, and support from significant others) with life satisfaction (p<.01). The predictor variables, including distress tolerance and perceived social support, played a significant role in predicting life satisfaction among older adults residing in nursing homes. Using the enter method of multiple regression, a significant model was obtained (Adjusted R²=.901, P<.001, F=341.042), accounting for 90.1% of the variance in life satisfaction among older adults in nursing homes. Perceived social support was the strongest predictor of life satisfaction. Among the components of distress tolerance, absorption by negative emotions, subjective evaluation of distress, and regulation of efforts to alleviate distress significantly contributed to predicting life satisfaction, with absorption by negative emotions having the highest contribution. All components of perceived social support (family support, friend support, and support from significant others) significantly predicted life satisfaction, with family support having the greatest contribution. Conclusion Distress tolerance refers to individual differences in the ability to endure emotional discomfort. The greater this endurance, the higher the distress tolerance. Consequently, the greater the capacity to experience and tolerate psychological situations and negative emotional states (inevitable aspects of life), the more positively it impacts an individual's life satisfaction. In fact, in later adulthood, life satisfaction reflects a successful aging process. The foundation of life satisfaction in older adulthood lies in addressing basic needs, coping with adversities, and accepting challenging past and present circumstances. Perceived social support refers to an individual’s evaluation of the availability of support in times of need. This perception significantly influences physical and mental well-being, life satisfaction, and quality of life. It is recognized as a moderating factor in coping with stressful life situations. As one of the strongest psychological coping resources, perceived social support aids individuals in effectively handling high-stress conditions. Thus, perceived social support creates an essential psychological adaptation mechanism for older adults, influencing how they accept and feel satisfied with their current life circumstances. Ethical Consideration Ethical Code To comply with ethical research standards, the ethical approval code was obtained (IR.IAU.KHUISF.REC.1403.102) from the Ethics Committee of Islamic Azad University, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch. Financial Support This study received no financial support. 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Journal of Personality Assessment, 52, 30-41. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2 رضایت از زندگی یکی از متغیرهای مهم در سلامت روان سالمندان است که با عوامل متعددی مرتبط است. از این رو، پژوهش حاضر با هدف تعیین رابطه تحمل پریشانی و حمایت اجتماعی ادراک شده با رضایت از زندگی در سالمندان مقیم سرای سالمندان انجام شد. روش پژوهش حاضر توصیفی از نوع همبستگی و جامعه آماری آن شامل کلیه سالمندان مقیم سرای سالمندان شهر اصفهان در سال ۱۴۰۳ بود که از بین آن‌ها ۱۵۰ نفر به عنوان نمونه به صورت در دسترس انتخاب شدند. ابزارهای پژوهش شامل پرسش‌نامه تحمل پریشانی سیمونز و گاهر، پرسش‌نامه حمایت اجتماعی ادراک شده زیمت و پرسش‌نامه رضایت از زندگی داینر بود. داده‌ها از طریق روش‌های ضریب همبستگی پیرسون و رگرسیون چندگانه به روش همزمان مورد تحلیل قرار گرفتند و از نرم‌افزار آماری SPSS نسخه ۲۶ استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد که بین تحمل پریشانی و حمایت اجتماعی ادراک شده با رضایت از زندگی در سالمندان مقیم سرای سالمندان رابطه معناداری وجود دارد (001/0>P) و در مجموع توانستند 1/90 درصد از واریانس متغیر رضایت از زندگی را پیش‌بینی کنند و حمایت اجتماعی ادراک شده سهم بیش‌تری در این پیش‌بینی داشت. بنابراین نتیجه گرفته می‌شود که با دانستن متغیرهای تحمل پریشانی و حمایت اجتماعی ادراک شده می‌توان رضایت از زندگی سالمندان مقیم سرای سالمندان را پیش‌بینی کرد و پیشنهاد می‌شود توجه به این متغیرهای روان‌شناختی بیش از گذشته مورد توجه متخصصان حوزه سالمندی قرار گیرد.

