دانشگاه رازی روان‌شناسی پیری 2423-7647 9 4 2024 02 04 The Relationship Between Social Comparisons and Suicidal Ideation in Older Adults: The Mediating Role of Decision-Making Styles رابطه مقایسه‌های اجتماعی با افکار خودکشی در سالمندان: نقش میانجی سبک‌های تصمیم‌گیری 325 341 2858 10.22126/jap.2024.9502.1725 FA اکرم ملک‌زاده گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران 0000-0002-4793-2273 Journal Article 2023 08 18 One of the most important crises in the world seems to be suicide and its consequences. It seems that suicide, especially with increasing age, has an upward trend and has greatly increased in older population. Therefore, the present study was to investigate the relationship between social comparisons and suicidal thoughts with the mediating role of decision-making styles in older adults. This was a correlational study, of structural equation modeling (SEM) type. The statistical population included older adults over 65 years old living in Shiraz, Iran, among whom 265 were selected using convenience sampling method and according to the inclusion criteria. Participants filled out Beck scale for suicidal ideation (BSS), Scott and Bruce’s decision-making styles questionnaire, and Gibbons and Buunk’s social comparison questionnaire. The collected information was analyzed using SEM in SPSS-26 and Lisrel-8.8 software. The results of the present study indicate that the hypothesized model demonstrates a good fit. Furthermore, the findings suggest that social comparison is related to suicidal ideation through the mediating role of decision-making styles. Specifically, logical and intuitive decision-making styles were significantly and negatively associated with suicidal ideation, while the avoidant, dependent, and immediate decision-making styles were positively and significantly related to suicidal ideation. Based on the findings of this research, psychologists and experts are advised to address suicide ideation as a global and escalating issue by assisting individuals in shifting their focus towards the positive aspects of their lives and refraining from making superficial comparisons. Furthermore, reducing suicide ideation can be achieved by imparting decision-making skills to older adults. EXTENDED ABSTRACT Introduction Various studies have shown that suicide probability increases with age, and accordingly the growing attention has been paid to suicide phenomena in adults, particularly older adults. Suicide behavior is multifaceted and complex, making it challenging to predict. Among numerous factors, suicidal ideation appears to be the most significant predictor of suicidal behavior. Although the research literature has explored various variables related to suicidal ideation in older adults, less attention has been given to social factors. One significant factor that can contribute to suicidal ideation is social comparison. Studies have demonstrated that individuals tend to engage in upward social comparisons, and when individuals perceive themselves as having lesser capabilities, these comparisons can be detrimental. Given that older individuals may experience declining abilities in various domains, social comparisons can have more severe consequences. While some studies have examined the relationship between social comparison and suicidal ideation, none have investigated the mechanisms underlying this relationship. Research in this area has highlighted decision-making styles as a variable, and exploring this variable in the older adults can help interpret the relationship between suicidal ideation and social comparisons. Therefore, due to the lack of studies in this domain, the aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between suicidal ideation and social comparison through the mediating role of decision-making styles. Method The present research employed a correlational design, of structural equation modeling (SEM) type. The statistical population consisted of all older adults aged 65 and above residing in Shiraz, Iran, among whom 265 participants (130 males and 135 females) were selected using convenience sampling as the research sample. Inclusion criteria comprised (1) being aged 65 or above, (2) absence of physical and mental disabilities, (3) literacy, and (4) willingness to participate in the study and complete the questionnaires, while exclusion criteria included (1) consumption of psychotropic drugs and (2) physical and mental disabilities. Participants completed Beck scale for suicidal ideation (BSS), Scott and Bruce’s decision-making styles questionnaire, and Gibbons and Buunk’s social comparison questionnaire. The questionnaires were administered to eligible older adults, and necessary guidance for completing them was provided. Finally, the data obtained from the questionnaires were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and SEM in SPSS-21 and Lisrel-1.9 software. Results Before conducting data analysis, it was determined that the distribution of scores for all variables was normal, and the results indicated no correlation between errors and no collinearity between variables. To evaluate the proposed model, SEM was utilized. The results of Pearson’s correlation tests revealed significant positive correlations between suicidal ideation with social comparison, intuitive, avoidant, dependent and immediate decision-making styles. Moreover, there was significant negative correlations between suicidal ideation with rational decision-making styles. The final model of the study can be seen in Figure 1. The fit indices for the obtained model were as follows: X2/df = 2/31, CFI = 0.92, TLI = 0.91, NFI = 0.94, AGFI = 0.94, and RMSEA = 0.06, indicating an adequate fit of the model. The results of the Sobel test indicated that rational decision-making style in the relationship between social comparison and suicidal ideation (Z = 57.3, p < 0.01), intuitive decision-making style in the relationship between social comparison and suicidal ideation (Z = 97.2, p < 0.01), avoidant decision-making style in the relationship between social comparison and suicidal ideation (Z = 5.3, p < 0.01), dependent decision-making style in the relationship between social comparison and suicidal ideation (Z = 32.2, p < 0.01), and immediate decision-making style in the relationship between social comparison and suicidal ideation (Z = 42.2, p < 0.01) played a significant mediating role. Conclusion According to the studies, individuals tend to engage in social comparisons with those perceived as better than themselves. This tendency can lead to feelings of inadequacy, negative emotional experiences, and even suicidal ideation. When individuals engage in social comparisons, these judgments are often unrealistic, and they hold a superficial attitude towards the well-being and capabilities of others. Examining information derived from social judgments can influence subsequent decision-making processes. Cognitive psychologists believe that rational or intuitive decision-making styles lead to better decision outcomes in life, while avoidant, dependent, and impulsive decision-making styles have negative effects on decision-making processes. Decision-making deficits can impair individuals’ problem-solving abilities, leading to an accumulation of stressors that may exacerbate distress and provide a basis for suicidal ideations, ultimately leading to risky behaviors such as self-harm and suicide. Individuals with a rational decision-making style carefully evaluate all possible options and choose the best and most desirable one. Individuals with an intuitive decision-making style have clear insights into the outcome of their decisions and select an appropriate option. These two styles, with the help of logic and insight, can reduce suicidal ideations. Individuals with a dependent decision-making style lack intellectual independence and constantly seek support from others, which becomes more challenging in old age as social support becomes scarcer, with few close ones to rely on. Avoidant decision-making involves avoiding decision-making and problem-solving efforts, which can create a crisis situation and increase conflicts due to the inability to choose from available options. Based on the above, the dependent and avoidant decision-making styles can create a basis for negative emotions. In impulsive decision-making, individuals aim to quickly select their desired option in the shortest possible time and seek relief from pain and distress, which significantly increases suicidal ideations. Ethical Consideration Ethical Code To comply with ethical standards in the research, the study was pre-registered at Payame Noor University, Tehran. Financial Support This study had no financial support Authors’ Contributions A.M: Conceptualization, methodology, Software, validation, formal analysis, data curation, resources, Writing- Original draft, writingreview & editing. Conflict of Interest The author had no conflicts of interest. Acknowledgments Respectful appreciation is extended to the esteemed older participants for their cooperation and assistance in completing the questionnaires. References Abubakar, A. M., Elrehail, H., Alatailat, M. A., & Elçi, A. (2019). Knowledge management, decision-making style and organizational performance. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 4(2), 104-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2017.07.003 Ahmadi Ghozlojeh, A., & Mehdizadeh Tavasani, A. (2019). 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Last accessed: January 30, 2021. یکی از بحران‌های مورد توجه در سطح جهانی، خودکشی و پیامد‌های ناشی از آن می‌باشد. به نظر می‌رسد خودکشی بالاخص با افزایش سن، روند صعودی پیدا کرده و در جمعیت سالمندان به شدت افزایش یافته است. بنابراین پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی رابطه مقایسه اجتماعی و افکار خودکشی با نقش میانجی‌گری سبک‌های تصمیم‌گیری سالمندان انجام شد. پژوهش حاضر همبستگی از نوع مدل یابی معادلات ساختاری بود. جامعه آماری شامل سالمندان بالای 65 سال شهر شیراز بود که از میان آنها نمونه 265 نفری به روش نمونه‌گیری در دسترس، و با توجه به معیارهای ورود انتخاب شدند. شرکت کنندگان به پرسشنامه‌های افکار خودکشی بک، سبک‌های تصمیم‌گیری اسکات و بروس و پرسشنامه مقایسه اجتماعی گیبونز و بانک پاسخ دادند. اطلاعات جمع‌آوری شده با روش مدل معادلات ساختاری و در نرم‌افزارهای SPSS26 و LISREL8.8 مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. نتایج پژوهش حاضر نشان داد مدل مفروض از برازش خوبی برخوردار است. همچنین نتایج نشان داد مقایسه اجتماعی از طریق سبک‌های تصمیم‌گیری با افکار خودکشی ارتباط دارد. بدین صورت که سبک‌های تصمیم‌گیری منطقی و شهودی با افکار خودکشی رابطه منفی و معنادار و با سبک تصمیم‌گیری اجتنابی، وابسته و آنی رابطه مثبت و معنادار دارد. با توجه به نتایج پژوهش حاضر به روانشناسان و متخصصین توصیه می‌شود برای حل مشکل خودکشی به عنوان یک معضل جهانی و رو به افزایش، به افراد کمک کنند تا بر ویژگی‌های مثبت زندگی خویش متمرکز شوند و از مقایسه سطحی بپرهیزند. همچنین با آموزش مهارت‌های تصمیم‌گیری در کاهش میزان خودکشی در سالمندان گام بردارند.

