Razi University Aging Psychology 2423-7647 6 4 2021 01 20 The Effectiveness of Positive Psychotherapy on the Vitality in the Elderly The Effectiveness of Positive Psychotherapy on the Vitality in the Elderly 308 299 1577 10.22126/jap.2020.5781.1475 FA Ghazaleh Tavakoli M.A in Rehabilitation Counseling, Faculty of Education and Psychology Sciences, Payame Noor University of Tehran, I.R. Iran ‎0000-0003-4869-8009 Sedigheh Rezai Dehnavi Ph.D. in Psychology, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Payame Noor University of Tehran, I.R. Iran ‎0000-0002-2714-7665 Zahra Montajabian M.A in Family Counseling, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Payame Noor University of Tehran, I.R. Iran ‎0000-0001-8868-4774‎ Journal Article 2020 10 03 Vitality is presented as an energy-filled inner experience in which people experience a sense of life and spirit within themselves. Subjective vitality refers to a positive feeling of aliveness and energy. This condition appears to be important in the elderly. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to study of the effectiveness of positive psychotherapy on vitality in the elderly. This was a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest and control group design. The statistical population included all the elderly referring to the day care centers for the elderly in Aligudarz, Iran in 2018, among whom 30 elderly were chosen using purposive sampling method along with inclusion and exclusion criteria and assigned randomly into two groups of experimental and control (each with 15 members). Research tool consisted of Rayan & Frederick’s subjective vitality scale. The experimental group participated in a group positive psychotherapy for eight 90-minute sessions, while the control group did not receive any intervention. Data were analyzed using the univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) in SPSS-25. The results indicated that positive psychotherapy, significantly increased vitality in the elderly. Based on the results of this study, positive psychotherapy is suggested to be used in order to increase vitality in the elderly. References Arabzadeh, M. (2016). The effect of positive psychotherapy on self-management ability in elderly. Journal of Health & Care, 18 (3), 228-236. [Persian] Arabzadeh, M. (2017). Relationship between basic psychological needs and mental vitality in the elderly Iranian Journal of Ageing, 12(2), 170-179. [Persian] Banisi, P. (2019). The effectiveness of positivism training on subjective well-being, positive meta-emotion and self-management ability in the elderly women. Journal of Aging Psychology, 5(3), 217-227. [Persian] Borji, M., & Tarjoman, A. (2018). Investigating the effect of religious intervention on mental vitality and sense of loneliness among the elderly referring to community healthcare centers. Journal of Religion and Healthy, 59, 163-172. [Persian] Comerford, J., Batteson, T., & Tormey, R. (2015). Academic buoyancy in second level schools: insights from Ireland. Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 197, 98-103. Couto, N., Antunes, R., Monteiro, D., Moutão, J., Marinho, D. A., & Cidl, L. (2017). Impact of the basic psychological needs in subjective happiness, subjective vitality and physical activity in an elderly Portuguese population. Motricidade, 13(2), 58-70. Diener, E. (2014). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 542-575. Farnam, A.(2016). The Effect of positive thinking training in enhancement of quality and hope of life among the elderly. Positive Psychology Research, 1(5), 75-88. [Persian] Haewon, J. (2017). The Relationship between physical activity, meaning in life, and subjective vitality in community-dwelling older adults. Gerontology & Geriatrics, 73, 120-124. Hamid, N., Vatankhah, M., & Mehrabizadeh Honarmad, M. (2013). The Efficacy of quality of life grouptraining on happiness and vitality of aged men of Ahvaz city.The Journal of Urmia University of Medical Sciences, 24(10),800-811. [Persian] Haroon Rashidi, H., & Bahiraei, M. H. (2020). The Effectiveness of positivism training on the life satisfaction and character strengths in the elderly men. Aging Psychology, 6(2), 179-189. [Persian] Heidari, F., Amiri, A., & Amiri, Z. (2016). The Effect of person-centered narrative therapy on happiness and death anxiety of elderly people. Abnormal and Behavioural Psychology, 2(3), 1-5. [Persian] Khodabakhshi-Koolaee, A., Heidari, F., & Zangeneh Motlagh F. (2018). The Effect of mixed prayer and positive psychology group therapy on life meaning and death anxiety among elderly women with physical-motor disabilities. Journal of Research on Religion & Health, 4(2), 16-28. [Persian] Kim, E. S., Park, N., & Peterson, C. (2011). Dispositional optimism protects older adults from stroke: The Health and retirement study. Stroke, 42(10), 2855-2859.‎ Leontopoulou, S. (2015). A Positive Psychology intervention with emerging adults. The European Journal of Counselling Psychology, 3(2), 113–136. Magyar Moe, J. L. (2009). Therapist's guide to positive psychological interventions. Cambridge: ‎Academic Press. Majidi, M. (2014). The Effectiveness of positive psychology on the mental health of older women. Third national conference on mental health and wellness, Islamic Azad University, Torbat-e Jam, Iran. [Persian] Naseh, L., & Heidari, M. (2015). Relationship between general self-efficacy and quality of life among elderly living in chaharmahal bakhtiari nursing homest. Ageing, 10(1), 62-71. [Persian] Pachana, N., & Laidlaw K. (2014). The Oxford handbook of clinical geropsychology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification.Oxford Press. Putwain, D. V., Connors, L., Symes, W., & Douglas-Osborn, E. (2011). Is academic buoyancy anything more than adaptive coping? Anxiety, Stress and Coping, 3, 1-10. Rahimi Kazeroni, N., & Karami, A. (2019). Evaluation of the effectiveness of positive psychology on marital intimacy and mental vitality in women with conflict with their spouses, referring to counseling centers in Shiraz. New Advances in Behavioral Sciences, 4(35), 39-55. [Persian] Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2008). From ego depletion to vitality: Theory and findings concerning the facilitation of energy available to the self. Social and Personality Psychology Compass,2(2), 702–17. Ryan, R. M., & Frederick, C. (1997). On energy, personality, and health: Subjective vitality as a dynamic reflection of well-being. Journal of Personality, 65(3), 529–65. Saeidimehr, S., Geravandi, S., Izadmehr, A., & Mohammadi, M. J. (2016).Relationship between the “Quality of life” and symptoms of depression among older adults. Ageing, 11(1), 90-99. [Persian] Sarah, M., Paul, C., & Lisa, K. M. (2013). Wellbeing, academic buoyancy and educational achievement in primary school student. International Journal of Educationalr Research, 62, 239-248. Seligman, M. (2010). Authentic happiness: Using the new positive psychology to realize your potential for Lasting Fulfilling. Free. Seligman, M. E. P. (2012). Flourish: A Visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being. Free Press. Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2013). Positive Psychology: An introduction, American Psychologist, 55, 5-14 Vitality is presented as an energy-filled inner experience in which people experience a sense of life and spirit within themselves. Subjective vitality refers to a positive feeling of aliveness and energy. This condition appears to be important in the elderly. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to study of the effectiveness of positive psychotherapy on vitality in the elderly. This was a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest and control group design. The statistical population included all the elderly referring to the day care centers for the elderly in Aligudarz, Iran in 2018, among whom 30 elderly were chosen using purposive sampling method along with inclusion and exclusion criteria and assigned randomly into two groups of experimental and control (each with 15 members). Research tool consisted of Rayan & Frederick’s subjective vitality scale. The experimental group participated in a group positive psychotherapy for eight 90-minute sessions, while the control group did not receive any intervention. Data were analyzed using the univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) in SPSS-25. The results indicated that positive psychotherapy, significantly increased vitality in the elderly. Based on the results of this study, positive psychotherapy is suggested to be used in order to increase vitality in the elderly. References Arabzadeh, M. (2016). The effect of positive psychotherapy on self-management ability in elderly. Journal of Health & Care, 18 (3), 228-236. [Persian] Arabzadeh, M. (2017). Relationship between basic psychological needs and mental vitality in the elderly Iranian Journal of Ageing, 12(2), 170-179. [Persian] Banisi, P. (2019). The effectiveness of positivism training on subjective well-being, positive meta-emotion and self-management ability in the elderly women. Journal of Aging Psychology, 5(3), 217-227. [Persian] Borji, M., & Tarjoman, A. (2018). Investigating the effect of religious intervention on mental vitality and sense of loneliness among the elderly referring to community healthcare centers. Journal of Religion and Healthy, 59, 163-172. [Persian] Comerford, J., Batteson, T., & Tormey, R. (2015). Academic buoyancy in second level schools: insights from Ireland. Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 197, 98-103. Couto, N., Antunes, R., Monteiro, D., Moutão, J., Marinho, D. A., & Cidl, L. (2017). Impact of the basic psychological needs in subjective happiness, subjective vitality and physical activity in an elderly Portuguese population. Motricidade, 13(2), 58-70. Diener, E. (2014). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 542-575. Farnam, A.(2016). The Effect of positive thinking training in enhancement of quality and hope of life among the elderly. Positive Psychology Research, 1(5), 75-88. [Persian] Haewon, J. (2017). The Relationship between physical activity, meaning in life, and subjective vitality in community-dwelling older adults. Gerontology & Geriatrics, 73, 120-124. Hamid, N., Vatankhah, M., & Mehrabizadeh Honarmad, M. (2013). The Efficacy of quality of life grouptraining on happiness and vitality of aged men of Ahvaz city.The Journal of Urmia University of Medical Sciences, 24(10),800-811. [Persian] Haroon Rashidi, H., & Bahiraei, M. H. (2020). The Effectiveness of positivism training on the life satisfaction and character strengths in the elderly men. Aging Psychology, 6(2), 179-189. [Persian] Heidari, F., Amiri, A., & Amiri, Z. (2016). The Effect of person-centered narrative therapy on happiness and death anxiety of elderly people. Abnormal and Behavioural Psychology, 2(3), 1-5. [Persian] Khodabakhshi-Koolaee, A., Heidari, F., & Zangeneh Motlagh F. (2018). The Effect of mixed prayer and positive psychology group therapy on life meaning and death anxiety among elderly women with physical-motor disabilities. Journal of Research on Religion & Health, 4(2), 16-28. [Persian] Kim, E. S., Park, N., & Peterson, C. (2011). Dispositional optimism protects older adults from stroke: The Health and retirement study. Stroke, 42(10), 2855-2859.‎ Leontopoulou, S. (2015). A Positive Psychology intervention with emerging adults. The European Journal of Counselling Psychology, 3(2), 113–136. Magyar Moe, J. L. (2009). Therapist's guide to positive psychological interventions. Cambridge: ‎Academic Press. Majidi, M. (2014). The Effectiveness of positive psychology on the mental health of older women. Third national conference on mental health and wellness, Islamic Azad University, Torbat-e Jam, Iran. [Persian] Naseh, L., & Heidari, M. (2015). Relationship between general self-efficacy and quality of life among elderly living in chaharmahal bakhtiari nursing homest. Ageing, 10(1), 62-71. [Persian] Pachana, N., & Laidlaw K. (2014). The Oxford handbook of clinical geropsychology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification.Oxford Press. Putwain, D. V., Connors, L., Symes, W., & Douglas-Osborn, E. (2011). Is academic buoyancy anything more than adaptive coping? Anxiety, Stress and Coping, 3, 1-10. Rahimi Kazeroni, N., & Karami, A. (2019). Evaluation of the effectiveness of positive psychology on marital intimacy and mental vitality in women with conflict with their spouses, referring to counseling centers in Shiraz. New Advances in Behavioral Sciences, 4(35), 39-55. [Persian] Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2008). From ego depletion to vitality: Theory and findings concerning the facilitation of energy available to the self. Social and Personality Psychology Compass,2(2), 702–17. Ryan, R. M., & Frederick, C. (1997). On energy, personality, and health: Subjective vitality as a dynamic reflection of well-being. Journal of Personality, 65(3), 529–65. Saeidimehr, S., Geravandi, S., Izadmehr, A., & Mohammadi, M. J. (2016).Relationship between the “Quality of life” and symptoms of depression among older adults. Ageing, 11(1), 90-99. [Persian] Sarah, M., Paul, C., & Lisa, K. M. (2013). Wellbeing, academic buoyancy and educational achievement in primary school student. International Journal of Educationalr Research, 62, 239-248. Seligman, M. (2010). Authentic happiness: Using the new positive psychology to realize your potential for Lasting Fulfilling. Free. Seligman, M. E. P. (2012). Flourish: A Visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being. Free Press. Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2013). Positive Psychology: An introduction, American Psychologist, 55, 5-14