https://jap.razi.ac.ir/article_3603_83a23f64eee59427621700bdd2c2ee6b.pdf

دانشگاه رازی روان‌شناسی پیری 2423-7647 10 4 2024 12 21 The Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence and Psychological Well-Being in Older Adults: The Mediating Role of Prosocial Behaviors رابطه هوش هیجانی با بهزیستی روان‌شناختی سالمندان: نقش میانجی رفتارهای مطلوب اجتماعی 507 487 3609 10.22126/jap.2025.11266.1811 FA هانیه رضاپور حسن کیاده گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه ازاد اسلامی، رشت، ایران 0009-0001-4851-9608 آذر کیامرثی گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه ازاد اسلامی، رشت، ایران 0000-0002-8716-9743 Journal Article 2024 10 23 Based on research evidence, various factors influence the psychological well-being (PWB) of older adults. Accordingly, this study aimed to examine the relationship between emotional intelligence and PWB in older individuals, with the mediating role of prosocial behaviors. This was a correlational study, using the path analysis method. The study population included individuals over 60 years residing in Rezvanshahr County, Iran in 2024. The sample consisted of 320 participants (160 men and 160 women), selected through convenience sampling and based on predefined eligibility criteria. Data were collected using Bradberry and Greaves’s emotional intelligence, Ryff’s PWB (short form), and Carlo and Randall’s prosocial tendencies (revised version) questionnaires. The collected data were analyzed using path analysis and bootstrap testing in SPSS version 24 and AMOS version 24. Findings indicated a significant direct relationship between emotional intelligence and PWB. Additionally, prosocial behaviors served as a mediator in the relationship between emotional intelligence and PWB. These findings highlight the importance of prosocial behaviors as a significant factor in the relationship between emotional intelligence and PWB in older adults. It is recommended that training programs be provided on emotional intelligence and prosocial behaviors to foster the flourishing and well-being of this population. EXTENDED ABSTRACT Introduction Research has shown that psychological well-being (PWB) refers to having a positive perception of oneself and life. Furthermore, studies indicate a relationship between emotional intelligence and PWB in older adults. This is because a primary goal for individuals, particularly during later life stages, is to experience happiness, vitality, and meaningful, reciprocal engagement with the surrounding world. Emotional intelligence encompasses all the above-mentioned aspects, as it involves managing one’s behavior, coping with social challenges, and achieving positive outcomes through critical decision-making. Existing research has established that emotional intelligence and PWB are interconnected in older adults. However, limited studies have explored the mediating variables that shape this relationship. Across all age groups, individuals tend to exhibit prosocial behaviors, which foster respectful and mutual relationships. As such, prosocial behaviors are considered a significant contributor to PWB in older individuals. Although the relationship between emotional intelligence and PWB has been previously documented, the mediating role of prosocial behaviors in this dynamic within the context of later life remains understudied. Therefore, given this gap in the literature, the present study aimed to examine the relationship between emotional intelligence and PWB, with a focus on the mediating role of prosocial behaviors. Method This was a correlational study using the path analysis method. The statistical population consisted of all individuals over 60 years residing in Rezvanshahr County, Iran during 2023–2024. The participants included 320 individuals (160 men and 160 women) selected through convenience sampling and based on predefined eligibility criteria in public places. Inclusion criteria were: (1) being 60 years or above, (2) possessing adequate hearing and speech abilities for interaction, and (3) the ability to comprehend and respond to questions. Exclusion criteria included: (1) having chronic physical or mental illnesses, neuropsychological problems, or neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, brain injury, Huntington’s disease, and stroke, as determined during the initial interview. Participants completed Bradberry and Greaves’s emotional intelligence, Ryff’s PWB, and Carlo and Randall’s prosocial tendencies questionnaires. The researcher conducted on-site data collection by visiting various public locations such as parks, mosques, and public pathways across Rezvanshahr during different times of the day where older adults were likely to be present. After the initial interview, questionnaires were given to participants who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The collected data were analyzed using