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دانشگاه رازی روان‌شناسی پیری 2423-7647 9 4 2024 02 14 The Effectiveness of Logotherapy on the Sense of Energy and Spiritual Self-Esteem of the Elderly Living in Nursing Homes اثربخشی معنادرمانی بر احساس انرژی و عزت‌نفس معنوی سالمندان مقیم خانۀ سالمندان 343 359 2954 10.22126/jap.2024.9587.1729 FA حسن عبداله زاده گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشگاه پیام‌نور، تهران، ایران 0000-0002-3413-3800 هیوا محمودی گروه جامعه‌شناسی و ارتباطات، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه گلستان، گرگان، ایران 0000-0002-6729-2082 سمانه آقاجانی گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشگاه پیام‌نور، تهران، ایران 0009-0003-0223-9496 Journal Article 2023 09 07 The changes that occur in old age may lead to a significant decrease in physical ability and can make them feel empty and burdensome. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of logotherapy on the sense of energy and spiritual self-esteem among older people. In terms of purpose, this research was practical, and in terms of its nature, it was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest-follow-up design with a control group. The statistical population of the current research included all older people over 65 living in Qazvin, Iran in 2023, Among whom, a sample of 40 people was selected using convenience sampling method and according to inclusion and exclusion criteria and randomly assigned into two experimental and control groups (20 people in each group). The data collection tools included Atwater and Carmeli's Energy Feeling and Farhosh et al.’s Spiritual Self-Esteem questionnaires. Moreover, Frankel’s logotherapy protocol was utilized in the format of eight 90-minutes group sessions. The data were analyzed using univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) in SPSS-27 software. The findings revealed that logotherapy significantly increased the sense of energy and spiritual self-esteem in older people. Based on the results of the current study, it can be concluded that strengthening spiritual empowerment via meaning therapy may enhance the sense of energy and spiritual self-esteem in older adults. EXTENDED ABSTRACT Introduction lder age represents a critical stage in human psychological development, marked by specific physiological, cognitive, and social changes. Evidence suggests that older individuals vary in experience of sense of energy, with such variances largely dependent on motivational influences and individual characteristics. Exclusion from family can engender feelings of emptiness and despair among older adults, leading them to become disengaged from life and experience a sense of energy depletion and fatigue. Additionally, spiritual self-esteem profoundly influences the cognitive processes, emotions, aspirations, and values of older individuals. Those with high self-esteem are more likely to withstand challenges, whereas decreased self-esteem increases the likelihood of surrender or underutilization of their capabilities. Nowadays, logotherapy appears to play a significant role in the mental health and quality of life of older population. In recent years, logotherapy has been effective in enhancing energy levels, sense of purpose, quality of life, increasing hopefulness, and reducing feelings of loneliness among older adults. Therefore, considering the existing gaps in the research literature in this realm, the present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of logotherapy on the sense of energy and spiritual self-esteem among older residents of nursing homes. Method The present study employed a quasi-experimental design with pretest-posttest-follow-up with a control group. The population consisted of all older individuals aged 65 years and above in Qazvin, Iran, among whom 40 participants (20 in the experimental group and 20 in the control group) were selected as the study sample using convenience sampling and according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Inclusion criteria comprised (1) age between 65 to 70 years, (2) willingness to participate in the study, (3) residency in elderly care centers, and (4) literacy in reading and writing. Exclusion criteria included (1) acute psychiatric illness, (2) refusal to complete questionnaires, and (3) absence for more than one session. Participants initially completed the Atwater and Carmeli's (2009) Energy Feeling and Farhoush et al.’s (2019) Spiritual Self-Esteem questionnaires as pretests. The intervention protocol was based on the principles and techniques of Frankl’s logotherapy (1978), administered to the experimental group over eight 90-minute sessions, with a standard 15-minute break during each session, while the control group received no intervention. Two days after the end of intervention, both groups were assessed for energy levels and spiritual self-esteem (posttest). Two months after the posttest assessment, a follow-up was conducted. The data obtained from pre-test, post-test, and follow-up were entered into SPSS-27 and analyzed using univariate covariance analysis (ANCOVA). Results The results indicated that the distribution of scores for all variables are normal, and the assumption of variance homogeneity was confirmed using Levene’s test, while the assumption of covariance homogeneity was confirmed using regression coefficients. The results of ANCOVA for the energy feeling and spiritual self-esteem scores among older participants are presented in Table 1. According to table 1, the F statistic for the variables of energy feeling and spiritual self-esteem in the post-test are 19.890 and 34.701, respectively, and in the follow-up stage, they are 21.651 and 35.504, respectively, that all of these statistics are significant at the 0.01 level, indicating that there is a significant difference between the two groups in terms of both variables. Based on the means of these variables, this suggests that the mean scores of the experimental group in the post-test and follow-up stages for both variables are significantly higher than the mean scores of the same group in the pre-test stage. This implies that logotherapy significantly increased the levels of energy feeling and spiritual self-esteem among the older participants in both the post-test and follow-up stages. Conclusion Logotherapy helps the older adults to discover values, meaning, and purpose in their lives, enabling them to cope with challenges and transitions more effectively. Through enhancing social relationships, searching for meaning, finding life purpose, and accepting changes, this approach helps older adults attain energy felling and psychological-emotional growth. Additionally, logotherapy can motivate individuals to engage more enthusiastically in daily living and can provide an opportunity for establishing and strengthening social connections among older adults. Furthermore, logotherapy aids older people in recognizing their role and existential depth in the world. This process, facilitated by finding meaning, connecting with others, and serving larger communities, can strengthen the spiritual self-esteem of older adults and assist them in discovering significant meaning and purpose in life experiences. Even in the face of challenges and aging-related changes, through accepting and experiencing meaning in life, the elderly can feel a deep and meaningful connection with others, society, and the spiritual dimension of life, which ultimately aids in strengthening their spiritual self-esteem and can guide them towards deeper spiritual engagement in life. Ethical Consideration Ethical Code To comply with ethical standards in the research, the current study, extracted from the master’s thesis, was pre-registered at Payame Noor University, Bushehr Branch. Financial Support This study had no financial support Authors’ Contributions H.A: Conceptualization, methodology, software, validation, project administration; H.M: Resources, writing- original draft, writingreview & editing; S.A: Data curation, formal analysis. Conflict of Interest The author had no conflicts of interest. 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Sleep Medicine, 67 (1), 47-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2019.11.1246 تغییراتی که در دوران سالمندی ایجاد میشود منجر به کاهش میزان زیادی از توانایی بدنی و ایجاد احساس پوچی و سرباری آنها میشود. بنابراین این مطالعه با هدف بررسی اثربخشی معنادرمانی بر احساس انرژی و عزت نفس معنوی سالمندان انجام شد. این پژوهش از نظر هدف، کاربردی و از نظر ماهیت پژوهش، جزء پژوهشهای نیمه-آزمایشی با طرح پیشآزمون و پسآزمون با گروه کنترل و دوره پیگیری بود. جامعۀ آماری پژوهش حاضر شامل تمامی سالمندان بالای ۶۵ سالمندان شهر قزوین در سال 1402 بود که از میان آنها نمونهای به حجم 40 نفر به روش نمونهگیری دردسترس و براساس معیارهای ورود و خروج انتخاب و به صورت تصادفی در دو گروه آزمایش و کنترل (هر گروه 20 نفر) گمارده شدند. ابزار گردآوری دادهها شامل دو پرسش‌نامه احساس انرژی اتواتر و کارملی و عزت نفس معنوی فرهوش و همکاران بود. همچنین پروتکل معنادرمانی فرانکل در قالب 8 جلسه 90 دقیقهای استفاده شد. دادهها با روش تحلیل کوواریانس تک متغیره در نرمافزار SPSS نسخه 27 تحلیل شدند. یافتههای پژوهش نشان داد که معنادرمانی باعث افزایش معنادار احساس انرژی و عزتنفس معنوی سالمندان شد. بر اساس یافته‌های این پژوهش می‌توان نتیجه گرفت که تقویت توانمندی معنوی با معنادرمانی میتواند افزایش احساس انرژی و عزتنفس معنوی سالمندان را در بر داشته باشد.