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Razi University Aging Psychology 2423-7647 6 4 2021 01 20 Death Anxiety in the Elderly: The Role of Spiritual Health and Perceived Social Support Death Anxiety in the Elderly: The Role of Spiritual Health and Perceived Social Support 319 309 1606 10.22126/jap.2020.5778.1473 FA Mehrdad Hajihasani Assistant Professor, Department of Counseling, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, I.R. Iran. 0000-0002-9585-9357 Nahid Naderi Bachelor of Counseling, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, I.R. Iran 0000-0002-6096-7761 Journal Article 2020 10 03 Aging as one of the most important periods of life is associated with many challenges including death anxiety. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to investigate the role of spiritual health and perceived social support in predicting death anxiety in the elderly. The present study was a descriptive-correlational one. The study population consisted of the elderly living in Shahrekord in 2020, among whom 385 were selected using convenience sampling method and were assessed by the scales of Templer Death Anxiety, Zemen Perceived Social Support and Paloutzian & Ellison spiritual health. Data were analyzed using correlation coefficient and linear regression analysis in SPSS software version 22. The results indicated that there is a significant relationship between spiritual health (r=-0.51), perceived social support by family (r=-0.37), friends (r=-0.30) and significant other (r=-0.16) with death anxiety in the elderly. The results of linear regression analysis releaved that spiritual health (P=0.001, β=-0.46) and perceived social support by the family (P=0.001, β=-0.29) can predict negatively the death anxiety in the elderly and explain 26.7% of the variance of death anxiety in the elderly. Consequently, counselors and psychologists in the field of aging are suggested to reduce death anxiety in the elderly, using strategies to promote spiritual health and social support. References Abdel-Khalek, A. M. (2001). Death, anxiety, and depression in Kuwaiti undergraduates. OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying, 42(4), 309-320. Abdel-Khalek, A. M. (2005). Death anxiety in clinical and non-clinical groups. Death Studies, 29(3), 251-259. Alipour, A., Aliakbari Dehkord, D. M., Amini, F., & Hashemi Jashni, J. A. (2016). Relationship between perceived social support and adherence of treatment in Diabetes Mellitus type 2: mediating role of resiliency and rope. Journal of Research in Psychological Health, 10(2), 53-67. [Persian] Andreas, S., Schulz, H., Volkert, J., Dehoust, M., Sehner, S., Suling, A., Ausín, B., Canuto, A., Crawford, M., Da Ronch, C. & Grassi, L. (2017). Prevalence of mental disorders in elderly people: the European MentDis_ICF65+ study. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 210(2), 125-131. Aslani, Y., Hosseini, R., Alijanpour Aghamaleki, M., Javanbakhtian Ghahfarokhi, R., & Borhaninejad, V. (2018). Spiritual health and life satisfaction in older adults in Shahrekord hospitals, 2013. Journal of Clinical Nursing and Midwifery, 6(4), 1-10. [Persian]. Atadokht, A., Rahimi, S., Valinejad, S. (2018). The Role of health promoting lifestyle and religious orientation in predicting quality of life and death anxiety in elders. Aging Psychology, 4(2), 143-154. [Persian]. Bagheri, H., Sadeghi, M., Esmaeili, N., & Naeimi, Z. (2016). Relationship between spiritual health and depression and quality of sleep in the older adults in Shahroud. Journal of Gerontology, 1(1), 55-62. [Persian]. Basharpoor, S., Rahimi, S., Sedaghat, M. (2019). The Role of psychological flexibility and emotional processing styles in predicting death anxiety in the elderly. Aging Psychology, 5(2), 131-141. [Persian]. Becker, E. (1973). The denial of death. Free Press. Berkman, L. F., Glass, T., Brissette, I., & Seeman, T. E. (2000). From social integration to health: Durkheim in the new millennium. Social science & medicine, 51(6), 843-857. Bufford, R. K., Paloutzian, R. F., & Ellison, C. W. (1991). Norms for the spiritual weil-being scale. Journal of psychology and theology, 19(1), 56-70. Chukwuorji, J. C., Uzuegbu, C. N., Chukwu, C. V., Ifeagwazi, C. M., & Ugwu, C. (2020). Social support serves emotion regulation function in death anxiety among people living with HIV/AIDS. South African Journal of Psychology, 50(3), 395-410. Cochran, W. G. (1940). Note on an approximate formula for the significance levels of z. The Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 11(1), 93-95. Dos Santos, S. B., Rocha, G. P., Fernandez, L. L., de Padua, A. C., & Reppold, C. T. (2018). Association of lower spiritual well-being, social support, self-esteem, subjective well-being, optimism and hope scores with mild cognitive impairment and mild dementia. Frontiers in psychology, 9, 1-10. Ebrahimi, B., Hosseini, M., & Rashedi, V. (2018). The Relationship between social support and death anxiety among the elderly. Elderly Health Journal, 4(2), 37-42. Emamirad, A., Amiri, H. (2018). The Relationship between spiritual health and meaning of life with death anxiety in elders. Aging Psychology, 4(3), 251-261. [Persian] Esmaeilishad, B. (2020). The Effectiveness of self-care training on quality of life, self-care behaviors and blood sugar in elderly lacking self-Care behaviors. Aging Psychology, 6(1), 1-11. [Persian]. Fortner, V., Robert A. Neimeyer, B. (1999). Death anxiety in older adults: A quantitative review. Death studies, 23(5), 387-411. Ghasempour, A., Sooreh, J., & Seid Tazeh Kand., M.T (2017). Predicting death anxiety on the basis of emotion cognitive regulation strategies. Knowledge & Research in Applied Psychology, 13(48), 63-70. [Persian]. Han, A. R., Park, S. A., & Ahn, B. E. (2018). Reduced stress and improved physical functional ability in elderly with mental health problems following a horticultural therapy program. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 38, 19-23. Hwang, H. (2019). Factors influencing death anxiety among rural elderly. Journal of Health Informatics and Statistics, 44(2), 111-116. Jose, S., George, N., & Dante, G. (2018). Life satisfaction as a predictor of death anxiety among the elderly people. Indian Journal of Health and Wellbeing, 9(6), 829-832. Kim, K. H., Kwon, H. J., Choi, M. H., Park, Y. J., & Kim, S. K. (2010). Psychological and spiritual factors associated with death anxiety of elderly people living at home. Journal of Korean Academy of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 19(1), 96-105. Kim, Y., & Kim, M. (2019). Factors influencing death anxiety in community-dwelling elderly: based on the ecology theory. The Korean Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care, 22(1), 30-38. Krause, N., Pargament, K. I., & Ironson, G. (2018). In the shadow of death: Religious hope as a moderator of the effects of age on death anxiety. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 73(4), 696-703. Kübler-Ross, E. (2002). On death and dying; Questions and answers on death and dying; on life after death. Quality Paper Book Club. Kurtulan, M. H., & Karaırmak, Ö. (2016). Examination of the relationship among death anxiety, spirituality, religious orientation and existential anxiety. Spiritual Psychology and Counseling, 1(2), 206-217. Lehto, R. H., & Stein, K. F. (2009). Death anxiety: an analysis of an evolving concept. Research and theory for nursing practice, 23(1), 23–41. López‐Cerdá, E., Carmona‐Torres, J. M., & Rodríguez‐Borrego, M. A. (2019). Social support for elderly people over 65 years in Spain. International nursing review, 66(1), 104-111. Mahbobi, M., Etemadi, M., Khorasani, E., & Ghiasi, M. (2012). The Relationship between spiritual health and social anxiety in chemical veterans. 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Death anxiety and its relationship with social support and gratitude in older adults. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing, 14(1), 26-39. [Persian]. Rajabi, G.R., & Bahrani, M. (2001). Factor analysis of death anxiety scale questions. Journal of Psychology, 5 (4), 331-341. [Persian]. Razavi, V. (2015). Relationship between social support and hope and death anxiety among the old people of Tehran Omid Cultural Center. International Journal of Life Sciences, 9(2), 65-70. Rocha, A. C. A. L. D., & Ciosak, S. I. (2014). Chronic disease in the elderly: spirituality and coping. Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP, 48(2), 87-93. Rostami, M., nosrati, K., Mahdinejad Gorji, G., kabiri, M. (2020). Death anxiety in the elderly: the role of psychological hardiness and practical commitment to prayer. Aging Psychology, 5(4), 309-320. [Persian] Russac, R. J., Gatliff, C., Reece, M., & Spottswood, D. (2007). Death anxiety across the adult years: An examination of age and gender effects. Death studies, 31(6), 549-561. Saber, F. M., & Nusratabadi, M. (2014). Social support and quality of life related to health in the elderly covered by the welfare of Kerman city. Journal of Health and Development, 3 (3), 189-199. [Persian]. Saini, P., Patidar, A. B., Kaur, R., Kaur, M., & Kaur, J. (2016). Death anxiety and its associated factors among elderly population of Ludhiana city, Punjab. Indian Journal of, 30(1), 101-10. Sarason, B. R., Sarason, I. G., & Pierce, G. R. (1990). Social support: An interactional view. John Wiley & Sons. Seo, J. H., & Noh, Y. G. (2019). Influences of social support and health promotion behavior on aging anxiety among middle-aged women. Journal of Digital Convergence, 17(11), 339-347. Seyedfatemi N., Rezaie M., Givari A., & Hosseini F. (2006). Prayer and spiritual well-being in cancer patients. Health Monitor Journal of the Iranian Institute for Health Sciences Research, 5(4), 0-0. [Persian]. Sharma, P., Asthana, H. S., Gambhir, I. S., & Ranjan, J. K. (2019). Death anxiety among elderly people: role of gender, spirituality and mental health. Indian Journal of Gerontology, 33(3), 240-254. Sheykholeslami, A., & Samadifard, H. (2017). Death Anxiety in the Elderly: The Role of Cognitive Failures, Flexibility and Distortion. Journal of Geriatric Nursing, 4(1), 48-58. [Persian]. Solaimanizadeh, F., Mohammadinia, N., & Solaimanizadeh, L. (2020). The relationship between spiritual health and religious coping with death anxiety in the elderly. Journal of religion and health, 59(4), 1925-1932. Stroebe, W., Zech, E., Stroebe, M. S., & Abakoumkin, G. (2005). Does social support help in bereavement? Journal of social and Clinical Psychology, 24(7), 1030-1050. Taghiabadi, M., Kavosi, A., Mirhafez, S. R., Keshvari, M., & Mehrabi, T. (2017). The association between death anxiety with spiritual experiences and life satisfaction in elderly people. Electronic physician, 9(3), 3980–3985. Tamanaifar, M.R., Lis, H., & Mansouri, N. (2013). The Relationship Between Perceived Social Support and Self-efficacy in Students. Social Psychology, 8(28), 31-39. [Persian] Templer, D. I. (1970). The construction and validation of a death anxiety scale. The Journal of general psychology, 82(2), 165-177. Trivedi, S. C., Subramanyam, A. A., Kamath, R. M., & Pinto, C. (2016). Study of spirituality in elderly with subjective memory complaints. Journal of geriatric psychiatry and neurology, 29(1), 38-46. Vaughan, F. E. (1986). The inward arc: Healing and wholeness in psychotherapy and spirituality. Shambhala. Wu, A. M., Tang, C. S., & Kwok, T. C. (2002). Death anxiety among Chinese elderly people in Hong Kong. Journal of Aging and Health, 14(1), 42-56. Yonker, J. E., Schnabelrauch, C. A., & DeHaan, L. G. (2012). The relationship between spirituality and religiosity on psychological outcomes in adolescents and emerging adults: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Adolescence, 35(2), 299-314. Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of personality assessment, 52(1), 30-41. Aging as one of the most important periods of life is associated with many challenges including death anxiety. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to investigate the role of spiritual health and perceived social support in predicting death anxiety in the elderly. The present study was a descriptive-correlational one. The study population consisted of the elderly living in Shahrekord in 2020, among whom 385 were selected using convenience sampling method and were assessed by the scales of Templer Death Anxiety, Zemen Perceived Social Support and Paloutzian & Ellison spiritual health. Data were analyzed using correlation coefficient and linear regression analysis in SPSS software version 22. The results indicated that there is a significant relationship between spiritual health (r=-0.51), perceived social support by family (r=-0.37), friends (r=-0.30) and significant other (r=-0.16) with death anxiety in the elderly. The results of linear regression analysis releaved that spiritual health (P=0.001, β=-0.46) and perceived social support by the family (P=0.001, β=-0.29) can predict negatively the death anxiety in the elderly and explain 26.7% of the variance of death anxiety in the elderly. Consequently, counselors and psychologists in the field of aging are suggested to reduce death anxiety in the elderly, using strategies to promote spiritual health and social support. References Abdel-Khalek, A. M. (2001). Death, anxiety, and depression in Kuwaiti undergraduates. OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying, 42(4), 309-320. Abdel-Khalek, A. M. (2005). Death anxiety in clinical and non-clinical groups. Death Studies, 29(3), 251-259. Alipour, A., Aliakbari Dehkord, D. M., Amini, F., & Hashemi Jashni, J. A. (2016). Relationship between perceived social support and adherence of treatment in Diabetes Mellitus type 2: mediating role of resiliency and rope. Journal of Research in Psychological Health, 10(2), 53-67. [Persian] Andreas, S., Schulz, H., Volkert, J., Dehoust, M., Sehner, S., Suling, A., Ausín, B., Canuto, A., Crawford, M., Da Ronch, C. & Grassi, L. (2017). Prevalence of mental disorders in elderly people: the European MentDis_ICF65+ study. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 210(2), 125-131. Aslani, Y., Hosseini, R., Alijanpour Aghamaleki, M., Javanbakhtian Ghahfarokhi, R., & Borhaninejad, V. (2018). Spiritual health and life satisfaction in older adults in Shahrekord hospitals, 2013. Journal of Clinical Nursing and Midwifery, 6(4), 1-10. [Persian]. Atadokht, A., Rahimi, S., Valinejad, S. (2018). The Role of health promoting lifestyle and religious orientation in predicting quality of life and death anxiety in elders. Aging Psychology, 4(2), 143-154. [Persian]. Bagheri, H., Sadeghi, M., Esmaeili, N., & Naeimi, Z. (2016). Relationship between spiritual health and depression and quality of sleep in the older adults in Shahroud. Journal of Gerontology, 1(1), 55-62. [Persian]. Basharpoor, S., Rahimi, S., Sedaghat, M. (2019). The Role of psychological flexibility and emotional processing styles in predicting death anxiety in the elderly. Aging Psychology, 5(2), 131-141. [Persian]. Becker, E. (1973). The denial of death. Free Press. Berkman, L. F., Glass, T., Brissette, I., & Seeman, T. E. (2000). From social integration to health: Durkheim in the new millennium. Social science & medicine, 51(6), 843-857. Bufford, R. K., Paloutzian, R. F., & Ellison, C. W. (1991). Norms for the spiritual weil-being scale. Journal of psychology and theology, 19(1), 56-70. Chukwuorji, J. C., Uzuegbu, C. N., Chukwu, C. V., Ifeagwazi, C. M., & Ugwu, C. (2020). 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https://jap.razi.ac.ir/article_1606_d6958ab863bd20dc6a83c74ef9b04b2c.pdf