path analysis and bootstrap testing in SPSS version 24 and AMOS version 24 software. Results Before evaluating the proposed research model, the assumptions of normal distribution and sample size adequacy were examined. To assess the normality of the research variables Skewness and kurtosis were used. The results indicated that the score distributions for all variables fell within the ±2 range, suggesting an approximate normal distribution. The results from this phase confirmed that the assumptions were met and that the data were ready for model testing. The findings demonstrated a significant positive direct relationship between emotional intelligence and prosocial behaviors (p<.01). Additionally, there was a significant positive direct relationship between emotional intelligence and PWB (p<.01). Furthermore, the relationship between emotional intelligence and PWB through the mediating role of prosocial behaviors was also found to be significant (p<.01). Overall, based on the goodness-of-fit indices for the proposed model, it can be concluded that the model presented in this study is acceptable. Figure 1 illustrates the final research model, where the model’s pathways were found to be significant. According to the final model outcomes, the direct pathways were significant (p<.01). To estimate and determine the significance of the pathways, the bootstrap test in AMOS software was employed. The bootstrap test demonstrated the indirect effects. The indirect effect coefficient between emotional intelligence and PWB (β=.39, p=.01) was positive and significant (p<.01). Based on these findings, it can be concluded that prosocial behaviors significantly mediate the positive relationship between emotional intelligence and PWB. Conclusion PWB in older adulthood is a critical factor that is essential for maintaining mental health. As individuals enter this stage of life, their social circle and interpersonal relationships tend to narrow, reducing their interactions with others, which in turn diminishes PWB and contributes to lower life satisfaction. Enhancing emotional intelligence in older adults can significantly improve their self-awareness, understanding of others, and ability to effectively communicate and adapt to their environment and society. Given that social relationships and being socially accepted are of great importance to older adults, focusing on their emotional intelligence as a means of enhancing PWB can play a vital role. Despite the challenges associated with aging, such as loneliness, loss of a spouse, and increasing physical illnesses, emotional intelligence can help mitigate the resulting social isolation and psychological effects. Emotional intelligence, as a personal trait, serves as a key determinant of mental health in older adults. It directly influences various aspects of PWB, contributing to greater satisfaction in their lives. Ethical Consideration Ethical Code This article is derived from a Master's thesis in General Psychology at the Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch, with the ethics code IR.IAU.RASHT.REC.1403.002. Financial Support This study received no financial support. Authors’ Contributions H.R: Conceptualization, Software, Formal analysis, Data curation, Writing-Original draft; A.K: Methodology, Software, Validation, Project administration, Writing-Review & editing Conflict of Interest The authors had no conflicts of interest. Acknowledgments Acknowledgments are extended to all participants and everyone who contributed to the implementation of this study. References Afshari, A., & Rezai, R. (2023). 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[Persian] براساس شواهد پژوهشی عوامل مختلفی بر بهزیستی روان‌شناختی سالمندان ‌‌‌‌تأثیر می‌گذارد. بنابراین این پژوهش با هدف بررسی رابطه بین هوش هیجانی و بهزیستی روان‌شناختی سالمندان با نقش میانجی رفتارهای مطلوب اجتماعی انجام شد. طرح پژوهش همبستگی با روش تحلیل مسیر بود. جامعه آماری پژوهش شامل سالمندان بالای 60 سال شهرستان رضوانشهر در سال 1403 بود. نمونه پژوهش 320 سالمند (160 مرد و 160 زن) بود که به روش نمونه‌گیری در دسترس براساس ملاک ورود و خروج انتخاب شدند. جهت جمع‌آوری داده‌ها از ‌‌پرسش‌نامه‌های هوش هیجانی برادبری و گریوز، بهزیستی روان‌شناختی فرم کوتاه ریف و گرایش‌های اجتماعی مطلوب تجدید نظر شده کارلو و راندال استفاده شد. داده‌های جمع آوری شده از طریق نرم‌افزار SPSS نسخه 24 و AMOS نسخه 24 با استفاده از تحلیل مسیر و آزمون بوت استرپ مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. یافته‌ها نشان دادند هوش هیجانی با بهزیستی روان‌شناختی رابطه معنادار دارد؛ همچنین رفتارهای مطلوب اجتماعی نقش میانجی در رابطه بین هوش هیجانی و بهزیستی روان‌شناختی در سالمندان دارد. این یافته اهمیت رفتارهای مطلوب اجتماعی را بیان می‌کند که نقش معناداری در رابطه بین هوش هیجانی و بهزیستی روان‌شناختی سالمندان ایفا می‌کند. پیشنهاد می‌شود با آموزش‌هایی در زمینه هوش هیجانی و رفتارهای مطلوب اجتماعی، زمینه شکوفایی و بهزیستی سالمندان را فراهم ساخت.