https://jap.razi.ac.ir/article_2954_d626b2cd131ef8310ae0d4132185c277.pdf

دانشگاه رازی روان‌شناسی پیری 2423-7647 9 4 2024 02 04 The Effectiveness of Compassion Therapy on Cognitive Fusion and Self-Criticism in Older Adults with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder اثربخشی شفقت‌درمانی بر همجوشی شناختی و خودانتقادی سالمندان مبتلا به استرس پس از سانحه 361 375 2955 10.22126/jap.2024.9623.1733 FA زهرا سیفی گروه روان‌شناسی، واحد اندیمشک، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اندیمشک، ایران 0009-0003-6825-8526 همایون هارون رشیدی گروه روان‌شناسی، واحد دزفول، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، دزفول، ایران 0000-0002-7912-3382 Journal Article 2023 09 18 With an aging population, an increase in the provision of services to individuals experiencing Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is expected in care services for older adults. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of compassion therapy on cognitive fusion and self-criticism in older adults with PTSD in Tabriz, Iran. The research method was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of the research included all older adults with PTSD living in Tabriz in 2022. The sample of the study included 30 older adults (65 to 75 years old) selected through convenience sampling method and according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study, and were randomly assigned into experimental and control groups. The experimental group underwent Gilbert’s compassion therapy package in eight 90-minute weekly sessions. The questionnaires used in this research consisted of Thompson and Zuroff’s levels of self-criticism scale and Gillanders et al.’s cognitive fusion questionnaire. Data were analyzed using univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) in SPSS-22 software. The results revealed that in the post-test stage, there is a significant difference between the control and experimental groups in terms of cognitive fusion and self-criticism (P<.001). Based on the findings of this study, compassion therapy results in the decrease of cognitive fusion and self-criticism in older adults and can represent new horizons in clinical interventions and can be used as an effective intervention method to improve the mental health and quality of life in older adults. EXTENDED ABSTRACT Introduction Old age is one of the stages of human life evolution, and the population of older adults is increasing worldwide, with significant psychological attention being given to them. One of the disorders during this period appears to be post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Studies have shown a significant association between self-criticism and PTSD among men and women who have experienced one or more traumatic events. Another variable associated with PTSD seems to be cognitive fusion. Various therapeutic methods have been employed to improve the psychological components of PTSD symptoms. One of the third-wave therapeutic approaches that seems to be effective in improving PTSD symptoms is compassion therapy. Reducing negative emotions and improving interpersonal relationships, compassion therapy can improve PTSD symptoms. Given the importance of the old age period and the position of older adults in society, the necessity of this research for psychologists and counselors to reduce cognitive fusion and self-criticism in older adults holds special significance. As there has been less focus on the effectiveness of compassion therapy on cognitive fusion and self-criticism in older adults in the research background, this study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of compassion therapy on cognitive fusion and self-criticism in individuals with PTSD. Method This was an experiment study with pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population included all older adults aged 65 to 75 suffering from PTSD in Tabriz, Iran, in 2022, among whom 30 individuals meeting inclusion criteria of the study were selected through convenience sampling among people referred to Fajr Psychiatric Hospital in Tabriz. They were then randomly assigned in equal proportions to either the experimental or control group. The inclusion criteria consisted of (1) scoring higher than the mean on the cognitive fusion and self-criticism questionnaires, (2) age over 65 years, (3) having at least a primary school education, and (4) willingness to participate in the study. Exclusion criteria included (1) withdrawal from cooperation, (2) refusal to complete questionnaires, and (3) acute cognitive disorders. After the pretest was conducted and participants were asked to complete Thompson and Zuroff’s levels of self-criticism scale and Gillanders et al.’s cognitive fusion questionnaire, 30 eligible older adults willing to participate were selected through convenience sampling and randomly assigned to either the experimental or control group, with 15 individuals in each group. The experimental group underwent eight 90-minute weekly sessions of compassion therapy, conducted by the researcher, over an eight-week period at a psychological services center, while the control group received no intervention. Following the intervention sessions, the participants completed the above-mentioned questionnaires in post-test phase. Ethical considerations included obtaining written consent for participation in the study and ensuring the confidentiality of personal information. Finally, the data were analyzed using univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) in SPSS-21 software. Results According to statistical method of the current study, Levene’s test of homogeneity of variances was initially employed to examine the homogeneity of variances between the two groups in the post-test phase. Levene’s test did not yield statistically significant results for cognitive fusion and self-criticism; hence, the assumption of homogeneity of variances was confirmed. Furthermore, the critical assumption of ANCOVA, namely the homogeneity of regression coefficients, was investigated by examining the interaction effect of the independent variable and the pre-test of each dependent variable on its post-test. The results indicated non-significant F-values for cognitive fusion and self-criticism variables. Additionally, to assess the normal distribution assumption of the dependent variables, the Shapiro-Wilk test was utilized. According to the results of this test, normal distribution was observed in the variables as the obtained Z-value was not statistically significant. As shown in Table 1, there is a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in terms of cognitive fusion and self-criticism. In other words, compassion therapy led to a significant reduction in cognitive fusion and self-criticism in the experimental group. Conclusion The results indicated that compassion therapy can reduce cognitive fusion and self-criticism in older adults suffering from PTSD. In explaining these findings, it can be said that through compassion therapy, individuals learn to change their relationship with their thoughts and other internal experiences, viewing them as passing mental events. Accepting thoughts as they are, emotions as they are, and not more or less, leads to a weakening of cognitive fusion. Additionally, compassion therapy empowers older adults to question the flawed cycle of self-criticism and high self-expectations, and with a new and compassionate perspective towards themselves, redesign realistic and achievable standards and expectations that are not burdensome. Therefore, compassion therapy can be used as a low-cost, accessible, and practical educational or therapeutic program to improve self-criticism and cognitive fusion in older adults. Ethical Consideration Ethical Code This article has an ethics code (IR.IAU.D.REC.1402.046) from the Ethics Committee of Islamic Azad University, Dezful Branch. Financial Support This study had no financial support Authors’ Contributions Z.S: Conceptualization, methodology, software, validation, formal analysis Data curation; H.H: Resources, writing- original draft, writing-review & editing, Project administration, Supervision, Visioalization Conflict of Interest The author had no conflicts of interest. 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Sleep and breathing, 26(3), 1309-1318. https://doi. org/ 10.1007/s11325-021-02477-y. با افزایش سن جمعیت، افزایش ارائه خدمات به افراد با اختلال استرس پس از سانحه در خدمات سالمندی قابل انتظار است. بنابراین این مطالعه با هدف تعیین اثربخشی شفقت‌ درمانی بر همجوشی شناختی و خودانتقادی بر سالمندان مبتلا به استرس پس از سانحه شهر تبریز انجام شد. روش پژوهش نیمه‌آزمایشی با طرح پیش‌آزمون پس‌آزمون با گروه گواه بود. جامعه آماری پژوهش تمامی سالمندان با استرس پس از سانحه شهر تبریز در سال 1401 بودند. نمونه پژوهش شامل 30 نفر سالمند (65 تا 75 ساله) با استرس پس از سانحه بود که با روش نمونه‌گیری در دسترس و بر اساس معیارهای ورود به مطالعه انتخاب، و به طور تصادفی در دو گروه آزمایش و گواه گمارش شدند. گروه آزمایش بسته‌ درمانی گیلبرت را در هشت جلسه 90 دقیقه‌ای هفتگی دریافت نمودند. مقیاس‎های مورد استفاده در این پژوهش شامل مقیاس سطوح خودانتقادی تامپسون و زاروف و پرسشنامه همجوشی شناختی گیلاندرز و همکاران بود. داده‌ها با تحلیل کوواریانس تک‌متغیره، با استفاده از نرم‌افزار SPSS نسخه 22 مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفتند. نتایج نشان داد که در مرحله پس‌آزمون بین دو گروه گواه و آزمایش در متغیرهای همجوشی شناختی و خودانتقادی تفاوت معناداری وجود دارد (001/0P<). بر اساس یافته‌های این مطالعه، شفقت‌درمانی سبب کاهش همجوشی شناختی و خودانتقادی سالمندان می‌شود و نمایانگر افق‌های تازه‌ای در مداخلات بالینی است و می‌توان از آن به عنوان یک روش مداخله‌ای مؤثر در بهبود سلامت روانی و کیفیت زندگی سالمندان استفاده کرد.