Razi University Aging Psychology 2423-7647 6 4 2021 01 20 The Comparison of the Effectiveness of Mindfulness Based Therapy and Spiritual Therapy on Irrational Beliefs and Anxiety in the Older Women The Comparison of the Effectiveness of Mindfulness Based Therapy and Spiritual Therapy on Irrational Beliefs and Anxiety in the Older Women 339 321 1612 10.22126/jap.2021.5945.1492 FA Ziba Barghi Irani Associate Professor of General Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Payame Noor University of Tehran, Iran 0000000206124923 Leila Dehghan Saber General Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-4414-8248 Journal Article 2020 11 29 people in the old age are increasingly exposed to mental disorders such as anxiety and depression, due to the prevalence of numerous losses such as spouse, relatives, friends, occupation, social and economic status, beliefs, and suchlike. Therefore,the aim of the current study was to compare the effectiveness of mindfulness-based therapy (MBT) and spiritual therapy (ST) on irrational beliefs and anxiety in the older women. This was a semi-experimental study with pretest-posttest and follow-up with a control group design. The statistical population included all the elderly women who were the member of Jahandidegan center, Tehran among whom 45 (three groups containing 15 people) with the mean age of 60-70 (SD=4.58) were selected using convenience sampling method along with inclusion and exclusion criteria and assigned randomly into two experimental and one control group. Participants underwent Kabat’s MBT and Gallanter and Siegel’s ST in 90-minute sessions twice a week, and a follow-up test was performed one month after the posttest. Used to collect data were Jones's Irrational Belief and Spielberger's Overt and Covert Anxiety scales. The obtained data were analyzed by univariate analysis of covariance altogether with Bonferroni post-hoc. The results showed that both treatments were effective in reducing irrational beliefs and overt and covert anxiety, and this effect was persistent during the follow-up period (p < 0.001). The comparison of MBT and ST showed that although there is no difference between the effectiveness of the two kinds of therapy on irrational beliefs, MBT is more effective than ST in reducing overt and covert anxiety (p <.001). According to the results, mindfulness-based and spiritual therapy can be used as effective interventions for reducing irrational beliefs and anxiety when it comes to designing programs regarding the promotion of mental health in the elderly. References Ahadi, H., & Jamhari, F. (2012). Developmental Psychology: Adolescence, Adulthood (Youth, Middle Age and Aging). Tehran: Aydayde Derakhshan Publications. [Persian] Aloustani, S., & Mamashli, L. (2020). 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This was a semi-experimental study with pretest-posttest and follow-up with a control group design. The statistical population included all the elderly women who were the member of Jahandidegan center, Tehran among whom 45 (three groups containing 15 people) with the mean age of 60-70 (SD=4.58) were selected using convenience sampling method along with inclusion and exclusion criteria and assigned randomly into two experimental and one control group. Participants underwent Kabat’s MBT and Gallanter and Siegel’s ST in 90-minute sessions twice a week, and a follow-up test was performed one month after the posttest. Used to collect data were Jones's Irrational Belief and Spielberger's Overt and Covert Anxiety scales. The obtained data were analyzed by univariate analysis of covariance altogether with Bonferroni post-hoc. The results showed that both treatments were effective in reducing irrational beliefs and overt and covert anxiety, and this effect was persistent during the follow-up period (p < 0.001). The comparison of MBT and ST showed that although there is no difference between the effectiveness of the two kinds of therapy on irrational beliefs, MBT is more effective than ST in reducing overt and covert anxiety (p <.001). According to the results, mindfulness-based and spiritual therapy can be used as effective interventions for reducing irrational beliefs and anxiety when it comes to designing programs regarding the promotion of mental health in the elderly. References Ahadi, H., & Jamhari, F. (2012). Developmental Psychology: Adolescence, Adulthood (Youth, Middle Age and Aging). Tehran: Aydayde Derakhshan Publications. [Persian] Aloustani, S., & Mamashli, L. (2020). The effect of spiritual group therapy on death anxiety in the elderly. Hayat, 26 (1), 46-57. [Persian] Arch, J. J., Ayers, C. R., Baker, A., Almklov, E., Dean, D. J., & Craske, M. G. (2013). Randomized clinical trial of adapted mindfulness-based stress reduction versus group cognitive behavioral therapy for heterogeneous anxiety disorders. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 51(4–5), 185–196. Asgari, P. (2017). The Effectiveness of spiritual therapy on quality of life and adjustability in the elderly, with an emphasis on the teachings of Islam. Aging Psychology, 2 (4), 281-291. Askari, M., Mohammadi, H., Radmehr, H., & Jahangir, A. H. (2018). The Effect of spiritual–religious psychotherapy on enhancing quality of life and reducing symptoms of anxiety and depression among the elderly. Journal of Research on Religion & Health, 4(2), 29-41. [Persian] Babazadeh, T., Sarkhoshi, R., Bahadori, F., Moradi, F., Shariat, F., & Sherizadeh, Y. (2016). Prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress disorders in elderly people residing in Khoy, Iran (2014-2015). Journal of Research Clinical Medicine, 24 (2), 122-128. 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Razi University Aging Psychology 2423-7647 6 4 2021 01 20 The Development of a Quality of Life Model Based on Metacognitive Beliefs with the Mediation role of Perceived Stress in the Elderly The Development of a Quality of Life Model Based on Metacognitive Beliefs with the Mediation role of Perceived Stress in the Elderly 355 341 1614 10.22126/jap.2019.3263.1266 FA Fateme Alimohamad , Psychology department, Faculty of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-0496-980X Nemat Setode-asl Tehran, Islamic Azad University, Faculty of Humanities, Psychology department. Abolfazl Karami Associate Professor, Psychology department, Faculty of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Journal Article 2018 10 26 This study aimed to provide a model of metacognitive beliefs and perceived stress to help better understand the quality of life of the elderly. To this end, a sample of 377 subjects was selected by the available sampling method among the elderly over 60 years of age living in Tehran in 2018 and was evaluated using WHO Quality of Life-BREF, Metacognition Questionnaire-30 by Wells & Cartwright-Hatton and perceived stress scale-14 by Cohen, Kamarck & Mermelstein. The data were evaluated using path analysis by statistical software SPSS-20 and AMOS-20. Results showed that there is a significant negative correlation between perceived stress and quality of life in the elderly. There is a negative and significant relationship between metacognitive beliefs (including negative beliefs about irresponsibility, positive beliefs about worries, cognitive confidence, need for control of thoughts) and quality of life in the elderly. The findings also confirmed the role of perceived stress mediated in the relationship between metacognitive beliefs and the quality of life of the elderly. Based on the findings, training of metacognitive strategies as an effective mechanism for modification of metacognitive beliefs is an appropriate way to improve the quality of life of elderly people and it is suggested to add it to relevant interventions. References: Ballard S. M., Jenkins C., Savut N. Y., McKinnon W. H., Carroll K. E., & Escott Stump S. (2011). Innovative and complementary approaches to aging in place. Journal of Family & Consumer Sciences, 103(2), 24-34. Carlson, E., Speca, M., Patel, K., & Goodey, E. (2003). Mindfulness-Based stress reduction in relation to quality of life: mood symptoms of stress, and immune parameters in breast and prostate cancer outpatient. American Psychosomatic Society Psychosomatic Medicine, 65, 571-581. Cartwright-Hatton, S., & Wells, A. (1997). Beliefs about worry and intrusions: The meta-cognitions questionnaire and its correlates. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 11, 279–296. Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24, 385-396. Craven, R. F., Hirnle, C. J., & Sharon, J. (2012). Fundamentals of Nursing: Human Health and Function. Philadelphia: Lippincott Co. Davey, C. L., & Wells, A. (2006). Worry and its psychological disorder, theory, assessment and treatment. New York: John Willy and sons. Ellis, D. M., & Hudson, J. L. (2010). The Metacognitive Model of Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Children and Adolescents. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 13(2), 151-163. Kabat-Zinn, J. (2005). Coming to our senses: Healing ourselves and our world though mindfulness. New York: Hyperion. Kang, Y. S., Choi, S. Y., & Ryu, E. (2009). The effectiveness of a stress coping program based on mindfulness meditation on the stress, anxiety, and depression experienced by nursing students in Korea. Nurse Education Today, 29(5), 538-543. Keyes, B., Michalec, B., Kobau, R., & Zahran, H. (2005). Social Support and Health-Related Quality of Life among Older Adults-Missouri 2000. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 54(17), 433-7. Lippincott. (2012). Professional Guide to Diseases (Professional Guide Series). LWW Press. Lobban, F., Haddock, G., Kinderman, P., & Wells, A. (2002). The role of metacognitive beliefs in auditory hallucinations. Personality and Individual Differences, 32(8), 1351-1363. Mennin, D. S., McLaughlin, K. A., & Flanagan, T. J. (2009). Emotion regulation deficits in generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, and their co-occurrence. Journal of anxiety disorders, 23(7), 866-871. Palmer, E. C, David, A. S, & Fleming, S. M. (2014). Effects of age on metacognitive efficiency. Consciousness and Cognition, 28, 151-60. Papageoryiou, C., & Wells, A. (Eds.). (2004). Depressive nomination: Nature, therapy and treatment. Chichester, UK: Wiley. Puchalski, C. H. M. (2015). Spirituality in Geriatric Palliative Care. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine, 31(2), 252-245. Roelofs, J., Onckels, L., & Muris, P. (2013). Attachment Quality and Psychopathological Symptoms in Clinically Referred Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Early Maladaptive Schema. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 22(3), 377-385. Skevington, S. M., Lotfy, M., & O'Connell, K. A. (2004). The World Health Organization's WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment: Psychometric properties and results of the international field trial. A Report from the WHOQOL Group. Quality of Life Research, 13(2), 299-310. Spada, M. M., Mohiyeddini, C., Wells, A. (2008). Measuring metacognitions associated with emotional distress: Factor structure and predictive validity of the Metacognitions Questionnaire 30. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(3), 238-242. Spasojevic, J., Alloy, L. B., Abramson, L. Y., Maccoon, D., & Robinson, M. S. (2004). Reactive rumination: outcomes, mechanisms, and developmental antecedents. Chichester, UK: Wiley. Varkal, M. D., Yalvac, D., Tufan, F., Turan, S., Cengiz, M., & Emul, M. (2013). Metacognitive differences between elderly and adult outpatients with generalized anxiety disorder. European Geriatric Medicine, 4(3), 150-153. Wells, A., & Carter, K. (2001). Further tests of a cognitive model of generalized anxiety disorder: Metacognitions and worry in GAD, panic disorder, social phobia, depression, and nonpatients. Behavior Therapy, 32(1), 85-102. Wells, A., & Matthews, G. (1994). Attention and emotion: A clinical perspective. Hove, UK: Erlbaum. Wells, A., & Matthews, G. (1996). Modelling cognition in emotional disorder: The S-REF model. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34(11), 881-888. Wells, A. (2000). Emotional disorders and metacognition: Innovative cognitive therapy. John Wiley & Sons. LTD. Wells, A. (2007). Cognition about cognition: Metacognitive therapy and change in generalized anxiety disorder and social phobia. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 14(1), 18-25. Wells A. (2010). Metacognitive Therapy for anxiety and depression. Guilford Press. Wells, A. (1995). Meta-cognition and worry: A cognitive model of generalized anxiety disorder. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 23(3), 301-320. Wells, A. (2009). Metacognitive therapy for anxiety and depression. New York: Guilford press. Wells, A., & Cartwright-Hatton, S. (2004). A short form of the metacognitions questionnaire: properties of the MCQ-30. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42(4), 385-396. World Health Organization (WHO). (2011). 10facts on ageing and the life course. [Cited2011 Jun. 20]. Available from: URL:http://www.who.int/topics/ageing/en/htm. World Health Organization. (1997). WHOQOL, measuring quality of life. WHO publication. This study aimed to provide a model of metacognitive beliefs and perceived stress to help better understand the quality of life of the elderly. To this end, a sample of 377 subjects was selected by the available sampling method among the elderly over 60 years of age living in Tehran in 2018 and was evaluated using WHO Quality of Life-BREF, Metacognition Questionnaire-30 by Wells & Cartwright-Hatton and perceived stress scale-14 by Cohen, Kamarck & Mermelstein. The data were evaluated using path analysis by statistical software SPSS-20 and AMOS-20. Results showed that there is a significant negative correlation between perceived stress and quality of life in the elderly. There is a negative and significant relationship between metacognitive beliefs (including negative beliefs about irresponsibility, positive beliefs about worries, cognitive confidence, need for control of thoughts) and quality of life in the elderly. The findings also confirmed the role of perceived stress mediated in the relationship between metacognitive beliefs and the quality of life of the elderly. Based on the findings, training of metacognitive strategies as an effective mechanism for modification of metacognitive beliefs is an appropriate way to improve the quality of life of elderly people and it is suggested to add it to relevant interventions. References: Ballard S. M., Jenkins C., Savut N. Y., McKinnon W. H., Carroll K. E., & Escott Stump S. (2011). Innovative and complementary approaches to aging in place. Journal of Family & Consumer Sciences, 103(2), 24-34. Carlson, E., Speca, M., Patel, K., & Goodey, E. (2003). Mindfulness-Based stress reduction in relation to quality of life: mood symptoms of stress, and immune parameters in breast and prostate cancer outpatient. American Psychosomatic Society Psychosomatic Medicine, 65, 571-581. Cartwright-Hatton, S., & Wells, A. (1997). Beliefs about worry and intrusions: The meta-cognitions questionnaire and its correlates. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 11, 279–296. Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24, 385-396. Craven, R. F., Hirnle, C. J., & Sharon, J. (2012). Fundamentals of Nursing: Human Health and Function. Philadelphia: Lippincott Co. Davey, C. L., & Wells, A. (2006). Worry and its psychological disorder, theory, assessment and treatment. New York: John Willy and sons. Ellis, D. M., & Hudson, J. L. (2010). The Metacognitive Model of Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Children and Adolescents. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 13(2), 151-163. Kabat-Zinn, J. (2005). Coming to our senses: Healing ourselves and our world though mindfulness. New York: Hyperion. Kang, Y. S., Choi, S. Y., & Ryu, E. (2009). The effectiveness of a stress coping program based on mindfulness meditation on the stress, anxiety, and depression experienced by nursing students in Korea. Nurse Education Today, 29(5), 538-543. Keyes, B., Michalec, B., Kobau, R., & Zahran, H. (2005). Social Support and Health-Related Quality of Life among Older Adults-Missouri 2000. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 54(17), 433-7. Lippincott. (2012). Professional Guide to Diseases (Professional Guide Series). LWW Press. Lobban, F., Haddock, G., Kinderman, P., & Wells, A. (2002). The role of metacognitive beliefs in auditory hallucinations. Personality and Individual Differences, 32(8), 1351-1363. Mennin, D. S., McLaughlin, K. A., & Flanagan, T. J. (2009). Emotion regulation deficits in generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, and their co-occurrence. Journal of anxiety disorders, 23(7), 866-871. Palmer, E. C, David, A. S, & Fleming, S. M. (2014). Effects of age on metacognitive efficiency. Consciousness and Cognition, 28, 151-60. Papageoryiou, C., & Wells, A. (Eds.). (2004). Depressive nomination: Nature, therapy and treatment. Chichester, UK: Wiley. Puchalski, C. H. M. (2015). Spirituality in Geriatric Palliative Care. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine, 31(2), 252-245. Roelofs, J., Onckels, L., & Muris, P. (2013). Attachment Quality and Psychopathological Symptoms in Clinically Referred Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Early Maladaptive Schema. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 22(3), 377-385. Skevington, S. M., Lotfy, M., & O'Connell, K. A. (2004). The World Health Organization's WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment: Psychometric properties and results of the international field trial. A Report from the WHOQOL Group. Quality of Life Research, 13(2), 299-310. Spada, M. M., Mohiyeddini, C., Wells, A. (2008). Measuring metacognitions associated with emotional distress: Factor structure and predictive validity of the Metacognitions Questionnaire 30. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(3), 238-242. Spasojevic, J., Alloy, L. B., Abramson, L. Y., Maccoon, D., & Robinson, M. S. (2004). Reactive rumination: outcomes, mechanisms, and developmental antecedents. Chichester, UK: Wiley. Varkal, M. D., Yalvac, D., Tufan, F., Turan, S., Cengiz, M., & Emul, M. (2013). Metacognitive differences between elderly and adult outpatients with generalized anxiety disorder. European Geriatric Medicine, 4(3), 150-153. Wells, A., & Carter, K. (2001). Further tests of a cognitive model of generalized anxiety disorder: Metacognitions and worry in GAD, panic disorder, social phobia, depression, and nonpatients. Behavior Therapy, 32(1), 85-102. Wells, A., & Matthews, G. (1994). Attention and emotion: A clinical perspective. Hove, UK: Erlbaum. Wells, A., & Matthews, G. (1996). Modelling cognition in emotional disorder: The S-REF model. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34(11), 881-888. Wells, A. (2000). Emotional disorders and metacognition: Innovative cognitive therapy. John Wiley & Sons. LTD. Wells, A. (2007). Cognition about cognition: Metacognitive therapy and change in generalized anxiety disorder and social phobia. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 14(1), 18-25. Wells A. (2010). Metacognitive Therapy for anxiety and depression. Guilford Press. Wells, A. (1995). Meta-cognition and worry: A cognitive model of generalized anxiety disorder. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 23(3), 301-320. Wells, A. (2009). Metacognitive therapy for anxiety and depression. New York: Guilford press. Wells, A., & Cartwright-Hatton, S. (2004). A short form of the metacognitions questionnaire: properties of the MCQ-30. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42(4), 385-396. World Health Organization (WHO). (2011). 10facts on ageing and the life course. [Cited2011 Jun. 20]. Available from: URL:http://www.who.int/topics/ageing/en/htm. World Health Organization. (1997). WHOQOL, measuring quality of life. WHO publication.

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Razi University Aging Psychology 2423-7647 6 4 2021 01 20 The Effectiveness of Positivism Training on Suicide Ideation and Death Anxiety in the Elderly The Effectiveness of Positivism Training on Suicide Ideation and Death Anxiety in the Elderly 367 357 1622 10.22126/jap.2020.5833.1478 FA Mohsen Naghipoor M.A, , Department of Psychology, Dezful Branch, Islamic Azad University, Dezful, Iran. 0000-0002-5314-0272 Kobra Kazemianmoghadam Assistant Professor Department of Psychology, Dezful Branch, Islamic Azad University, Dezful, Iran. 0000-0001-5457-8105 Homayoon Haroonrashidi Assistant Professor Department of Psychology, Dezful Branch, Islamic Azad University, Dezful, Iran 0000-0002-7912-3382 Journal Article 2020 10 17 Aging appears to be a biological process experienced by all living beings including humans. Hence, it seems crucial to pay pertecular attention to the elderly and prevent disorders such as suicide ideation and death anxiety among them. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to probe the effectiveness of positivism training on suicide ideation and death anxietyin the elderly. It was a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest and control group design. The statistical population included all the elderly men living in Dezful, Iran in 2020. The sample consisted of 30 elderly men (60 to 70 years old) selected using the convenience sampling method and considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The experimental group underwent eight 90-minute weekly sessions. Applied in the study were the Beck’s suicide ideation scale and Collet–Lester’s fear of death scale. Data were analyzed using univariate analysis in SPSS-22 software. The results indicated that there is a significant difference between experimental and control groups in terms of suicide ideation and death anxiety in the posttest (P<.001). That is, the positivism training resulted in the deacres of suicide ideation and death anxiety. According to the findings of the present study, the positivism training can be suggested as an efficient method in the reduction of suicide ideation and death anxietyin the elderly men. References Apouey, B. H. (2018). Preparation for old age in France: Roles of preferences and expectations. The Journal of the Economics of Ageing, 12, 15-23. Baharvandi, B. (2020). The Effectiveness of Compassion-Focused Therapy on Ambiguity Tolerance and Death Anxiety in the Elderly. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Islamic Azad University, Dezful Branch. [Persian] Baharvandi, B., Kazemianmoghadam, K., & Haroon Rashidi, H. (2020). Effectiveness of compassion-focused therapy on ambiguity tolerance and death anxiety in the elderly. Aging Psychology, 6(1), 13-26. [Persian] Banisi, P. (2019). Effectiveness of positivism training on subjective well-being, positive meta-emotion and self-management ability in the elderly women. Journal of Aging Psychology, 5(3), 217-227. [Persian] Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Ranieri, W. F. (1988). Scale for suicide ideation: Psychometric properties of a self‐report version. Journal of clinical psychology, 44(4), 499-505. Beck, A. T. (1961). Manual for the beck scale for suicide ideation. Psychological Corporation. Conwell, Y., & Brent, D. (2015), Suicide and aging: Patterns of psychiatric diagnosis, IntPsychogeriatr, 7(2), 149-64. Cassell, W. A., & Dubey, B. L. (2018). Anatomical rorschach responses and death symbolism. SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health, 25(2), 109-119. Cesko, E., & Cakici, E. (2020) Positive psychotherapy in different cultures. In: Messias E., Peseschkian H., Cagande C. (eds.) Positive Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychology. Springer, Cham. Collett, L., & Lester, D. (1969). The fear of death and the fear of dying. Journal of Psychology, 72, 179–181. Conejero, I., Olie, E., Courtet, P., & Calati, R. (2018). Suicide in older adults: current perspectives. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 13, 691-699. De Leo, D., & Krysinska, K. (2017). Suicide and self-directed violence.In S. R. Quah (Ed.), International Encyclopedia of Public Health (2nd ed., PP.115-123). Academic Press. Efkides, A., & Moraitou, D. (Eds.) (2013). Apositive psychology perspective on Quailty of life. New York: Springer. Esmaili, A. (2008) Accreditation of death anxiety scale and comparison of death anxiety, suicidal tendency and life satisfaction in men and women students of Islamic Azad University. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz Branch. [Persian] Farnam, A. (2016). The Effect of positive thinking training in enhancement of quality and hope of life among the elderly. Positive Psychology, 2(1), 75-88. [Persian] French, C., Greenauer, N., & Mello, C. (2017). Multifactorial approach to predicting death anxiety: Assessing the role of religiosity, susceptibility to mortality cues, and individual differences. Journal of social work in end-of-life & palliative care, 13(2-3), 151-172. Frolov, P. (2020). Supervision in Positive Psychotherapy. In E. Messias, H. Peseschkian, & C. Cagande (Eds.), Positive psychiatry, psychotherapy and psychology (pp.359-370). Springer, Cham. Ghadampour, E., & Mashreqi, Sh. (2017). The relationship between mental health, mental well-being and quality of life with death anxiety in the elderly. Journal of Aging Psychology, 3 (2), 97-106. [Persian] Haroon Rashidi, H., & Bahiraei, M.R. (2020). The Effectiveness of positivism training on the life satisfaction and character strengths in the elderly men. Journal of Aging Psychology, 6(2), 179-189. [Persian] Herrera, M., & Sani, F. (2013). Why does in group identification shield people from death anxiety? The role of perceived collective continuity and group entitativity. Social Psychology, 44 (5), 320-28. Hoelterhoff, M., & Chung, M. C. (2017). Death anxiety resilience; a mixed methods investigation. Psychiatric Quarterly, 88(3), 635-651. Ho, H.C., Yeung, D.Y., & Kwok, S.Y. (2014). Development and evaluation of the positive psychology intervention for older adults. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 9(3), 187-197. Khodabakhshi-Koolaee, A., Heidari, F., & Zangeneh Motlagh, F. (2018). Effect of mixed prayer and positive psychology group therapy on life meaning and death anxiety among elderly women with physical-motor disabilities. Journal of Research Religion Health, 4(2), 16-28. [Persian] Khodabandeh, F., Noor Bala, A.A., Kahani, S., & Bagheri, A. (2012). Investigating the factors related to suicide attempt in middle-aged and elderly people. Journal of Health Psychology, 1(1), 92-81. [Persian] Kim. S., & Park, K. S. (2016). A Meta-Analysis on variables related to death anxiety of elderly in Korea. Korean Journal of Adult Nursing, 28(2), 156-168. Kurtulan, M., & Karairmak, O. (2016). Examination of the relationship among death anxiety, spirituality, religious orientation and existential anxiety. Spiritual Psychology and Counseling, 1(2), 176-217. Majidi, A., & Moradi, O. (2018). Effect of teaching the components of spiritual intelligence on death anxiety in the elderly. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing, 13(1), 110-123. [Persian] Miller, A., Lee, B.L., & Henderson, C. E. (2013). Death anxiety in persons with HIV/AIDS: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Death Studies, 36, 640–663. Morley, S. (2015). Single cases are complex: Illustrated by Flink et al. Happy despite pain: a pilot study of a positive psychology intervention for patients with chronic pain. Scandinavian Journal of Pain, 7(1), 55-57. Naderi, F., & Roshani, Kh. (2010). The relationship between spiritual intelligence and social intelligence with anxiety about the death of elderly women. Women and Culture, 2(6), 67-55. [Persian] Pachana, N., & Laidlaw, K. (2014). The Oxford handbook of clinical geropsychology. Oxford University Press. Rashid, T (2015). Positive psychotherapy: A Strength-based approach. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 10, 25-40. Rashid, T., Uliaszeck, A. Stevanovski, S., Gulamani, T, Kazemi, F. (2013). Comparing effectiveness of positive psychotherapy (PPT) with dialectical behavior therapy (DBT): Results of a randomized clinical trial. Poster presented at the Third International Positive Psychology Congress, Los Angeles, CA. Rezaei Dehnavi, S., Tavakkoli, G., & Montajabian, Z. (2020). The Effectiveness of positive psychotherapy on pain perception and death anxiety in the elderly. Journal of Aging Psychology, 5(4), 321-332. [Persian] Rogers, M. L., Ringer, F. B., & Joiner, T. E. (2018). The Association between suicidal ideation and lifetime suicide attempts is strongest at low levels of depression. Psychiatry research, 270, 324-328. Sadri Damirchi, E., Honarmand Ghojebegloo, P., Amir, S. M. B., & Gholizade, B. (2019). Prediction of risk-Taking behaviors based on the role of perceived social support components, emotional expression and brain-behavioral systems in addications. The Horizon of Medical Sciences, 25(4), 282-297 [Persian] Safari, S., & Akbari, B. (2018). Effectiveness of positive thinking training on psychological well-being and quality of life in the elderly. Avicenna Journal Neuro Psycho Physiology, 5 (3), 113-122. Schueller, S.M. (2012). Positive psychology, encyclopedia of human behavior (second edition), 140-147, San Diego, CA: Elsevier Academic Press. Seligman, M.E.P., (2006). Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well-Being. New York: Free Press. Tavakoli, Gh., Rezai Dehnavi, S., & Montajabian, Z. (2020). Effectiveness of positive psychotherapy on pain perception and death anxiety in the elderly. Journal of Aging Psychology, 5(4), 321-332 [Persian] Ten Have, M., De Graaf, R., Van Dorsselaer, S., Verdurmen, J., Vant Land, H., Vollebergh, W., Beekman, A. (2009). Incidence and course of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in the general population. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 54(12), 824-33. Teismann, T., Forkmann, T., Rath, D., Glaesmer, H., & Margraf J. (2016). Perceived burdensomeness and suicide ideation in adult outpatients receiving exposure therapy for anxiety disorders. Behaviour research and therapy, 85, 1-5. Turecki, G., & Brent, D. A. (2016). Suicide and suicidal behaviour. Lancet, 387(10024), 1227-1239. Templer, DI. (1970). The Construction and validation of a death anxiety scale. The Journal of general psychology, 82(2), 165-177. Wongpakaran, T., & Wongpakaran, N. (2013). Detection of suicide among the elderly in a long term care facility. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 8, 1553-1559. World Health Organization (2019). Suicide, https://www.who.int/news-room/ fact-sheets/ detail/suicide .2 September 2019. Yarian, S., & Ameri, N.F. (2020). The prediction of suicidal ideation based on coping strategies and meaning in life in the elderly.Journal of Gerontology, 4(4), 1-10. [Persian] Aging appears to be a biological process experienced by all living beings including humans. Hence, it seems crucial to pay pertecular attention to the elderly and prevent disorders such as suicide ideation and death anxiety among them. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to probe the effectiveness of positivism training on suicide ideation and death anxietyin the elderly. It was a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest and control group design. The statistical population included all the elderly men living in Dezful, Iran in 2020. The sample consisted of 30 elderly men (60 to 70 years old) selected using the convenience sampling method and considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The experimental group underwent eight 90-minute weekly sessions. Applied in the study were the Beck’s suicide ideation scale and Collet–Lester’s fear of death scale. Data were analyzed using univariate analysis in SPSS-22 software. The results indicated that there is a significant difference between experimental and control groups in terms of suicide ideation and death anxiety in the posttest (P<.001). That is, the positivism training resulted in the deacres of suicide ideation and death anxiety. According to the findings of the present study, the positivism training can be suggested as an efficient method in the reduction of suicide ideation and death anxietyin the elderly men. References Apouey, B. H. (2018). Preparation for old age in France: Roles of preferences and expectations. The Journal of the Economics of Ageing, 12, 15-23. Baharvandi, B. (2020). The Effectiveness of Compassion-Focused Therapy on Ambiguity Tolerance and Death Anxiety in the Elderly. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Islamic Azad University, Dezful Branch. [Persian] Baharvandi, B., Kazemianmoghadam, K., & Haroon Rashidi, H. (2020). Effectiveness of compassion-focused therapy on ambiguity tolerance and death anxiety in the elderly. Aging Psychology, 6(1), 13-26. [Persian] Banisi, P. (2019). Effectiveness of positivism training on subjective well-being, positive meta-emotion and self-management ability in the elderly women. Journal of Aging Psychology, 5(3), 217-227. [Persian] Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Ranieri, W. F. (1988). Scale for suicide ideation: Psychometric properties of a self‐report version. Journal of clinical psychology, 44(4), 499-505. Beck, A. T. (1961). Manual for the beck scale for suicide ideation. Psychological Corporation. Conwell, Y., & Brent, D. (2015), Suicide and aging: Patterns of psychiatric diagnosis, IntPsychogeriatr, 7(2), 149-64. Cassell, W. A., & Dubey, B. L. (2018). Anatomical rorschach responses and death symbolism. SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health, 25(2), 109-119. Cesko, E., & Cakici, E. (2020) Positive psychotherapy in different cultures. In: Messias E., Peseschkian H., Cagande C. (eds.) Positive Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychology. Springer, Cham. Collett, L., & Lester, D. (1969). The fear of death and the fear of dying. Journal of Psychology, 72, 179–181. Conejero, I., Olie, E., Courtet, P., & Calati, R. (2018). Suicide in older adults: current perspectives. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 13, 691-699. De Leo, D., & Krysinska, K. (2017). Suicide and self-directed violence.In S. R. Quah (Ed.), International Encyclopedia of Public Health (2nd ed., PP.115-123). Academic Press. Efkides, A., & Moraitou, D. (Eds.) (2013). Apositive psychology perspective on Quailty of life. New York: Springer. Esmaili, A. (2008) Accreditation of death anxiety scale and comparison of death anxiety, suicidal tendency and life satisfaction in men and women students of Islamic Azad University. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz Branch. [Persian] Farnam, A. (2016). The Effect of positive thinking training in enhancement of quality and hope of life among the elderly. Positive Psychology, 2(1), 75-88. [Persian] French, C., Greenauer, N., & Mello, C. (2017). Multifactorial approach to predicting death anxiety: Assessing the role of religiosity, susceptibility to mortality cues, and individual differences. Journal of social work in end-of-life & palliative care, 13(2-3), 151-172. Frolov, P. (2020). Supervision in Positive Psychotherapy. In E. Messias, H. Peseschkian, & C. Cagande (Eds.), Positive psychiatry, psychotherapy and psychology (pp.359-370). Springer, Cham. Ghadampour, E., & Mashreqi, Sh. (2017). The relationship between mental health, mental well-being and quality of life with death anxiety in the elderly. Journal of Aging Psychology, 3 (2), 97-106. [Persian] Haroon Rashidi, H., & Bahiraei, M.R. (2020). The Effectiveness of positivism training on the life satisfaction and character strengths in the elderly men. Journal of Aging Psychology, 6(2), 179-189. [Persian] Herrera, M., & Sani, F. (2013). Why does in group identification shield people from death anxiety? The role of perceived collective continuity and group entitativity. Social Psychology, 44 (5), 320-28. Hoelterhoff, M., & Chung, M. C. (2017). Death anxiety resilience; a mixed methods investigation. Psychiatric Quarterly, 88(3), 635-651. Ho, H.C., Yeung, D.Y., & Kwok, S.Y. (2014). Development and evaluation of the positive psychology intervention for older adults. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 9(3), 187-197. Khodabakhshi-Koolaee, A., Heidari, F., & Zangeneh Motlagh, F. (2018). Effect of mixed prayer and positive psychology group therapy on life meaning and death anxiety among elderly women with physical-motor disabilities. Journal of Research Religion Health, 4(2), 16-28. [Persian] Khodabandeh, F., Noor Bala, A.A., Kahani, S., & Bagheri, A. (2012). Investigating the factors related to suicide attempt in middle-aged and elderly people. Journal of Health Psychology, 1(1), 92-81. [Persian] Kim. S., & Park, K. S. (2016). A Meta-Analysis on variables related to death anxiety of elderly in Korea. Korean Journal of Adult Nursing, 28(2), 156-168. Kurtulan, M., & Karairmak, O. (2016). Examination of the relationship among death anxiety, spirituality, religious orientation and existential anxiety. Spiritual Psychology and Counseling, 1(2), 176-217. Majidi, A., & Moradi, O. (2018). Effect of teaching the components of spiritual intelligence on death anxiety in the elderly. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing, 13(1), 110-123. [Persian] Miller, A., Lee, B.L., & Henderson, C. E. (2013). Death anxiety in persons with HIV/AIDS: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Death Studies, 36, 640–663. Morley, S. (2015). Single cases are complex: Illustrated by Flink et al. Happy despite pain: a pilot study of a positive psychology intervention for patients with chronic pain. Scandinavian Journal of Pain, 7(1), 55-57. Naderi, F., & Roshani, Kh. (2010). The relationship between spiritual intelligence and social intelligence with anxiety about the death of elderly women. Women and Culture, 2(6), 67-55. [Persian] Pachana, N., & Laidlaw, K. (2014). The Oxford handbook of clinical geropsychology. Oxford University Press. Rashid, T (2015). Positive psychotherapy: A Strength-based approach. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 10, 25-40. Rashid, T., Uliaszeck, A. Stevanovski, S., Gulamani, T, Kazemi, F. (2013). Comparing effectiveness of positive psychotherapy (PPT) with dialectical behavior therapy (DBT): Results of a randomized clinical trial. Poster presented at the Third International Positive Psychology Congress, Los Angeles, CA. Rezaei Dehnavi, S., Tavakkoli, G., & Montajabian, Z. (2020). The Effectiveness of positive psychotherapy on pain perception and death anxiety in the elderly. Journal of Aging Psychology, 5(4), 321-332. [Persian] Rogers, M. L., Ringer, F. B., & Joiner, T. E. (2018). The Association between suicidal ideation and lifetime suicide attempts is strongest at low levels of depression. Psychiatry research, 270, 324-328. Sadri Damirchi, E., Honarmand Ghojebegloo, P., Amir, S. M. B., & Gholizade, B. (2019). Prediction of risk-Taking behaviors based on the role of perceived social support components, emotional expression and brain-behavioral systems in addications. The Horizon of Medical Sciences, 25(4), 282-297 [Persian] Safari, S., & Akbari, B. (2018). Effectiveness of positive thinking training on psychological well-being and quality of life in the elderly. Avicenna Journal Neuro Psycho Physiology, 5 (3), 113-122. Schueller, S.M. (2012). Positive psychology, encyclopedia of human behavior (second edition), 140-147, San Diego, CA: Elsevier Academic Press. Seligman, M.E.P., (2006). Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well-Being. New York: Free Press. Tavakoli, Gh., Rezai Dehnavi, S., & Montajabian, Z. (2020). Effectiveness of positive psychotherapy on pain perception and death anxiety in the elderly. Journal of Aging Psychology, 5(4), 321-332 [Persian] Ten Have, M., De Graaf, R., Van Dorsselaer, S., Verdurmen, J., Vant Land, H., Vollebergh, W., Beekman, A. (2009). Incidence and course of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in the general population. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 54(12), 824-33. Teismann, T., Forkmann, T., Rath, D., Glaesmer, H., & Margraf J. (2016). Perceived burdensomeness and suicide ideation in adult outpatients receiving exposure therapy for anxiety disorders. Behaviour research and therapy, 85, 1-5. Turecki, G., & Brent, D. A. (2016). Suicide and suicidal behaviour. Lancet, 387(10024), 1227-1239. Templer, DI. (1970). The Construction and validation of a death anxiety scale. The Journal of general psychology, 82(2), 165-177. Wongpakaran, T., & Wongpakaran, N. (2013). Detection of suicide among the elderly in a long term care facility. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 8, 1553-1559. World Health Organization (2019). Suicide, https://www.who.int/news-room/ fact-sheets/ detail/suicide .2 September 2019. Yarian, S., & Ameri, N.F. (2020). The prediction of suicidal ideation based on coping strategies and meaning in life in the elderly.Journal of Gerontology, 4(4), 1-10. [Persian]