https://jap.razi.ac.ir/article_3609_f3c1f0d3a3e3749ff14100ad97524385.pdf

دانشگاه رازی روان‌شناسی پیری 2423-7647 10 4 2025 01 15 The Relationship Between Attitudes Toward Aging and Feelings of Loneliness Through the Mediating Role of Resilience and Self-Esteem in Iranian Older Adults رابطه بین نگرش به سالمندی و احساس تنهایی از طریق نقش میانجی تاب‌آوری و عزت نفس در سالمندان ایرانی 524 509 3663 10.22126/jap.2025.11692.1833 FA خدامراد مومنی گروه روان‌شناسی،دانشکده علوم اجتماعی،دانشگاه رازی،کرمانشاه،ایران 0000-0001-5129-2451 محمدرضا مجذوبی گروه روان شناس رشد و بالینی طول عمر، دانشگاه زیگن، زیگن، آلمان 0000-0001-5499-431X سرنا سابتینی گروه روان‌شناسی بالینی و روان‌زیست‌شناسی، دانشگاه بارسلونا، بارسلونا، اسپانیا 0000-0002-3618-6949 پریسا نصرتی گروه روان‌شناسی،دانشکده علوم اجتماعی،دانشگاه رازی،کرمانشاه،ایران 0000-0002-8543-3168 Journal Article 2024 10 01 Individuals’ attitudes toward aging (ATA) play a crucial role in their quality of life, particularly in reducing feelings of loneliness. Psychological factors such as resilience and self-esteem may serve as effective mediators in mitigating the negative effects of aging-related changes on loneliness. Therefore, this study aims to examine the relationship between ATA and loneliness, with the mediating roles of resilience and self-esteem in older adults (60 and over) in Iran. This study utilized a descriptive-correlational design, using structural equation modeling (SEM). The target population consisted of older adults residing in Kermanshah Province, Iran in 2024. A sample of 320 participants was selected through convenience sampling. Data were collected in person using standardized questionnaires, including Laidlaw et al.’s ATA Scale, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and UCLA Loneliness Scale. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS26 and AMOS24 software. Findings revealed that higher positive ATA was associated with lower loneliness. This effect was observed both directly and indirectly through the mediation of resilience and self-esteem. Resilience and self-esteem played a significant mediating role in the relationship between ATA and loneliness. Although longitudinal evidence is needed to investigate the causal pathway, the results of the current study suggest that it may be important to enhance psychological factors, such as resilience and self-esteem, as well as to foster positive ATA, as key strategies to reduce social isolation among older adults. These results offer valuable insights for developing supportive policies and comprehensive programs to reduce the sense of loneliness in older adults. EXTENDED ABSTRACT Introduction Loneliness emerges as one of the critical challenges in the aging process, profoundly affecting individuals’ mental health, well-being, and longevity. Loneliness affects the emotional, social, and physical dimensions of life and is associated with negative outcomes such as depression, anxiety, and social isolation. Additionally, loneliness can itself be a consequence of social isolation, creating a reinforcing cycle. Among factors influencing loneliness, subjective aging is particularly significant, referring to individuals’ perceptions of their own aging process, which can differ from their chronological age. Several measures exist to assess subjective aging, including felt age, aging perceptions, awareness of age-related changes and attitudes toward aging (ATA, individuals’ feelings and beliefs about their personal aging experience). ATA is associated with better physical and mental health, improved cognitive functioning, and prolonged life expectancy. Individuals with positive ATA focus on age-related gains, such as greater freedom and accumulated wisdom. In contrast, negative ATA is characterized by a focus on losses, such as decreased energy and memory decline, which can contribute to loneliness and psychological distress. Resilience and self-esteem are vital psychological factors that mediate the relationship between ATA and loneliness. Resilience enables individuals to recover quickly and adapt to adversity, while self-esteem represents an individual’s sense of self-worth and competence. Despite the importance of these factors, their mediating roles in the context of ATA and