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دانشگاه رازی روان‌شناسی پیری 2423-7647 9 4 2024 02 04 The Relationship Between Basic Psychological Needs and Health Promoting Behaviors with Health Anxiety in Older Women: The Mediating Role of Resilience رابطه نیازهای بنیادین روان‌شناختی و رفتارهای ارتقادهنده سلامت با اضطراب سلامت در زنان سالمند: نقش میانجی تاب‌آوری 397 377 2973 10.22126/jap.2024.9766.1740 FA مونا محمدی گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روان‌شناسی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران 0000-0002-8322-6093 سجاد بشرپور گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روان‌شناسی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران 0000-0002-2920-2605 Journal Article 2023 10 30 Old age seems to be one of the most crucial stages of human life during which individuals encounter a wide range of changes, particularly in the realm of physical and psychological health. Health anxiety, especially in older adults, can have undesirable effects, making it important to examine the factors influencing this variable. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between basic psychological needs (BPNs) and health-promoting behaviors (HPBs) with health anxiety in older adults, through the mediating role of resilience. This was a correlational study, of path analysis type. The statistical population of this research included all older women residing in Tabriz, Iran in the spring of 2023, among whom 220 individuals were selected as the sample using convenience sampling method. The measurement tools included the Connor and Davidson’s Resilience Scale, BPNs Questionnaire, HPBs Questionnaire, and Health Anxiety Questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient in SPSS-23 software and path analysis in LISREL 8.8 software. The results indicated that BPNs (autonomy, competence, and relatedness) have a negative relationship with health anxiety in older women; HPBs (nutrition, physical activity, health responsibility, stress management, interpersonal relationships, and spiritual growth) have a negative relationship with health anxiety in older women. resilience had a negative relationship with health anxiety in older women. Moreover, BPNs were related to health anxiety in older women through resilience, as well as HPBs were related to health anxiety in older women through resilience. Therefore, it can be concluded that increasing resilience in older adults and fulfilling BPNs along with educating HPBs can prevent the increase of health anxiety. EXTENDED ABSTRACT Introduction Studies have shown that health anxiety increases with age. Various variables have been examined in the literature to predict health anxiety in older adults, among which basic psychological needs (BPNs) and health-promoting behaviors (HPBs) seem to be among the most important ones. Research indicates a negative relationship between the satisfaction of BPNs and anxiety. HPBs are among the best ways for individuals to maintain and control their health and alleviate their anxiety. Previous studies have investigated the relationship between the above-mentioned variables in older adults, but few have examined how this relationship operates. Various variables may mediate the relationship between BPNs, HPBs, and health anxiety in older adults, with one such variable being resilience. In older adults, resilience may directly relate to HPBs and inversely relate to health anxiety. Given that older adults constitute one of the largest age groups in Iran and health anxiety is a significant concern for these individuals, identifying factors influencing it appears to be crucial. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between BPNs and HPBs with health anxiety through the mediating role of resilience. Method This was a correlational study, of path analysis type. The statistical population comprised all older women residing in Tabriz, Iran in the spring of 2023, among whom a sample of 220 older women was selected through convenience sampling. Inclusion criteria were (1) aged 60 years and above, (2) ability to read and write, and (3) willingness to participate in the study. Exclusion criteria included (1) withdrawal from the study, (2) incomplete questionnaire responses, and (3) diagnosis of psychiatric disorders or use of psychiatric medications within the past year. Participants completed the Salkovskis et al.’s Health Anxiety Inventory (HAI-18), Walker et al.’s Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLP-II), the La Guardia et al.’s Basic Psychological Needs Scale (BPNS), and the Connor & Davidson’s Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). To gather necessary data, the researcher visited different parks across Tabriz on six occasions, introduced themselves, explained the study’s purpose to older adults, and provided guidance on completing the questionnaires to ensure their informed participation. Subsequently, eligible older individuals were provided with the questionnaires. After data collection, descriptive statistics and Pearson’s correlation analysis were performed in SPSS-23. Path analysis was then employed to examine the relationships between variables and to test the hypothesized model in Lisrel 8.8 software. Results Before conducting data analysis, it was determined that the distribution of scores for all variables was normal, and the results showed no correlation between errors and no collinearity among variables. Hypothesis testing was approached by examining model fit. Therefore, to evaluate the hypothesized model, path analysis was utilized. The results of Pearson’s correlation test indicated that BPNs had a negative relationship with older women’s health anxiety. HPBs had a negative relationship with older women’s health anxiety. Resilience had a negative relationship with older women’s health anxiety. The results of path analysis indicated that BPNs indirectly related to older women’s health anxiety through the mediating role of resilience, and HPBs indirectly related to older women’s health anxiety through the mediating role of resilience. The goodness-of-fit indices for the model were as follows: X2=19623.36, df= 9012, X2/df= 2.17, CFI=.92, GFI=.94, AGFI=.92, RMSEA=.063, indicating a satisfactory model fit. the final model can be seen in Figure 1. The results from the Sobel test revealed significant mediating roles of resilience in various relationships. Specifically, resilience was found to mediate the relationship between responsibility and health anxiety (Z= -1.26, P<.01), physical activity and health anxiety (Z= -1.26, P<.01), nutrition and health anxiety (Z=-2.03, P<.01), flourishing and health anxiety (Z= -1.60, P<.01), support and health anxiety (Z= -1.84, P<.01), stress managment and health anxiety (Z= -1.70, P<.01), autonomy and health anxiety (Z = -2.42, P< .01), competence and health anxiety (Z= -2.00, P<.01), and relatedness and health anxiety (Z=-2.10, P<.01). These findings underscore the significant role of resilience in moderating the relationship of various factors with health anxiety among the older women. Conclusion As individuals age, their performance in various life domains often declines, leading to reduced impact on both their environment and others. This, in turn, can result in a failure to meet their own needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Aging is often accompanied by the emergence of physical and cognitive symptoms associated with declining health. Misinterpreting these symptoms can lead older adults to experience health anxiety. Increased engagement in HPBs is associated with reduced health anxiety. According to cognitive theory, anxiety arises from erroneous and exaggerated beliefs about existing threats. Conversely, HPBs involve intentional planning and conscious actions aimed at preventing illness and improving health, motivating individuals to pursue a higher quality of life. Individuals with high resilience accept stressful events and are psychologically more resilient. As resilience leads to increased toughness, older adults exhibit greater patience in facing the negative consequences of aging, thereby reducing their anxiety. Satisfying BPNs can play a significant role in resilience, as fulfilling these needs provides the necessary conditions for growth, stability, and well-being. Individuals who feel autonomous in their actions have a greater sense of competence, which in turn enhances their resilience. Satisfying these needs fosters greater adaptability in facing the consequences of aging, including health anxiety, among older adults. Ethical Consideration Ethical Code To comply with ethical standards in the research, the current study was pre-registered at Mohaghegh Ardabili University. 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Clinical interventions in aging, 12, 709-720. سالمندی یکی از مهمترین مراحل زندگی انسان است که در آن، سالمند با طیف وسیعی از تغییرات بخصوص در حیطه سلامتی جسمانی و روان‌شناختی مواجه می‌شود. اضطراب سلامت در افراد به خصوص در سالمندان می‌تواند تأثیرات نامطلوبی داشته باشد که بررسی عوامل تأثیرگذار بر آن اهمیت پیدا می‌کند. بنابراین این پژوهش با هدف بررسی رابطه نیازهای بنیادین روان‌شناختی و رفتارهای ارتقادهنده سلامت با اضطراب سلامت در سالمندان با میانجی‌گری تاب‌آوری انجام شد. روش مطالعه حاضر توصیفی از نوع همبستگی از نوع تحلیل مسیر بود. جامعه آماری پژوهش حاضر شامل کلیه زنان سالمند ساکن در شهر تبریز در بهار 1402 بود که از میان آنها تعداد 220 سالمند به روش نمونه‌گیری دردسترس به‌عنوان نمونه انتخاب شدند. ابزارهای اندازه‌گیری شامل مقیـاس تاب‌آوری کونـور و دیویدسـون، پرسش‌نامه نیازهای بنیادین روان‌شناختی، پرسش‌نامه رفتارهای ارتقادهنده سلامت و پرسش‌نامه اضطراب سلامت بود. داده‏های جمع‌آوری شده با استفاده از ضریب همبستگی پیرسون با کمک نرم‌افزار SPSS نسخه 23 و با استفاده از تحلیل مسیر به وسیله نرم‌افزار Lisrel نسخه 8.8 مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. نتایج پژوهش نشان داد که نیازهای بنیادین روان‌شناختی (خودمختاری، شایستگی و ارتباط) با اضطراب سلامت زنان سالمند رابطه منفی دارد، رفتارهای ارتقادهنده سلامت (تغذیه، فعالیت بدنی، مسئولیت‌پذیری در مورد سلامت، مدیریت استرس، روابط بین‌فردی و رشد معنوی) با اضطراب سلامت زنان سالمند رابطه منفی دارد. تاب‌آوری با اضطراب سلامت زنان سالمند رابطه منفی دارد. همچنین نیازهای بنیادین روان‌شناختی از طریق تاب‌آوری با اضطراب سلامت زنان سالمند رابطه دارد و رفتارهای ارتقادهنده سلامت از طریق تاب‌آوری با اضطراب سلامت زنان سالمند رابطه دارد. بنابراین نتیجه‌گیری می‌شود که با افزایش تاب‌آوری در سالمندان و برآورده کردن نیازهای روان‌شناختی و آموزش رفتارهای ارتقادهنده سلامت می‌توان از افزایش اضطراب سلامت پیش‌گیری کرد.