https://jap.razi.ac.ir/article_1622_dbfde8c493b38f1fb128e80e32928eaf.pdf

Razi University Aging Psychology 2423-7647 6 4 2021 01 20 The Effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavioral Music Therapy on Cognitive Emotion Regulation in the Elderly The Effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavioral Music Therapy on Cognitive Emotion Regulation in the Elderly 382 369 1623 10.22126/jap.2021.5881.1483 FA Emad Valizadeh M.A in Rehabilitation Counseling, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-8654-7896 Asgar Dadkhah Professor, Department of Counseling, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran 0000-0003-0009-0328 Manoochehr Azkhosh Associate Professor, Department of Counseling, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-2596-3482 Journal Article 2020 11 06 Cognitive emotion regulation refers to the ability to manage personal emotional reactions through cognitive strategies that occur after an unfortunate event. Emotional dysfunction is thought to be common among the elderly due to their certain limitations. Cognitive-behavioral Music therapy (CBMT) seems to be capable to act as a bridge to new insights and behaviors. Hence, the aim of the current study was to determine the effectiveness of CBMT on cognitive regulation of emotion in the elderly. The present study was a quasi-experimental study with the pretest-posttest and a control group design. The statistical population consisted of all the elderly registered in the day care centers in Babol, Iran in 2019 among which one was selected using convenience sampling method. Out of 53 people eligible to participate in the study according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 30 were randomly assigned in two groups of experiment and control (each group with 15 people). Experimental group underwent six sessions of cognitive-behavioral music therapy, while no intervention was performed for the control group. The research tool was Garnefskis’s cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire. Data were analyzed using univariate analysis of covariance in SPSS-22 software. Findings indicated that CBMT resulted in cognitive regulation of elderly emotions (P<0.05). Based on the findings, CBMT can be applied as an effective model in counseling and psychotherapy centers for cognitive regulation of emotion in the elderly. This treatment method contributes to the cognitive control and the alteration of negative and self-defeating thoughts. References li Azad, M., Manshei, GF., & Ghamrani, A. (2019). The Effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on cognitive regulation of emotion and tolerance of ambiguity of students with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychology of Exceptional People, 9 (36), 33-53. [Persian] Ahmadi, T., Khairati, H., & Ghobari Bonab, B. (2019). 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Khanzadeh, M., Aminimanesh, S., & Aghamohammadi, S. (2019). Difficulty in emotional regulation and pain in the elderly. Journal of Gerontology, 3 (2), 1-10. [Persian] Knight, M., Seymour, T. L., Gaunt, J. T., Baker, C., Nesmith, K., & Mather, M. (2007). Aging and goal-directed emotional attention: Distraction reverses emotional biases. Emotion, 7(4), 705–714. Laukka, P. (2007). Uses of music and psychological well-being among the elderly. Journal of Happiness Studies, 8 (2), 215-241 Lownds, K. M. (2015). Music theraapy songwriting practicices with older adults. )Master’s Thesis. University of Kentucky(. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/music_etds/51/ Lucky, S. (2018, Jan. 9). Rational emotional behavior therapy in song. Albert Ellis Institute. albertellis.org/rebt-in-song-lessons-in-low-frustration-tolerance/ Magill, L., Levin T., & Spodek L. (2016). One-session music therapy and CBT for critically ill cancer patients. Psychiatric Services, 59 (10), 1216-1217. Mihalca, A., & Mihaela, Y. T. (2012). Cognitive emotion regulation strategies and social functioning in adolescents. Procedia -Social and Behavioral Sciences, 82 (2013), 574 – 579. Mohammadi, L., Salehzade Abarghoei, M., & Nasirian M. (2015). Effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Cognitive Emotion Regulation in Men under Methadone Treatment. Positive Psychology Research, 23 (9), 853-861.[Persian] Naeem, F., Trimmer, C., & Tyo, R. (2016). It is Time for the CBT Songs: Music as a medium to deliver cognitive behaviour therapy. Jornale of Biomusical Engineering, 4 (1), 110-124. NajiRanjbaranpour, S., & Nasrollahi, B. (2018). Social adjustment and problem solving in the elderly: The role of cognitive emotion regulation. Psychology of Aging, 5 (2), 143-155. [Persian] Narimani, M., Ali Sari Nasirloo, K., & Effat Parvar, S. (2013). The Effectiveness of emotion-focused education on cognitive emotion regulation strategies of emotionally abused students. Practical Consulting, 3(2), 37-50. [Persian] Robertson, D., & Codd, T. (2019). “Stoicism” as cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT). The Behavior Therapist, 42(2), 42-50. Rajabi, F., & Eslami, A. (2017). The Effectiveness of life skills training on psychological well-being and happiness of older women. Journal of Aging Psychology, 4 (4), 301-312. [Persian] Register, D. M., & Hilliard, R. E. (2008). Using orff-based techniques in children's bereavement groups: A cognitive-behavioral music therapy approach. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 35(2), 162-170. Rezayi, F., Amiri, M., & Taheri, E. (2017). Effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral group therapy on reducing social anxiety and negative cognitive evaluation among hard of hearing young girls. Counseling Culture and Psycotherapy, 8(32), 133-160. Rodda, J., Boyce, N., & Walker, Z. (2008). The Old age psychiatry handbook. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. O’Donohue, W., Fisher, E. J., & Hayes, C. S. (2003). Cognitive behavior therapy: Applying empirically supported techniques in your practice. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Park, A. A. (2011). Theoretical orientations applied by music therapists working in adult psychiatric inpatient settings. )Master’s thesis, Molloy College(. https://digitalcommons.molloy.edu/etd/22/ Parker, F. (2019). Music therapy as a behavior modification for students with severe behavior. )Doctoral dissertation, Auburn University). https://etd.auburn.edu. Shafiabadi, A., & Naseri, Gh. (2015). Theories of psychotherapy and counseling. Samat Publications. [Persian] Shariat, A., Ghazanfari, A., Yarmohammadian, A., Solati, K., & Charami, M. (2019). The Effectiveness of Gestalt therapy on depression, differentiation, cohesive self-awareness and positive psychological characteristics of the elderly. Psychology of Aging, 6 (3), 249-267. [Persian] Sheibani Tazraji, F., Pakdaman, S., Dadkhah, A., & Hasanzadeh Tavakoli, M R. (2010). The Effect of music therapy on depression and loneliness in old people. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing, 5 (2), 54-60. [Persian] Sherdell, L., Waugh, C. E., & Gotlib, I. H. (2012). Anticipatory pleasure predicts motivation for reward in major depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121 (2), 51–60. Silverman, M.J. (2011). Effects of music therapy on change and depression on clients in detoxification. Journal of Addictions Nursing, 22 (4), 185-192. Sloboda, J., & Goethem, V. A. (2011). The Functions of music for affect regulation. Musicae Scientiae, 15(2) 208–228. Stige, B., Ansdell, G., Elefant, C. & Pavlicevic M. (2011). Where music helps: Community music therapy in action and reflection (1th Ed). Routledge. Thompson, R. (1994). Emotion regulation: A theme in search of definition. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child, 59(3), 25–52. Trimmer, C G., Tyom, R. I., Pikard, J., McKenna, C., & Naeem, F. (2018). Low-intensity cognitive behavioural therapy-based music group (CBT-Music) for the treatment of symptoms of anxiety and depression: A Feasibility study. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 46 (2), 168–181. Ugwuanyi, C. S., Ede, M. O., Onyishi, C. N., Ossai, O. V., Nwokenna, E. N., Obikwelu, L. C., Ikechukwu-Ilomuanya, A., Amoke, C. V., Okeke, A. O., Ene, C. U., Offordile, E. E., Ozoemena, L. C., & Nweke, M. L. (2020). Effect of cognitive-behavioral therapy with music therapy in reducing physics test anxiety among students as measured by generalized test anxiety scale. Medicine, 99(17), 1-8. Vafaeifard, M., Rahimi, M., Behnamfar, M., & Khorasan, A. (2017). Cognitive therapy approach and study of two cognitive distortions (exaggerated generalization and hasty conclusion) based on Masnavi allegories Rumi. Textual Criticism of Persian Literature, 2 (34), 46-49. [Persian] Vesali, H., Lachini, A., Afshani, R., & Mahdoodi Zaman, M. (2019). The Eelationship between defense styles and cognitive emotion regulation strategies with death anxiety in the elderly. Thought and Behavior in Clinical Psychology, 15 (55), 26-17. [Persian] Watts. R. E. (1994). A New rational emotive behavior song. Journal of Professional Counseling: Practice, Theory & Research, 23(2), 42-44. Warren, J. M. (2011). Rational rhymes for addressing common childhood issues, Journal of Creativity in Mental Health, 6 (4), 329-339. Wanqing, Y. E., Xiaotong, L. E., & Dahua, W. (2018). The Relationship between cognitive emotion regulation of negative marital events and marital satisfaction among older people: A cross-lagged analysis. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 50(4), 426-435. Yankura, J., & Dryden, W. (1994). Albert Ellis (Key Figures in Counselling and Psychotherapy series). SAGE Publications Ltd. Yazdanbakhsh, K., Karami, J., & Derikvand, F. (2020). Effectiveness of compassion-focused therapy on cognitive emotion regulation in high school girl students bullying. Journal of Psychological Studies, 16(1), 107-122. [Persian] Zadeh Mohammadi, A. (2009). Applications of music therapy in psychiatry, medicine and psychology. Shabahang Publications. [Persian] Cognitive emotion regulation refers to the ability to manage personal emotional reactions through cognitive strategies that occur after an unfortunate event. Emotional dysfunction is thought to be common among the elderly due to their certain limitations. Cognitive-behavioral Music therapy (CBMT) seems to be capable to act as a bridge to new insights and behaviors. Hence, the aim of the current study was to determine the effectiveness of CBMT on cognitive regulation of emotion in the elderly. The present study was a quasi-experimental study with the pretest-posttest and a control group design. The statistical population consisted of all the elderly registered in the day care centers in Babol, Iran in 2019 among which one was selected using convenience sampling method. Out of 53 people eligible to participate in the study according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 30 were randomly assigned in two groups of experiment and control (each group with 15 people). Experimental group underwent six sessions of cognitive-behavioral music therapy, while no intervention was performed for the control group. The research tool was Garnefskis’s cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire. Data were analyzed using univariate analysis of covariance in SPSS-22 software. Findings indicated that CBMT resulted in cognitive regulation of elderly emotions (P<0.05). Based on the findings, CBMT can be applied as an effective model in counseling and psychotherapy centers for cognitive regulation of emotion in the elderly. This treatment method contributes to the cognitive control and the alteration of negative and self-defeating thoughts. References li Azad, M., Manshei, GF., & Ghamrani, A. (2019). The Effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on cognitive regulation of emotion and tolerance of ambiguity of students with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychology of Exceptional People, 9 (36), 33-53. [Persian] Ahmadi, T., Khairati, H., & Ghobari Bonab, B. (2019). The Effectiveness of mindfulness-based education on cognitive emotion regulation and cognitive flexibility of mothers of children with learning disabilities. Empowerment of exceptional children, 10(3), 125-138. [Persian] Anderson, SH. (2000). The Effects of a rational emotive behavior therapy intervention on irrational beliefs and burnout among middle school teachers in the state of Iowa. (Doctoral Dissertation, University of Northern Iowa). https://scholarworks.uni.edu/ Anvari, J., & Sardary, B. (2018). The Effectiveness of positive psychotherapy on improving cognitive emotion regulation strategies in male secondary high school students with anxiety symptoms. Positive Psychology Research, 5(2), 31-46. [Persian] Baltazar, M., & Saarikallio, S. (2019). Strategies and mechanisms in musical affect self-regulation: A new model. Musicae Scientiae, 23 (2), 177-195. Carruthers, E. (2014). Safety, connection, foundation: Single-session individual music therapy with adolescents. Canadian Journal of Music Therapy, 20 (2), 43-63. Cristea, I. A., Szentagotai Tatar, A., Nagy, D., & David, D. (2012). The Bottle is half empthy and that's bad, but not tragic: Differential effects of negative functional reappraisal. Motivation and Emotion, 36(4), 550–563. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-012-9277-6 Chin, T. C., & Rickard, N.S. (2013). Emotion regulation strategy mediates both positive and negative relationship between music uses and well-being. Psychology of Music, 42 (5), 692-713. Dadkhah, a., & shirin bayan, P. (2012). Cognititve emotional regulation in aged people: Standardizaion of cognitive emotional regulation quetionare in Iran. Iranian Rehabilitiation Jornale, 10 (15), 7-24. David, D., JayLynn, S., & Ellis, A. (2010). Rational and irrational beliefs: Research, theory, and clinical practice. Oxford University Press. Dehdari, T., Delvarianzadeh, M., Ariaeean, N., khosravi, F., & Bahar, A. (2019). Nutritional status and its related factors in older people residing in nursing homes in semnan province. Iranian Journal of Ageing (Salmand), 14 (2), 224- 235. [Persian] Field, T. A., Beeson, E. T., & Jones, L. K. (2015). The new ABCs: A practitioner’s guide to neuroscience-informed cognitive-behavior therapy. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 37(3), 206–220. Ellis, A. (1977). A Garland of rational songs. Institute for Rational-Emotive Therapy. Ellis, A. (1980). Therapy, similarities and differences.Cognitive Therapy and Research, 4 (4), 325-340 Ellis, A., & Becker, I. (1982). A Guide to personal happiness. Wilshire Book Company. Ellis, A. (1999). How to make yourself happy and remarkably less disturbable. Impact Publishers. Eric S. D., Norton, A., & Chapman, R. (2019). Using music for case conceptualization: Looking through an Adlerian lens. The Journal of Individual Psychology, 75 (2), 156-170 Garnefski, N., Kraaij, V., & Spinhoven, P (2001). Negative life events, cognitive emotion regulation and depression. Personality and Individual Differences, 30 (8), 1311- 1327. Gross, J. J. (1998). Antecedent and response-focused emotion regulation: Divergent consequences for experience, expression, and physiology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 224–237. Gladding, T.S. (2011). The Creative arts in counseling (4thed.). American Counseling Association. Guterman, J. (2006, Octo. 19). Rational Humorous Songs and Shame-Attacking Exercises in REBT. [Videofile]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BK7MSxKQHtY Hakvoort L., & Bogaerts, S. (2013). Theoretical foundations and workable assumptions for cognitive behavioral music therapy in forensic psychiatry. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 2 (40), 192–200 Heather, M. & Gross J. J. (2010). Emotion regulation in older age. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19(6), 352-357. Hilliard, E.R. (2001). The Use of cognitive-behavioral music therapy in the treatment of women with eating disorders. Music Therapy Perspectives, 19(2), 109–113. Ismailzadeh, S., Hemmati Rad, G., & Sadat Madani, F. (1391). Analysis of praise in two anecdotes of spiritual Masnavi from the perspective of irrational beliefs of Albert Ellis. Studies of Lyrical Language and Literature, 2 (3), 7-20. [Persian] Johari Fard, R. (2009). Basics of clinical music therapy. Journal of Psychotherapy News, 12 (44), 40-63. [Persian] Johari Fard, R (2009). Theme therapy, research in psychology and music therapy methodology (1thed.). Asim Publishing. [Persian] Jungensmeier, B. (2012). The Effects of lyric analysis and songwriting music therapy techniques on self-esteem and coping skills among homeless adolescents.)Master’s thesis, The University of Kansas(. https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/ Kerr, T., Walsh, J., & Marshall, A. (2001). Emotional change processes in music-assisted reframing. Journal of Music Therapy 38(3), 193-211. Khanzadeh, M., Aminimanesh, S., & Aghamohammadi, S. (2019). Difficulty in emotional regulation and pain in the elderly. Journal of Gerontology, 3 (2), 1-10. [Persian] Knight, M., Seymour, T. L., Gaunt, J. T., Baker, C., Nesmith, K., & Mather, M. (2007). Aging and goal-directed emotional attention: Distraction reverses emotional biases. Emotion, 7(4), 705–714. Laukka, P. (2007). Uses of music and psychological well-being among the elderly. Journal of Happiness Studies, 8 (2), 215-241 Lownds, K. M. (2015). Music theraapy songwriting practicices with older adults. )Master’s Thesis. University of Kentucky(. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/music_etds/51/ Lucky, S. (2018, Jan. 9). Rational emotional behavior therapy in song. Albert Ellis Institute. albertellis.org/rebt-in-song-lessons-in-low-frustration-tolerance/ Magill, L., Levin T., & Spodek L. (2016). One-session music therapy and CBT for critically ill cancer patients. Psychiatric Services, 59 (10), 1216-1217. Mihalca, A., & Mihaela, Y. T. (2012). Cognitive emotion regulation strategies and social functioning in adolescents. Procedia -Social and Behavioral Sciences, 82 (2013), 574 – 579. Mohammadi, L., Salehzade Abarghoei, M., & Nasirian M. (2015). Effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Cognitive Emotion Regulation in Men under Methadone Treatment. Positive Psychology Research, 23 (9), 853-861.[Persian] Naeem, F., Trimmer, C., & Tyo, R. (2016). It is Time for the CBT Songs: Music as a medium to deliver cognitive behaviour therapy. Jornale of Biomusical Engineering, 4 (1), 110-124. NajiRanjbaranpour, S., & Nasrollahi, B. (2018). Social adjustment and problem solving in the elderly: The role of cognitive emotion regulation. Psychology of Aging, 5 (2), 143-155. [Persian] Narimani, M., Ali Sari Nasirloo, K., & Effat Parvar, S. (2013). The Effectiveness of emotion-focused education on cognitive emotion regulation strategies of emotionally abused students. Practical Consulting, 3(2), 37-50. [Persian] Robertson, D., & Codd, T. (2019). “Stoicism” as cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT). The Behavior Therapist, 42(2), 42-50. Rajabi, F., & Eslami, A. (2017). The Effectiveness of life skills training on psychological well-being and happiness of older women. Journal of Aging Psychology, 4 (4), 301-312. [Persian] Register, D. M., & Hilliard, R. E. (2008). Using orff-based techniques in children's bereavement groups: A cognitive-behavioral music therapy approach. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 35(2), 162-170. Rezayi, F., Amiri, M., & Taheri, E. (2017). Effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral group therapy on reducing social anxiety and negative cognitive evaluation among hard of hearing young girls. Counseling Culture and Psycotherapy, 8(32), 133-160. Rodda, J., Boyce, N., & Walker, Z. (2008). The Old age psychiatry handbook. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. O’Donohue, W., Fisher, E. J., & Hayes, C. S. (2003). Cognitive behavior therapy: Applying empirically supported techniques in your practice. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Park, A. A. (2011). Theoretical orientations applied by music therapists working in adult psychiatric inpatient settings. )Master’s thesis, Molloy College(. https://digitalcommons.molloy.edu/etd/22/ Parker, F. (2019). Music therapy as a behavior modification for students with severe behavior. )Doctoral dissertation, Auburn University). https://etd.auburn.edu. Shafiabadi, A., & Naseri, Gh. (2015). Theories of psychotherapy and counseling. Samat Publications. [Persian] Shariat, A., Ghazanfari, A., Yarmohammadian, A., Solati, K., & Charami, M. (2019). The Effectiveness of Gestalt therapy on depression, differentiation, cohesive self-awareness and positive psychological characteristics of the elderly. Psychology of Aging, 6 (3), 249-267. [Persian] Sheibani Tazraji, F., Pakdaman, S., Dadkhah, A., & Hasanzadeh Tavakoli, M R. (2010). The Effect of music therapy on depression and loneliness in old people. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing, 5 (2), 54-60. [Persian] Sherdell, L., Waugh, C. E., & Gotlib, I. H. (2012). Anticipatory pleasure predicts motivation for reward in major depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121 (2), 51–60. Silverman, M.J. (2011). Effects of music therapy on change and depression on clients in detoxification. Journal of Addictions Nursing, 22 (4), 185-192. Sloboda, J., & Goethem, V. A. (2011). The Functions of music for affect regulation. Musicae Scientiae, 15(2) 208–228. Stige, B., Ansdell, G., Elefant, C. & Pavlicevic M. (2011). Where music helps: Community music therapy in action and reflection (1th Ed). Routledge. Thompson, R. (1994). Emotion regulation: A theme in search of definition. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child, 59(3), 25–52. Trimmer, C G., Tyom, R. I., Pikard, J., McKenna, C., & Naeem, F. (2018). Low-intensity cognitive behavioural therapy-based music group (CBT-Music) for the treatment of symptoms of anxiety and depression: A Feasibility study. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 46 (2), 168–181. Ugwuanyi, C. S., Ede, M. O., Onyishi, C. N., Ossai, O. V., Nwokenna, E. N., Obikwelu, L. C., Ikechukwu-Ilomuanya, A., Amoke, C. V., Okeke, A. O., Ene, C. U., Offordile, E. E., Ozoemena, L. C., & Nweke, M. L. (2020). Effect of cognitive-behavioral therapy with music therapy in reducing physics test anxiety among students as measured by generalized test anxiety scale. Medicine, 99(17), 1-8. Vafaeifard, M., Rahimi, M., Behnamfar, M., & Khorasan, A. (2017). Cognitive therapy approach and study of two cognitive distortions (exaggerated generalization and hasty conclusion) based on Masnavi allegories Rumi. Textual Criticism of Persian Literature, 2 (34), 46-49. [Persian] Vesali, H., Lachini, A., Afshani, R., & Mahdoodi Zaman, M. (2019). The Eelationship between defense styles and cognitive emotion regulation strategies with death anxiety in the elderly. Thought and Behavior in Clinical Psychology, 15 (55), 26-17. [Persian] Watts. R. E. (1994). A New rational emotive behavior song. Journal of Professional Counseling: Practice, Theory & Research, 23(2), 42-44. Warren, J. M. (2011). Rational rhymes for addressing common childhood issues, Journal of Creativity in Mental Health, 6 (4), 329-339. Wanqing, Y. E., Xiaotong, L. E., & Dahua, W. (2018). The Relationship between cognitive emotion regulation of negative marital events and marital satisfaction among older people: A cross-lagged analysis. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 50(4), 426-435. Yankura, J., & Dryden, W. (1994). Albert Ellis (Key Figures in Counselling and Psychotherapy series). SAGE Publications Ltd. Yazdanbakhsh, K., Karami, J., & Derikvand, F. (2020). Effectiveness of compassion-focused therapy on cognitive emotion regulation in high school girl students bullying. Journal of Psychological Studies, 16(1), 107-122. [Persian] Zadeh Mohammadi, A. (2009). Applications of music therapy in psychiatry, medicine and psychology. Shabahang Publications. [Persian]

https://jap.razi.ac.ir/article_1623_441b4b7d6111dcb4fa2ff4c3b634d467.pdf

Razi University Aging Psychology 2423-7647 6 4 2021 01 20 The Effectiveness of Group Logo Therapy on Self-Belief and Feelings of Worthlessness in the Elderly with Type II Diabetes The Effectiveness of Group Logo Therapy on Self-Belief and Feelings of Worthlessness in the Elderly with Type II Diabetes 399 383 1642 10.22126/jap.2021.5871.1482 FA Mahdokht Tajalifar Master of Rehabilitation Counseling, Payame Noor University, Qazvin, Iran. 0000-0002-4859-5635 Mozhgan Hayati Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran. 00000000319374902 Mahdi Ghodrati Mirkouhi Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran. 0000000034392242x Journal Article 2020 11 03 Low self-believe and feelings of worthlessness are the most common negative mental and emotional states in the elderly with diabetes, which can have several side effects. Therefore, the present study was to probe the effectiveness of group logo therapy on self-belief and feelings of worthlessness in the elderly with type II diabetes. The research method was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest and control group design. The statistical population included all the elderly with type II diabetes in Qazvin. Stratified sampling method was performed on all eligible individuals in the statistical population. The research tools were Azadi’s self-belief questionnaires and Schwartz’s value scale. Having completed the questionnaires, 80 people with the lowest score in each component (46 females and 34 males) were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups (23 women and 17 men in each group). The experimental group exposed to eight 90-minute Victor Frankel Logo therapy sessions. The data were analyzed using univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) statistical method in SPSS-22 software. The results of indicated that experimental intervention was effective on increasing self-belief and reducing the feelings of worthlessness in the elderly with type II diabetes (p < 0.05). The results also showed that gender factor is effective on increasing the effectiveness of group Logo therapy on increasing the self-belief in the elderly with type II diabetes but not on the effectiveness of group Logo therapy on reducing the sense of worthlessness in the elderly with type II diabetes. It is recommended to use a group Logo therapy program to increase self-belief and reduce the feelings of worthlessness in the elderly with type II diabetes. References AbbaszadehAhranjani, Sh., Tabatabai, Mulazi, A., & Pajoohi, M. (2009). Diabetes and old age. Iranian Journal of Diabetes and Metabolism, 8(4), 317-330. [Persian] Ameli, M., & Dattilio, F.M. (2013). Enhancing Cognitive Behavior Therapy with Logo therapy: Techniques for Clinical Practice. Journal of Psychotherapy, 50(3), 387-391. 