loneliness remain insufficiently explored. This study aims to examine the relationship between ATA and loneliness, along with the mediating roles of resilience and self-esteem. Method This cross-sectional study employed a descriptive-correlational design using structural equation modeling (SEM). The statistical population included all individuals aged 60 years and older residing in Kermanshah Province, Iran, in 2024–2025. A total of 320 participants (148 men and 172 women) were recruited through convenience sampling. The inclusion criteria were: (1) being aged 60 years or older, (2) residing in Kermanshah Province, Iran, and (3) willingness to participate. Exclusion criteria included (1) having used psychiatric medication for less than six months, and (2) scoring below 21 on Folstein et al.’s Mini-Mental State Examination. Participants completed Laidlaw et al.’s ATA, Connor-Davidson resilience, Rosenberg self-esteem, and UCLA loneliness scales. For individuals who experienced difficulty completing the questionnaires due to age-related limitations or low literacy skills, family members were asked to read the questions aloud and record the answers. A total of 350 surveys were initially collected, of which 30 incomplete forms were excluded, resulting in a final sample of 320 participants. The collected data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficients and SEM in SPSS-24 and AMOS-24 software. Results Prior to conducting the analysis, the assumptions of SEM, including normal distribution, error independence, multicollinearity, and linearity, were assessed. The normality of the variables was examined using skewness and kurtosis, and the results confirmed that the distribution of all variables was normal (i.e., values ranging from –2 to +2). Error independence was evaluated using the Durbin-Watson test, which demonstrated no autocorrelation among the errors (D.W= 1.84; acceptable range between 1.5 and 2.5). Multicollinearity among predictor variables was assessed using the Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) and tolerance values. The results indicated no multicollinearity, with VIF values less than 10 and tolerance values greater than 0.1. Lastly, the assumption of linearity between the independent and dependent variables was verified through Pearson's correlation analysis. The results indicated that the direct effects among the research variables were statistically significant (p<.01). Path coefficients demonstrated the following relationships. ATA was associated with resilience (β=.19, t=3.49, p<.001), self-esteem (β=.29, t=6.40, p<.001), and loneliness (β=-.30, t=-8.04, p<.001). Resilience was negatively associated with loneliness (β=-.48, t=-5.77, p<.001), and self-esteem was negatively associated with loneliness (β=-.35, t =-6.63, p<.001). To assess the mediating roles of resilience and self-esteem in the relationship between ATA and loneliness, Sobel’s test was conducted. Results confirmed the significance of both mediators, with resilience (z=10.82, p<.001) and self-esteem (z=10.45, p<.001) playing substantial roles in mediating the relationship between ATA and loneliness. Conclusion This study aimed to explore the mediating roles of resilience and self-esteem in the relationship between ATA and loneliness. As hypothesized, both resilience and self-esteem significantly mediated this relationship. A negative correlation was observed between ATA and loneliness, indicating that a positive ATA is correlated with decreased feelings of loneliness. Positive ATA can mitigate the impact of age-related losses, while negative attitudes can exacerbate feelings of loneliness. The first hypothesis, asserting the relationship between ATA and loneliness via resilience, was supported. Higher resilience was associated with lower levels of loneliness, as resilience aids in reducing negative emotions and loneliness. Resilience plays a critical role in helping older adults adapt to changes, emotional needs, and social network contraction associated with aging. The second hypothesis, regarding the relationship between ATA and loneliness via self-esteem, was also supported. Higher self-esteem correlated with lower levels of loneliness, suggesting that individuals with higher