https://jap.razi.ac.ir/article_2973_66549bf5c3cfeaff4a745bdb307972aa.pdf

دانشگاه رازی روان‌شناسی پیری 2423-7647 9 4 2024 02 04 The Effectiveness of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation over Prefrontal Cortex on Attention, Working Memory, Decision-Making, Social Cognition and Quality of Life in Older Adults ‌اثربخشی تحریک الکتریکی فراجمجمه‌ای قشر پیش‌پیشانی بر توجه، حافظه کاری،تصمیم‌گیری، شناخت اجتماعی و کیفیت زندگی در سالمندان 399 417 2986 10.22126/jap.2024.9693.1738 FA بختیار مسلمی گروه روانشناسی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه شهید مدنی آذربایجان، تبریز، ایران. 0000-0002-8415-3666 غلامرضا چلبیانلو گروه روانشناسی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه شهید مدنی آذربایجان، تبریز، ایران. 0000-0002-3397-4122 Journal Article 2023 10 09 Cognitive function and quality of life (QOL) are crucial indicators in health assessment, and their enhancement reflects the maintenance and improvement of both physical and mental health in older adults. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the prefrontal cortex on attention, working memory, decision-making, social cognition, and QOL in older adults. This quasi-experimental study employed a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The study population consisted of older adults aged over 60 residing in Tabriz, Iran in 2023, among whom, 40 individuals meeting the inclusion criteria were selected through convenience sampling and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group received 1mA tDCS over the prefrontal cortex for 20 sessions every other day, while the control group received no intervention during the same period. The Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) was utilized to assess cognitive function, and the Quality of Life Questionnaire-Short Form (QOL-SF 36) was administered to evaluate QOL at pretest and posttest phases. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was conducted using SPSS-24 software for statistical analysis. The results revealed a significant difference between the means of attention, working memory, decision-making, social cognition, and QOL in the experimental and control groups at the post-test phase (P<.05). Thus, electrical stimulation of the prefrontal cortex led to improvements in attention, working memory, decision-making, social cognition, and QOL, thereby enhancing cognitive performance and improving QOL in the experimental group compared to the control group. The findings suggest that tDCS over the prefrontal cortex enhances cognitive function in older adults, indicating its potential as an effective and beneficial method to improve cognitive performance and QOL in this population. EXTENDED ABSTRACT Introduction Given the increasing population of older adults in the near future, understanding the status of this age group in various domains, including health and mental well-being, particularly cognitive functions and quality of life, has become more important than ever. Psychological changes resulting from aging encompass chronic declines in cognitive functions such as attention, working memory, decision-making, and social cognition, which make the daily interactions of older adults difficult and diminish their quality of life. Researchers have reported the positive effects of neurocognitive interventions in treating cognitive impairments, concluding that electrical stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex can enhance cognitive functions. Therefore, considering the significance of cognitive functions in older adults and the existing literature in this field, the objective of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of transcranial direct current stimulation over the prefrontal cortex on attention, working memory, decision-making, social cognition, and quality of life in older adults. Method The current research was a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population comprises all older individuals aged 60 and above living in East Azerbaijan Province, Iran in 2023, among whom 40 older individuals were selected using convenience sampling and according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, and randomly allocated into experimental and control groups. Inclusion criteria for each group were (1) age over 60 years, (2) willingness to participate and cooperate in the research, and (3) psychological health. Exclusion criteria included (1) history of heart and brain stroke, (2) specific psychological disorders, (3) history of epilepsy and seizures, Alzheimer's, and other dementia-related diseases. Participants completed the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) assessment and the 36-item WHO Quality of Life questionnaire (WHO SF-36). The obtained data from the questionnaires were analyzed using one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) in SPSS version- 24. Results The findings were analyzed in two sections of descriptive and inferential. Prior to the inferential analysis, the normality of the data in attention, working memory, decision-making, social cognition, and quality of life variables in both pretest and posttest phases was confirmed using Shapiro-Wilk test. Meanwhile, homogeneity of variance was confirmed based on the obtained significance level using Levene's test. Additionally, the assumption of homogeneity of regression slopes, indicating the absence of significant interaction between the pretest group, was confirmed based on the obtained significance level. Therefore, the research data provided the basis for covariance assumptions. Based on the results presented in Table 1, transcranial direct current stimulation over the prefrontal cortex had a significant and positive effect on attention, active memory, decision-making, social cognition, and quality of life. Furthermore, considering the calculated effect size and its significance, it can be inferred that 54% of the variance in attention, 35% of the variance in working memory, 47% of the variance in decision-making, 29% of the variance in social cognition, and 62% of the variance in quality of life were explained by the intervention based on transcranial direct current stimulation over the prefrontal cortex. Conclusion Improving living conditions, healthcare, and increasing life expectancy and hope for life have been consequences of aging in societies. Cognitive impairments and declining quality of life are common changes during the aging process, encompassing a wide range of issues. One of the innovative interventions in treating psychological problems and preserving cognitive functions in older adults is transcranial electrical stimulation. Anodal stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in older adults leads to increased brain activity and arousal, as well as increased blood flow to the brain region, enhancing processing of high-level and complex cognitive processes and improving executive functions, attention, decision-making, and social cognition. Improving cognitive functions in older adults helps them to effectively and independently engage in various aspects of life. By enhancing cognitive performance, older adults feel more capable, independent, and confident, leading to greater physical, mental, and psychological health, and this sense of capability and empowerment provides a better lifestyle for them, ultimately improving their quality of life. The results of this study confirm this theory and indicate that transcranial electrical stimulation significantly affected cognitive function and quality of life in older adults. Ethical Consideration Ethical Code The research project has been approved by the Research Center of Shahid Madani University and the National Fund for Research and Technology Development. Financial Support The current research is derived from a post-doctoral research project in psychology and is financially supported by the National Fund for Research and Technology Development in collaboration with Shahid Madani University of Azerbaijan. Authors’ Contributions B.M: Conceptualization, methodology, resources, software, data curation, validation, writing- original draft; G.C: Formal analysis, supervision, writingreview & editing, project administration. Conflict of Interest The author had no conflicts of interest. Acknowledgments The esteemed Research Vice-Chancellor of Shahid Madani University of Azerbaijan and the National Fund for Research and Technology Development are acknowledged for their financial support and collaboration in the implementation of the current research project. References Adams, K. B., Sanders, S., & Auth, E. A. (2004). Loneliness and depression in independent living retirement communities: risk and resilience factors. Aging & Mental Health, 8(6), 475-485. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607860410001725054 Aliasgharpour, M., & Eibpoosh, S. (2013). Quality of life in elderly living in Kahrizak hospice and its relation to the different factors. Iranian journal of, 25(75) 70-60. 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Epigenetic enhancement of BDNF signaling rescues synaptic plasticity in aging. 17800-17810. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3878-11.2011 فعالیت شناختی و کیفیت زندگی نشانگر‌ها‌ی مهمی در ارزیابی سلامت روان هستند و بهبود آنها منعکس کننده حفظ و ارتقای سلامت فیزیکی و روانی در سالمندان است. بنابراین پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی اثربخشی تحریک الکتریکی قشر پیش پیشانی مغزی بر توجه، حافظه کاری، تصمیم‌گیری، شناخت اجتماعی و کیفیت زندگی سالمندان انجام گرفت. این پژوهش از نوع نیمه‌آزمایشی با طرح پیش‌آزمون-پس‌آزمون با گروه کنترل بود. جامعه آماری شامل تمامی سالمندان بالای 60 سال ساکن شهرستان تبریز در سال 1402 بود که از میان آنها نمونه 40 نفر که معیارهای ورود به پژوهش را داشتند به روش در دسترس انتخاب و به صورت تصادفی در دو گروه آزمایشی و کنترل گمارش شدند. گروه آزمایشی به مدت 20 جلسه یک روز درمیان تحت تحریک الکتریکی مغزی بر روی پیش‌پیشانی با شدت 1 میلی آمپر دریافت نمودند و گروه کنترل در این زمان هیچ مداخله‌ای دریافت نکرد. از آزمون ارزیابی خودکار عصب روانشناختی کمبریج، جهت ارزیابی عملکرد شناختی و پرسش‌نامه کیفیت زندگی 36 گویه‌ای سازمان بهداشت جهانی جهت کیفیت زندگی در پیش‌آزمون و پس‌آزمون استفاده شد. از روش تحلیل آماری آنکوا در نرم‌افزار SPSS نسخه 24 جهت تجزیه و تحلیل آماری داده‌ها‌ استفاده گردید. نتایج آزمون آنکوا نشان دهنده تفاوت معنی‌دار در میانگین توجه، حافظه کاری، تصمیم‌گیری، شناخت اجتماعی بین دو گروه آزمایشی و کنترل در پس‌آزمون بود (۰۵/۰P<). به این معنی که تحریک الکتریکی قشر پیش پیشانی موجب بهبود توجه، حافظه کاری و تصمیم‌گیری و شناخت اجتماعی و همچنین بهبود کیفیت زندگی در گروه آزمایش به نسبت گروه کنترل شده است. یافته‌ها‌ی پژوهشی نشان دهنده اثربخشی تحریک الکتریکی مغزی بر روی قشر پیش پیشانی در بازتوانی عملکردهای شناختی در سالمندان است، این رویکرد درمانی را می‌توان به عنوان یک راهکار موثر در بهبود سلامت عملکرد شناختی و کیفیت زندگی استفاده گردد.

https://jap.razi.ac.ir/article_2986_6fc7117f01fa8e9fd151f3afda591884.pdf

دانشگاه رازی روان‌شناسی پیری 2423-7647 9 4 2024 02 04 The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Therapy on Resilience and Perceived Stress in Older Residents of Nursing Homes اثربخشی درمان کاهش تنیدگی مبتنی بر ذهن‌آگاهی بر تاب‌آوری و استرس ادراک شده سالمندان مقیم در سرای سالمندی 419 436 2988 10.22126/jap.2024.10178.1754 FA شیما پرندین گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، واحد اسلام آباد غرب، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اسلام آباد غرب، ایران 0000-0001-9614-3353 Journal Article 2024 01 19 The increase of older population in Iran, along with various problems that threaten their physical and mental health, has led to inappropriate emotional reactions and stress-causing factors such as the reduction of resilience and escalation of stress in older community. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of examine the effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction therapy (MBSRT) on resilience and perceived stress in older residents of nursing homes. This was a quasi-experimental study using a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of the research included all the older adults living in nursing homes of Kermanshah in 2023, among whom 30 people were selected using convenience sampling and according to inclusion and exclusion criteria and were randomly assigned into two experimental and control groups. The content of the therapy sessions was taken from Segal et al.’s perspective. The participants responded to the Connor-Davidson resilience scale and the Cohen et al.’s perceived stress questionnaire. The data were analyzed using univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) in SPSS-26 software. The results revealed that the experimental group was significantly different from the control group in post-test in terms of both resilience and perceived stress variables. In other words, MBSRT improved resilience and reduced perceived stress in older adults (P<.05). According to the results of the present study, psychotherapists can use MBSRT for health-related interventions, especially to improve resilience and reduce perceived stress. EXTENDED ABSTRACT Introduction Aging is considered a natural and inevitable biological phenomenon, marking a sensitive stage in a person’s psychological transformation and bringing about certain physical, cognitive, and social changes. One of the characteristics that diminishes in older adults due to age-related issues is resilience. Resilience is among the most crucial factors for effectively confronting the challenges of any stage of life, particularly old age. Conversely, the decline in physical and mental functions among older adults tends to increase their perceived stress. Stress is perceived when there is a discrepancy between environmental demands and an individual’s perception of their ability to cope with those demands. Among the interventions that significantly impact understanding the psychological issues of older adults is Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Therapy (MBSRT). MBSRT is a psychotherapeutic practice involving paying full attention to present experiences in a moment-to-moment manner. Given the changes in the lives of older adults and the rise in their challenges, there needs to be corresponding adaptations in their care, and health caregivers should be able to address their needs. Due to the scarcity of comprehensive research on MBSRT concerning the resilience and perceived stress of older adults, the findings of this study could have practical implications for families with older members, counseling centers, psychological services, and older adults’ care facilities. Therefore, initiating research in this domain and extending it to other psychological aspects could yield valuable insights for enhancing the resilience and reducing the perceived stress of older adults. Consequently, this study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of MBSRT on the resilience and perceived stress of older residents in old age. Method This was a quasi-experimental study employing a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The population comprised all older individuals residing in the nursing centers of Kermanshah, Iran in 2023, selected using convenience sampling and according to inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study. Finally, 30 older individuals were randomly assigned to two groups of 15 members in each group. To conduct the current research, permission was obtained from the authorities overseeing the older adults, and the objectives, significance, and necessity of the study were communicated. Subsequently, all older participants were assessed for two variables of resilience and perceived stress. Then, 30 individuals scoring lower on the resilience questionnaire and higher on the perceived stress questionnaire were deemed eligible to participate and were assigned into experimental and control groups. The experimental group underwent eight 90-minute sessions of MBSRT during four weeks. Upon completion of the intervention, both groups were reassessed for resilience and perceived stress. Data from pre-test and post-test questionnaires were analyzed using descriptive statistics and univariate covariance analysis (ANCOVA) in SPSS-26 software. Results As indicated in the table below, the F statistic for resilience variables is 997.038, and for perceived stress, it is 538.941. All variables are significant at a level smaller than .001, indicating a significant difference between the two groups in both variables. Furthermore, there is a significant difference between the experimental and control groups regarding resilience. Specifically, MBSRT led to a significant increase in resilience in the experimental group, with an average resilience score of 84.600 compared to 63.46 in the control group. The effect size is .97, suggesting that 97% of individual differences in resilience scores are attributable to MBSRT. Hence, the first hypothesis was confirmed. Similarly, there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in terms of perceived stress. MBSRT resulted in a significant reduction in perceived stress in the experimental group, with an average score of 26.53 compared to 40.66 in the control group. The effect size is 0.95, indicating that 95% of individual differences in perceived stress scores are related to the effectiveness of MBSRT Thus, the second hypothesis was confirmed. Conclusion The results of ANCOVA demonstrated that mindfulness-based stress reduction therapy significantly influenced the resilience and perceived stress levels in older adults. Overall, this study highlighted the effectiveness of MBSRT in enhancing resilience and alleviating perceived stress among older adults. These findings