self-esteem tend to maintain more satisfying interpersonal relationships and a more positive self-image. Furthermore, self-esteem reinforced by a positive ATA was found to predict loneliness effectively. Limitations include reliance on self-report measures, which may affect the validity of the results, and the cross-sectional design, limiting causal interpretations. Future research could employ longitudinal studies to establish causality, integrate additional predictors, and explore cultural differences to enhance the generalizability of findings. Addressing loneliness among older adults and fostering resilience and self-esteem through targeted interventions could significantly improve their psychological and social well-being. Ethical Considerations This research adhered to all ethical guidelines. 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Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 907934. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.907934 نگرش افراد نسبت به سالمندی نقش مهمی در کیفیت زندگی آنها دارد و به‌ویژه می‌تواند در کاهش احساس تنهایی مؤثر باشد. عوامل روان‌شناختی مانند تاب‌آوری و عزت‌نفس ممکن است به عنوان میانجی‌های مؤثری در کاهش اثرات منفی تغییرات ناشی از سالمندی بر احساس تنهایی عمل کنند. بر این اساس، پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی رابطه‌ی نگرش نسبت به سالمندی و احساس تنهایی، با نقش میانجی تاب‌آوری و عزت‌نفس، در سالمندان ۶۰ سال به بالا در ایران انجام شد. این مطالعه از نوع توصیفی‌‌-همبستگی بوده و از مدل‌یابی معادلات ساختاری بهره گرفته است. جامعه‌ آماری شامل سالمندان ساکن استان کرمانشاه در سال 1403 بود و نمونه‌ای شامل ۳۲۰ نفر به روش نمونه‌گیری در دسترس انتخاب شد. داده‌ها به صورت حضوری و با پرسش‌نامه‌های استاندارد گردآوری شد که شامل مقیاس نگرش به سالمندی لیدلاو و همکاران، مقیاس تاب‌آوری کانر و دیویدسون، مقیاس عزت‌نفس روزنبرگ و مقیاس تنهایی UCLA بودند. داده‌های جمع‌آوری‌شده با نرم‌افزارهای SPSS-26 وAMOS-24 تحلیل شدند. یافته‌ها نشان داد که نگرش مثبت‌تر به سالمندی با احساس تنهایی کمتر ارتباط دارد. این رابطه هم به‌صورت مستقیم و هم از طریق میانجی‌گری تاب‌آوری و عزت‌نفس مشاهده شد. تاب‌آوری و عزت‌نفس نقش میانجی معناداری در رابطه‌ بین نگرش نسبت به سالمندی و احساس تنهایی ایفا کردند. اگرچه برای بررسی مسیر علّی، مطالعات طولی مورد نیاز است، اما نتایج این پژوهش بر اهمیت تقویت عوامل روان‌شناختی مانند تاب‌آوری و عزت‌نفس و نیز پرورش نگرش مثبت به سالمندی به عنوان راهبردهایی کلیدی برای کاهش انزوای اجتماعی در سالمندان تأکید دارد. این یافته‌ها می‌توانند بینش‌های ارزشمندی برای تدوین سیاست‌ها و برنامه‌های حمایتی و جامع در جهت کاهش احساس تنهایی در سالمندان ارائه دهند.

https://jap.razi.ac.ir/article_3663_ad84b5730a0ec698d3f338d869cc90eb.pdf

دانشگاه رازی روان‌شناسی پیری 2423-7647 10 4 2025 01 15 The Relationship Between Physical Activity, Pain-Induced Disability and Body Perception with Depressive Symptoms in Older Adults: The Mediating Role of Quality of Life رابطه فعالیت بدنی، ناتوانی ناشی از درد و ادراک بدنی با علائم افسردگی در سالمندان: نقش میانجی کیفیت زندگی 547 525 3626 10.22126/jap.2025.10831.1807 FA مریم خطا بخش گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، موسسه آموزش عالی فیض الاسلام، خمینی شهر، اصفهان، ایران 0009-0009-6221-9509 پریناز سادات سجادیان گروه روان‌شناسی، واحد نجف آباد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، نجف آباد، ایران 0000-0002-3885-8008 مصطفی خانزاده گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، موسسه آموزش عالی فیض الاسلام، خمینی شهر، اصفهان، ایران 0000-0002-2176-8321 Journal Article 2024 10 07 Nowadays, depression is one of the most common psychological disorders, posing a significant challenge in the lives of individuals in later stages of life. It can affect their quality of life (QOL) and various physical and mental aspects. Therefore, the aim of this study was to predict depressive symptoms based on physical activity, pain-related disability (PRD), and body perception, with QOL as a mediating variable. This was a descriptive study, using structural equation modeling (SEM). The statistical population consisted of all individuals over the age of 60, from whom a sample of 300 was selected through convenience sampling at the Bagh-e Tajrobeh (The Experience Garden) in Isfahan, Iran in 2024. The data collection tools included Yesavage et al.’s Geriatric Depression Scale, Washburn et al.’s Physical Activity Scale, Melzack’s Pain Disability Index, Cash et al.’s Body Perception Questionnaire, and Diego et al.’s QOL Scale. Data analysis was conducted using SEM in AMOS-23 and SPSS-23 software. The results indicated that the causal model showed a good fit in the study sample (p<.05). Findings also revealed that physical activity, PRD, and body perception had an indirect relationship with depressive symptoms through QOL (p<0.05). Based on these findings, individuals who have more active and dynamic lifestyle tend to experience better body perception, lower PRD, and improved QOL and reduced depressive symptoms. Therefore, health policymakers are advised to develop programs and provide facilities to promote physical activity among older adults. Additionally, light exercise and regular physical activity should be considered as cost-effective and healthy methods for preventing age-related issues, as they contribute to the improvement of various aspects of QOL. EXTENDED ABSTRACT Introduction Depression is one of the most prevalent psychological disorders in later life, influenced by a combination of genetic, biological, and environmental factors. Various psychological studies have explored different predictors of depressive symptoms in older adults, with physical activity being one of the most significant. Engaging in physical activity has been shown to enhance psychological well-being, including a reduction in depressive symptoms. Additionally, pain-related disability (PRD) is a common experience and a significant challenge in older age. Body perception in older adults also plays a crucial role in predicting depressive symptoms, as it reflects an individual’s internalized perception of their physical appearance, encompassing physical, perceptual, and attitudinal dimensions. While previous studies have examined the relationships between physical activity, PRD, and body perception in relation to depression, little research has investigated the mechanisms through which these factors are related to depressive symptoms in older adults. Moreover, the role of quality of life (QOL) as a mediating variable has not been extensively studied, either among older adults or in other age groups. Given these gaps in the literature, the present study aims to explore the relationship between physical activity, PRD, and body perception with depressive symptoms in older adults, considering the mediating role of QOL. Method The present study employed a correlational research design using structural equation modeling (SEM). The statistical population consisted of all individuals aged 65 years and older in Isfahan Province, Iran, from whom 300 participants were selected through convenience sampling in the Bagh-e Tajrobeh (The Experience Garden). The inclusion criteria were: (1) a minimum age of 65 years, (2) literacy in reading and writing, and (3) willingness and ability to complete the questionnaire. Exclusion criteria included: (1) use of psychotropic medications and (2) physical or cognitive disabilities such as Alzheimer's disease. Participants completed Yesavage et al.’s Geriatric Depression Scale, Washburn et al.’s Physical Activity Scale, Melzack’s Pain Disability Index, Cash et al.’s Body Perception Questionnaire, and Diego et al.’s QOL Scale. After obtaining informed consent, the questionnaires were individually distributed, with necessary instructions provided for completion. Additionally, for individuals facing difficulties, such as forgetting their glasses or experiencing functional limitations, the questions were read aloud, and their responses were recorded. Finally, the data obtained from the questionnaires were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient method in SPSS-23 and SEM in Amos-23. Results Before conducting data analysis, the score distributions for all variables were found to be normal. The results also indicated that there was no collinearity among the variables. To test the research hypotheses, model fit was examined using SEM to evaluate the proposed model. Findings from Pearson’s correlation test revealed a significant negative correlation between depressive symptoms and physical activity, QOL, and body perception, while a significant positive correlation was found