hold numerous practical implications for therapists and healthcare professionals, particularly those working with older populations. Based on these results, therapists and healthcare providers can incorporate MBSRT into their interventions to enhance resilience and decrease perceived stress in older individuals. Furthermore, the outcomes of this study can inform healthcare system managers in implementing psychiatric initiatives aimed at preventing and addressing psychological issues among older adults. By promoting psychiatric services and adopting new educational and therapeutic strategies tailored for older adults, psychological problems can be effectively managed and even reduced within this demographic. Ethical Consideration Ethical Code The present study was conducted independently with the necessary authorization from the Research Deputy of the Islamic Azad University, Islamabadgharb branch. Financial Support This study had no financial support Conflict of Interest The author had no conflicts of interest. Acknowledgments The author of this article extends their gratitude and appreciation to all older individuals residing in the nursing home who patiently participated in this research, as well as older adults’ officials of Kermanshah. References Abad, Y., & Haroon Rashidi, H. (2022). The Effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on rumination and existential anxiety in the elderly men. Aging Psychology, 8(1), 1-10. [Persian]. Aghbolaghi, N., Aghdasi, A., Rostami, H., & Ahangar, A. (2023). examining the effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction on mental fatigue, perceived stress, and emotion regulation in nurses. The Journal of Health and Care, 24(4), 368-379. 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Cities, 132(4), 41-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.104103 افزایش جمعیت سالمندان در کشور همراه با انواع مشکلات تهدید‌کننده سلامت جسم و روان آنها، منجر به واکنش‌های هیجانی نامناسب و عوامل تنش‌زا نظیر کاهش تاب‌آوری و تشدید استرس در جامعه سالمندان شده است. بنابراین پژوهش حاضر با هدف تعیین اثربخشی درمان کاهش تنیدگی مبتنی بر ذهن‌آگاهی بر تاب‌آوری و استرس ادراک شده در سالمندان مقیم در سرای سالمندان انجام شد. روش پژوهش حاضر از نوع نیمه‌آزمایشی با طرح پیش‌آزمون-پس‌آزمون با گروه کنترل بود. جامعه آماری پژوهش شامل کلیه سالمندان مقیم در سرای سالمندی شهر کرمانشاه در سال 1402 بودند که از میان آنان 30 نفر با روش نمونه‌گیری دردسترس و با توجه به معیارهای ورود و خروج به مطالعه انتخاب و به طور تصادفی در دو گروه آزمایش و کنترل جایگزین شدند. محتوای جلسات درمانی برگرفته از دیدگاه سگال و همکاران بود. شرکت‌کنندگان در پژوهش به پرسش‌نامه تاب‌آوری کانر و دیویدسون و پرسش‌نامه استرس ادراک شده کوهن و همکاران پاسخ دادند. داده‌ها با روش تحلیل کوواریانس تک‌متغیری در نرم افزار SPSS نسخه 26 تحلیل شدند. نتایج نشان داد که گروه آزمایش در پس‌آزمون از نظر هر دو متغیر تاب‌آوری و استرس ادراک شده تفاوت معناداری با گروه کنترل داشتند. به عبارت دیگر درمان کاهش تنیدگی مبتنی بر ذهن‌آگاهی باعث بهبود تاب‌آوری و کاهش استرس ادراک‌شده در سالمندان شد (05/0>P). با توجه به نتایج پژوهش حاضر، درمانگران می‌توانند از روش درمان کاهش تنیدگی مبتنی بر ذهن‌آگاهی برای مداخله‌های مرتبط با سلامت به ویژه برای بهبود تاب‌آوری و کاهش استرس ادراک‌شده استفاده نمایند.

https://jap.razi.ac.ir/article_2988_57c33de88382d5a06d778be066ab0f47.pdf

دانشگاه رازی روان‌شناسی پیری 2423-7647 9 4 2024 02 04 The Prediction of Age-Related Cognitive Decline and Executive Functions Based on Social Isolation, Physical Activity and Nutritional Habits in Older Adults پیش‌بینی افت شناختی مرتبط با سن و کارکردهای اجرایی بر اساس انزوای اجتماعی، فعالیت جسمانی و عادات تغذیه‌ایی در سالمندان 437 454 2987 10.22126/jap.2024.9518.1727 FA زهره محمودی گروه روانشناسی شناختی، دانشکده روانشناسی و علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه سمنان، سمنان، ایران 0009-0006-2509-9221 اسحق رحیمیان بوگر گروه روانشناسی بالینی، دانشکده روانشناسی و علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه سمنان، سمنان، ایران 0000-0003-3029-9050 سیاوش طالع پسند گروه روانشناسی تربیتی، دانشکده روانشناسی و علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه سمنان، سمنان، ایران 0000-0002-7534-5711 Journal Article 2023 08 24 Social factors and health-related behaviors, including physical activities and nutrition, serve an important role in status of cognitive abilities in older adults. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of social isolation, physical activity and nutritional habits in predicting age-related cognitive decline and executive function failure in older adults. This was a descriptive study, of correlational type. The statistical population of this research included all older men and women residents in nursing homes in Tehran in 2023, among whom 258 participants were selected based on Tabachnick and Fidell’s formula by convenience sampling, and were asked to respond the Folstein et al.’s mini-mental state examination, Barkley deficits in executive functioning scale, Lubben social network scale, Washburn et al.’s physical activity scale for the elderly, and Guigoz et al.’s mini nutritional assessment. Data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation and multiple regression analysis in SPSS-26 software. The results figured out that physical activity and nutritional habits have a negative and significant relationship with age-related cognitive decline and executive function deficiency (P<.001). Social isolation had no significant relationship with age-related cognitive decline and executive function failure (P>0.05). In addition, the physical activity predicted 20% of the age-related cognitive decline, and the nutritional habits predicted 14% of executive function failure in older adults (P<.001). It is concluded that proper physical activity and good nutrition pattern can be associated with the reduction of age-related cognitive deficits in older adults. This result contains implications in developing preventive and intervention programs to improve the cognitive ability in older adults. EXTENDED ABSTRACT Introduction Aging, as a sensitive stage in human psychological evolution, causes fundamental changes in body systems and decreases motor and cognitive functions. Social factors and health-related behaviors, including physical activities and nutrition, play important roles in cognitive abilities in older adults. Age-related cognitive decline and deficits in executive functions are multifactorial phenomena that require early recognition and intervention. Additionally, cognitive decline and deficits in executive functions, which are associated with negative consequences and a decrease in the quality of life in older adults, are influenced by psychosocial processes such as social isolation or feelings of loneliness and health-related behaviors such as physical activities and nutritional patterns or habits. Considering the lack of research in the field of the role of social factors and health-related behaviors together in examining the determinants of age-related cognitive decline and executive functions, this research is necessary and important from a scientific and socio-cultural perspective. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of social isolation, physical activity, and nutritional habits in predicting age-related cognitive decline and executive function failure in older adults. Method This was a descriptive study, of correlational type. The statistical population included all older men and women residents of nursing homes in Tehran, Iran in 2023, among whom 258 participants (160 women and 98 men) were selected based on Tabachnick and Fidell’s sampling formula using convenience sampling. The inclusion criteria included (1) the age range of 65 to 80 years, (2) living in nursing homes in Tehran, and (3) the ability to read and write. The exclusion criteria were (1) suffering from chronic physical and psychological diseases based on the report of psychologists working in centers, and (2) the inability to answer questions due to various reasons such as Alzheimer’s disease. Finally, after the removal of the dropout cases (18 participants) due to several reasons, such as not meeting the inclusion criteria or not being able to cooperate with the researcher, the final sample of this study included 240 people. out of all participants, 150 (62%) were women and 90 (38%) were men. The age range of the older adults was between 65 and 80 with an average of 72 (SD=.891). 