between depressive symptoms and PRD. In addition, QOL, physical activity, and body perception were positively and significantly correlated with each other, whereas QOL and PRD exhibited a significant negative correlation. Furthermore, there was a significant positive correlation between body perception and physical activity, and significant negative correlations were observed between body perception and PRD as well as between PRD and physical activity. The fit indices for the obtained model (figure 1) were as follows: χ²/df = 3.707, NFI = .92, GFI = .90, IFI = .92, AGFI = .91, CFI = .90, and RMSEA = .077. These indices indicate that the model demonstrates an acceptable level of fit. Furthermore, the bootstrap test results confirmed that quality of life significantly mediated the relationship between physical activity and depressive symptoms (P=.012), between PRD and depressive symptoms (P=.009), and between body perception and depressive symptoms (P=.017). Conclusion Older adults represent valuable sources of intellectual and spiritual capital, and enhancing their quality of life is a critical concern for society. Appropriate physical activity helps these individuals regulate their nervous systems, build self-confidence, and make sound decisions when facing age-related challenges. A high quality of life combined with regular physical activity contributes to a reduction in age-related illnesses and lessens pain-induced disability. Moreover, engaging in physical activity and maintaining a high quality of life are key determinants of energy expenditure, energy balance, weight control, and fostering a positive body image. A more positive body perception is linked with increased psychological self-confidence, a brighter outlook on life, and diminished depressive symptoms. Being well-regarded and perceived as attractive by others can foster a more affirmative self-concept. This, in turn, reduces concerns about body image, enhances overall quality of life, and alleviates symptoms of depression. Consequently, it is imperative for professionals to support healthy lifestyle modifications among older adults. By promoting increased physical activity, they can help counteract negative body perceptions and reduce the disability associated with chronic pain, ultimately contributing to lower levels of depression. Ethical Consideration Ethical Code: This article is derived from a Master's thesis in Psychology. 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Journal of Psychiatric Research, 17(1), 37-49. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/0022-3956(82)90033-4 امروزه افسردگی از شایعترین اختلالات روانی و معضل قوی در زندگی سالمندان است که می‌تواند تحت ‌تأثیر کیفیت زندگی و دیگر ویژگیهای جسمی و روانی سالمند را تحت ‌تأثیر قرار دهد. بنابراین، هدف پژوهش حاضر پیش‌بینی علائم افسردگی با توجه ‌به فعالیت بدنی، ناتوانی ناشی از درد و ادراک بدنی با میانجیگری کیفیت زندگی بود. این پژوهش یک مطالعه توصیفی بود که با روش مدلیابی معادلات ساختاری انجام شد. جامعه آماری پژوهش شامل تمامی سالمندان بالای 60 سال بود که از میان آنها تعداد‌‌ 300 نفربه عنوان نمونه آماری با روش نمونه‌گیری در دسترس در باغ تجربه شهر اصفهان در سال 1402 انتخاب شدند. ابزار گردآوری اطلاعات شامل‌ پرسش‌نامه علائم افسردگی یاساویج و همکاران، فعالیت بدنی واشبورن و همکاران، ناتوانی ناشی از درد ملزاک، ادراک بدنی کش و همکاران و کیفیت زندگی دیگو و همکاران بود. تحلیل داده‌ها با روش مدلیابی معادلات ساختاری در نرم‌افزار ‌‌ AMOS-23و SPSS-23 انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که مدل علّی برازش مطلوبی در نمونه مورد مطالعه دارد (05/0>p). همچنین یافته‌ها نشان داد بین فعالیت بدنی، ناتوانی ناشی از درد و ادراک بدنی از طریق کیفیت زندگی با علائم افسردگی در سالمندان رابطه غیرمستقیم دارند (05/0>p). بر اساس یافته‌های پژوهش حاضر هر چه سالمندان زندگی پر تحرک‌تر و فعال‌تر داشته باشند، میزان ادراک بدنی بهتر و ناتوانی ناشی از درد کمتر و سلامت روانی و کیفیت زندگی بهتری را تجربه می‌کنند. بنابراین توصیه می‌شود برنامه‌ریزان سلامت سالمندان برنامه‌ها و امکاناتی را برای ارتقای فعالیت بدنی در این گروه‌ها فراهم کنند. همچنین ورزش سبک و فعالیت بدنی منظم باید به‌عنوان روشی کم هزینه و سالم برای جلوگیری از بروز مشکلات مربوط به سالمندان مورد توجه قرار گیرد که باعث بهبود و توسعه جنبه‌های مختلف کیفیت زندگی می‌شود.

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