95% of participants had children, and only 5% of them were childless. The participants were filled out Folstein et al.’s mini-mental state examination, Barkley deficits in executive functioning scale, Lubben social network scale, Washburn et al.’s physical activity scale for the elderly, and Guigoz et al.’s mini nutritional assessment. Data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation and multiple regression analysis in SPSS-26 software. Results Before analyzing the data, we considered the assumptions of the statistical tests used in the current study, the results of which showed that the distribution of scores of all variables is normal and there is no collinearity between the variables. The results indicated that cognitive decline has a negative and significant relationship (P<.001) with physical activity (r=-0.453) and nutritional habits (r=-0.228). Executive functions failure also had a negative and significant relationship (P<.001) with physical activity (r=-0.279) and nutritional habits (r=-0.376). Additionally, a positive and significant relationship between executive function failure and cognitive decline (r=.527) was obtained (P<.001). Social isolation had no significant relationship with cognitive decline and executive functions failure (P>.05). Table 1 shows the results of regression analysis (enter mode) predicting cognitive decline and executive functions failure based on social isolation, physical activity, and nutritional habits. According to Table 1, social isolation explains only 1% of the variance of cognitive decline in older adults(R=.115). Physical activity could explain 20% of the variance of cognitive decline in older adults (R=.453). Nutritional habits explain 5% of the variance of cognitive decline in older adults (R=.328). Additionally, social isolation did not have the power to predict the failure of executive functions in older adults (R=.128). Physical activity explains only 7% of the variance of executive function failure in older adults (R=.279). Nutritional habits explain 14% of the variance of executive function failure in older adults (R=.376). Conclusion According to the results, physical activity and nutritional habits exhibit a strong relationship with cognitive decline and executive functions failure in older adults. The increase of physical activity and the improve of healthy nutrition are associated with a decrease in cognitive decline and executive functions failure among older adults. Regular physical and sports activities have been found to improve cognitive function in older adults. Physical activity can reduce reaction time, enhance blood flow in the body, and promote richer neural connections, which in turn, improve brain function. Furthermore, nutrition plays a crucial role in brain function and seems to be a significant factor in healthy aging and reducing age-related cognitive decline. Malnutrition among older adults is considered an underlying cause of cognitive decline, and those suffering from malnutrition may experience serious impairments in cognitive functions. These findings have important implications for the development of preventive and intervention programs aimed at improving and promoting the cognitive abilities of older adults. Given the predictive power of physical activity in cognitive decline and failure of executive functions among older adults, it is recommended that daily activity programs for older individuals living in nursing homes be designed to include opportunities for physical activity and encourage adherence to proper nutritional patterns. Such programs can contribute to enhancing cognitive health and overall well-being in aging populations. Ethical Consideration Ethical Code This research has an ethics approval number IR.SEMUMS.REC.1402.004 from Semnan University of Medical Sciences. Financial Support This research has not received financial support from any institution. Authors’ Contributions Z.M: writing- original draft, Data curation, formal analysis, writing-review & editing; I. 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Frontiers in aging neuroscience, 14, 960817. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2022.960817 عوامل اجتماعی و رفتارهای مرتبط با سلامت از جمله فعالیت جسمانی و تغذیه نقش مهمی در وضعیت توانایی‌های شناختی در سالمندان دارند. بنابراین این مطالعه با هدف بررسی نقش انزوای اجتماعی، فعالیت جسمانی و عادات تغذیه‌ای در پیش‌بینی افت شناختی مرتبط با سن و نارسایی کارکردهای اجرایی در سالمندان انجام شد. طرح پژوهش، توصیفی و از نوع همبستگی بود. جامعه آماری در این پژوهش شامل تمامی زنان و مردان سالمند سراهای سالمندان شهر تهران در سال 1401 بود که از بین آنها، 258 نفر بر اساس فرمول نمونه‌گیری تاباچنیک و فیدل به روش در دسترس انتخاب شدند و به معاینه مختصر وضعیت شناختی فولستاین و همکاران، مقیاس نارسایی کارکردهای اجرایی بارکلی، مقیاس شبکه اجتماعی لوبن، مقیاس فعالیت جسمانی سالمندان واشبورن و همکاران و ارزیابی مختصر وضعیت تغذیه‌ای گایگاز و همکاران پاسخ دادند. داده‎‌ها با استفاده از همبستگی پیرسون و تحلیل رگرسیون چندگانه با نرم‌افزار SPSS-26 تجزیه و تحلیل شدند. نتایج نشان داد فعالیت جسمانی و عادات تغذیه‌ای با افت شناختی و نارسایی کارکردهای اجرایی رابطه منفی و معنی‌دار دارند (001/0>P). انزوای اجتماعی با افت شناختی و نارسایی کارکردهای اجرایی رابطه معنی‌دار نداشت (05/0<P). به‌علاوه، متغیر فعالیت جسمانی به میزان 20 درصد افت شناختی سالمندان و متغیر عادات تغذیه‌ای به میزان 14 درصد نارسایی کارکردهای اجرایی سالمندان را پیش‌بینی کرد (001/0>P). نتیجه‌گیری می‌شود که فعالیت جسمانی مناسب و برخورداری از الگوی تغذیه مطلوب می‌تواند با کاهش نارسایی‎‌های شناختی در سالمندان همراه باشد. این نتیجه حاوی مضامین کاربردی در تدوین برنامه‌های پیشگیرانه و مداخله‌ای در بهبود توانایی شناختی سالمندان می‌باشد.

https://jap.razi.ac.ir/article_2987_4f0d6658649264b7739041c5e9c87259.pdf

دانشگاه رازی روان‌شناسی پیری 2423-7647 9 4 2024 01 21 Improving Treatment Adherence in Older Adults with Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Policy Brief بهبود تبعیت از درمان در بزرگسالان مسن مبتلا به سندرم حاد کرونری: یک خلاصه سیاستی 455 458 3239 10.22126/jap.2024.3239 FA آرش ضیاءپور مرکز تحقیقات قلب و عروق، پژوهشکده سلامت، بیمارستان امام علی (ع)، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کرمانشاه، کرمانشاه، ایران رضا حیدری مقدم مرکز تحقیقات قلب و عروق، پژوهشکده سلامت، بیمارستان امام علی (ع)، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کرمانشاه، کرمانشاه، ایران زهرا جلیلی مرکز تحقیقات قلب و عروق، پژوهشکده سلامت، بیمارستان امام علی (ع)، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کرمانشاه، کرمانشاه، ایران جواد یوسفی لبنی مرکز تحقیقات عوامل اجتماعی سلامت، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی لرستان، خرم آباد، ایران پریسا جانجانی مرکز تحقیقات قلب و عروق، پژوهشکده سلامت، بیمارستان امام علی (ع)، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کرمانشاه، کرمانشاه، ایران 0000-0002-7394-8447 Journal Article 2023 06 28 The rapidly aging population is a key driver of the ACS epidemic, and as the number of older adult’s increases, the burden of ACS is expected to rise accordingly. Adherence to medical advice is crucial for heart patients to prevent re-hospitalization and avoidable complications. With this in mind, this policy brief aims to inform health service planners in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) who are developing national policies and strategies for cardiovascular disease care in older adults. In this study, we conducted a qualitative content analysis to explore the experiences of barriers to treatment adherence among older adults (n = 38) in Kermanshah, Iran in 2023.We employed a purposive sampling method to select participants. Data collection was conducted through in-depth interviews and semi-structured methods until data saturation was achieved. For data analysis, we employed the 6-step content analysis method developed by Graneheim and Lundman. Based on the assigned codes, the present study identified three main issues that hinder adherence to treatment: 1) Poor performance of the treatment team, 2) Financial limitations, and 3) Disappointment and social rejection. These findings suggest that addressing these barriers is crucial for improving treatment adherence. پیری سریع جمعیت عامل اصلی اپیدمی سندرم حاد کرونر است و با افزایش تعداد افراد مسن، انتظار می‌رود بار این بیماری افزایش یابد. رعایت توصیه های پزشکی برای بیماران قلبی برای جلوگیری از بستری مجدد در بیمارستان و عوارض آن بسیار مهم است. با در نظر گرفتن این موضوع، این خط مشی مختصر با هدف اطلاع دادن به برنامه ریزان خدمات سلامت در کشورهای با درآمد کم و متوسط (LMICs) که در حال توسعه سیاست ها و استراتژی های ملی برای مراقبت از بیماری های قلبی عروقی در سالمندان هستند طراحی شده است. در این مطالعه، ما یک تحلیل محتوای کیفی برای بررسی تجربیات موانع پیروی از درمان در میان سالمندان (38 نفر) در شهر کرمانشاه، ایران در سال 2023 انجام دادیم. ما از یک روش نمونه‌گیری هدفمند برای انتخاب شرکت‌کنندگان استفاده کردیم. جمع‌آوری داده‌ها از طریق مصاحبه‌های عمیق و روش‌های نیمه ساختاریافته تا رسیدن به اشباع داده‌ها انجام شد. برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها، از روش تجزیه و تحلیل محتوای 6 مرحله ای توسعه یافته توسط Graneheim و Lundman استفاده کردیم. بر اساس کدهای تخصیص داده شده، مطالعه حاضر سه موضوع اصلی را که مانع پایبندی به درمان هستند نشان داد و عبارتند از: 1-عملکرد ضعیف تیم درمانی 2-محدودیت های مالی . 3- ناامیدی و طرد اجتماعی.

https://jap.razi.ac.ir/article_3239_756f04ef7a466e0626c80c70f10d90ad.pdf