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[Persian] Faramarzi, S., & Bavali, F. (2017). The effectiveness of group logo therapy to improve psychological well-being of mothers with intellectually disabled children. International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 63(1), 41-45. Frankel, V. E. (1979). The Unheard Cry for Meaning: Psychotherapy and Humanism. New York, NY: Touchstone. Frankel, V. E. (1984). Man's Search for Meaning: An Introduction to Logo therapy (3th ed.). New York, NY: Touchstone. Frankel, V. E. (2019). Search within yourself / self-knowledge and self-confidence, how to increase your self-confidence (translated by E. Mubarakizadeh). Tehran: Pol. (Original language release date, 1963). [Persian] Frouzande, Z., Mami, Sh., & Amani, O. (2020). The Effectiveness of Group Logo therapy on Resiliency, Depression and Quality of Life in Elderly. Journal of Gerontology (joge), 4(4), 19-29. [Persian] Garcia-Alandete, J. (2015). Does Meaning in Life Predict Psychological Well-Being? An Analysis Using the Spanish Versions of the Purpose-In-Life Test and the Ryff’s Scales. The European Journal of Counselling Psychology, 3(2), 89–98. Giddens, A. (2007). Sociology. Self-confidence (translated by H. Chavoshian). Tehran: Ney. (Original language release date, 1986). [Persian] Glicken, M. (2010). Social work in the 21 century. California: SAGA publications. Golmohammadian, M., Nazari, H., & Parvaneh, A. (2016). Effectiveness of group logo therapy on death anxiety and social adjustment of elderly men. Aging Psychology, 2(3), 175-167. [Persian] Hajiazizi, A. H., Bahmani, B., Mahdi, N., ManzariTavakoli, V., & Barshan, A. (2017). Effectiveness of Group Logo therapy on Death Anxiety and Life Expectancy of the Elderly Living in Boarding Houses in Kerman. Iranian Journal of Ageing, 12(2), 220-231. [Persian] Hajiyosefi, E. (2019). Aging and mental health. Tehran: Nasle Roshan. [Persian] Heidari, S., NouriTajer, M., Hosseini, F., Inanlou, M., Golgiri, F., & Shirazi, F. (2008). Geriatric Family Support and Diabetic Type-2 Glycemic Control. Iranian Journal of Ageing, 3(2). 573-580. [Persian] Ho, M. Y., Cheung, F. M., & Cheung, S. F. (2010). The role of meaning in life and optimism in promoting well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(5), 658–663. Kang, K. A., Im Im, J. Kim, H. S., Kim, S. J., Song, M. K., & Sim, S. (2009). The Effect of Logo therapy on the Suffering, Finding Meaning, and Spiritual Well-being of Adolescents with Terminal Cancer. Journal of Korean Academy of Child Health Nursing. 15(2). 136-144. Kang, K. A., Kim, S. J., Song, M. K., & Kim, M. J (2013). Effects of Logo therapy on Life Respect, Meaning of Life, and Depression of Older School-age Children. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 43(1), 91-101. Kingdon, C. (2009). Sociology for Midwives. London: Quay Books. Khaledian, M., & Sohrabi, F. (2015). Effectiveness of Group Logo therapy on Reducing Depression and Increasing Hope in Elderly with Empty Nest Syndrome. Journal of Clinical Psychology Studies, 4(15), 79-104. [Persian] Khaledian, M. Yarahmadi, M. & Mahmoudfakhe, H. (2016). Effect of group logo therapy in reducing depression and increasing hope in drug addicts. Journal of Research & Health Social Development & Health Promotion Research Center, 6(1), 167-174. KhezriMoghadam, N., Vahidi, S., Ashormahani, M. (2018). Efficiency of Cognitive-Existential Group Therapy on Life Expectancy and Depression of Elderly Residing in Nursing Home. Iranian Journal of Ageing, 13(1). 62-73. [Persian] Kleftaras, G., & Psarra, E. (2012). Meaning in life, psychological well-being and depressive symptomatology: A comparative study. Journal of Psychology, 3(4), 337–345. Lazarus, R. S., & Lazarus, B. N. (2006). Coping with aging. England: Oxford University Press. Mandegari, M. (2013). A comparative study of value system in families with drug addicts and normal families (Unpublished Master Thesis in Psychology). Azad University, Hormozgan. [Persian] Mann, M., Hosman, C. H., Schaalma, H. P., & Vries, N. K. (2004). Self-esteem in a broad-spectrum approach for mental health promotion. Journal of Health Education Research, 19(4), 357-372. Mashayekhi, M. (1998). A study of the construction of the elderly population in the country in 1996. Population Quarterly, (25&26). 71-89. [Persian] Melton, A. M. A., & Schulenberg, S. E. (2007). On the relationship between meaning in life and boredom proneness: Examining a logo therapy postulate. Psychological Reports, 10(3), 1016-1022. Milani, M. (2019). Meaning therapy / basics and applications of meaning therapy. Tehran: Dorsa. [Persian] Miller, D. K., Louis, L. Y., Perry, H. M., I. I., Kaiser, F. E., & Morley, J. E. (1999). Reported and Measured Physical Functioning in Older Inner-City Diabetic African Americans. The Journals of Gerontology, 54(5), 230-236. Miri, M., salehiniya, H., Tiyuri, A., bahlgerdi, M., taghizadeh, A. (2016). Prevalence of mental disorders and its related factors among elderly of Birjand. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 2 (2), 94-103. [Persian] Mirzaei, M., & Shamsghahfarokhi, M. (2007). Demography of Elder Population in Iran over the Period 1956 To 2006. Iranian Journal of Ageing, 2(3). 326-331. [Persian] Mohammadi, F. Dokanei Fard, F. Heidari, H. (2014). Effectiveness of Logo Therapy in Hope of Life in the Women Depression. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 159, 643 – 646. Mosafayi, M. (2004). The role of individual and national self-confidence in the development of the country. Proceedings of the Azad University Science Production Movement Conference. [Persian] Motamedi, A. (2017). Psychology of Aging. Tehran: Samt. [Persian] Navabinezhad, Sh. (2000). Psychology of the elderly and the promotion of their mental health; Proceedings of the First International Conference on Aging in Iran (Psychological issues, exercise and nutrition in old age), Volume 3. Tehran: Benevolent Women's Group. [Persian] Parvaei, Sh. (2019). A Qualitative Study of Gender Differences in Ageing Experience in Tehran City. Journal of Demographic Studies, 5(1), 65-102. [Persian] Prochaska, J., & Norcross, J. (2002). Psychotherapy Theories / Psychotherapy Systems Inter-Theoretical Analysis (Translated by Y. Seyed Mohammadi). Tehran: Roshd. (Original language release date, 1999). [Persian] Rice, F. (2007). Human growth from birth to death (translated by M. Foroughan) Tehran: Arjomand. (Original language release date, 2001). [Persian] Rohani, M., Rajai, A., Kimiaee, S., Malekzadeh, J., & BehnamVashani, H. (2013). Effectiveness of cognitive- behavior religious training on feeling of hopelessness, worthlessness and dissatisfaction on nurses’ life. Journal of Health Promotion Management, 2(3). 45-55. [Persian] Safari, A. (2010). The meaning and concept of self-belief and types of self-belief. Paper presented at the Conference of Regional Cultural Elites, Self-Confidence in Islamic and Iranian Culture, Gonbad Kavous. [Persian] Sanaie, N., Alhani, F., & Zolfaghari, M. (2015). the Effect of Education with the partnership approach on the self-efficacy and self-esteem of family caregivers of patients undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG). Medical - Surgical Nursing Journal, 4(3), 21-28. [Persian] Schulenberg, S. E., Hutzell, R. R., Nassif, C., & Rogina, J. M. (2008). Logo therapy for clinical practice. Journal of Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 45(4), 447-463. Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, (25), 1-65.Academic Press. Shao, J., Shen, J., Zhang, K., & Lin, T. (2013). Meaning in life and well-being of older stroke survivors in Chinese communities: Mediating effects of mastery and self-esteem. Journal of Aging & Mental Health, 5(4), 743-748. Shoaakazemi, M., Momeni Javid, M., Ebrahimi Tazekand. F., & Khalilid, SH. (2012). The effect of logo therapy on improving the quality of life in girl students with PTSD. Life Science Journal, 9(4), 5692-5698. Sivandi, R. (2013). Investigating the relationship between leadership quality and managers' self-confidence in Kerman University of Medical Sciences (Unpublished Master Thesis in Human Resource Management). Azad University, Rafsanjan. [Persian] Steger, M. F., & Kashdan, T. B. (2007). Stability and specificity of meaning in life and life satisfaction over one year. Journal of Happiness Studies, 8(2), 161-179. Steger, M. F., Mann, J. R., Michels, P., & Cooper, T. C. (2009). Meaning in life, anxiety, depression, and general health among smoking cessation patients. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 67(4), 353-358. Sudani, M., Shojaeian, M., and Nisi, A. (2012). The effect of group logo - therapy on loneliness in retired men. Journal of Research of Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences, 2(1), 43-54. [Persian] Taghvaeenia, A., & Delavarizadeh, S (2017). The Effectiveness of Group Logo therapy on the increase of Psychological Well-Being of the Elderly Retired Women. Journal of Aging Psychology, 2(2), 115-124. [Persian] Twigg, J. (2004). The body, gender, and age: Feminist insights in social gerontology. Journal of Aging Studies, 18(1). 59–73. Ulrichova, M. (2012). Logo Therapy and Existential Analysis in Counseling Psychology as Prevention and Treatment of Burnout Syndrome. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 69, 502-509. Vanki Farahani, Z., Pashang, S., & HosseinzadehTaghvaei, M. (2016). Group therapy with the approach of logo therapy on general health of elderlies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 10(37). 2008-4331. [Persian] Wild, S., Roglic, G., Green, A., Sicree, R., & King, H. (2004). Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Journal of Diabetes Care, 27(5), 1047-1053. Zanjari, N., Sadeghi, R., & Delbari, A. (2019). Analysis of Gender Differences in Time Use Among Iranian Older Adults. Iranian Journal of Ageing, 13(5). 588-603. [Persian] Zanjiran, S., Keyani, L., Zare, M., shayeghian, Z. (2017). The Effectiveness of Group Logotherapy on the Sense of Loneliness of Elderly Women Resident in Nursing Home. Knowledge & Research in Applied Psychology, 16(3), 60-67. [Persian] Zarebahramabadi, M., Vafaiebaneh, F., Ghaderi, A., & Taqvaei, D. (2013). The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy on the quality of life of patients with type 2 diabetes. Iranian Journal of Diabetes and Metabolism, 12(3). 225-232. [Persian] Low self-believe and feelings of worthlessness are the most common negative mental and emotional states in the elderly with diabetes, which can have several side effects. Therefore, the present study was to probe the effectiveness of group logo therapy on self-belief and feelings of worthlessness in the elderly with type II diabetes. The research method was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest and control group design. The statistical population included all the elderly with type II diabetes in Qazvin. Stratified sampling method was performed on all eligible individuals in the statistical population. The research tools were Azadi’s self-belief questionnaires and Schwartz’s value scale. Having completed the questionnaires, 80 people with the lowest score in each component (46 females and 34 males) were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups (23 women and 17 men in each group). The experimental group exposed to eight 90-minute Victor Frankel Logo therapy sessions. The data were analyzed using univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) statistical method in SPSS-22 software. The results of indicated that experimental intervention was effective on increasing self-belief and reducing the feelings of worthlessness in the elderly with type II diabetes (p < 0.05). The results also showed that gender factor is effective on increasing the effectiveness of group Logo therapy on increasing the self-belief in the elderly with type II diabetes but not on the effectiveness of group Logo therapy on reducing the sense of worthlessness in the elderly with type II diabetes. It is recommended to use a group Logo therapy program to increase self-belief and reduce the feelings of worthlessness in the elderly with type II diabetes. References AbbaszadehAhranjani, Sh., Tabatabai, Mulazi, A., & Pajoohi, M. (2009). Diabetes and old age. 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Effects of Logo therapy on Life Respect, Meaning of Life, and Depression of Older School-age Children. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 43(1), 91-101. Kingdon, C. (2009). Sociology for Midwives. London: Quay Books. Khaledian, M., & Sohrabi, F. (2015). Effectiveness of Group Logo therapy on Reducing Depression and Increasing Hope in Elderly with Empty Nest Syndrome. Journal of Clinical Psychology Studies, 4(15), 79-104. [Persian] Khaledian, M. Yarahmadi, M. & Mahmoudfakhe, H. (2016). Effect of group logo therapy in reducing depression and increasing hope in drug addicts. Journal of Research & Health Social Development & Health Promotion Research Center, 6(1), 167-174. KhezriMoghadam, N., Vahidi, S., Ashormahani, M. (2018). Efficiency of Cognitive-Existential Group Therapy on Life Expectancy and Depression of Elderly Residing in Nursing Home. Iranian Journal of Ageing, 13(1). 62-73. [Persian] Kleftaras, G., & Psarra, E. (2012). Meaning in life, psychological well-being and depressive symptomatology: A comparative study. Journal of Psychology, 3(4), 337–345. Lazarus, R. S., & Lazarus, B. N. (2006). Coping with aging. England: Oxford University Press. Mandegari, M. (2013). A comparative study of value system in families with drug addicts and normal families (Unpublished Master Thesis in Psychology). Azad University, Hormozgan. [Persian] Mann, M., Hosman, C. H., Schaalma, H. P., & Vries, N. K. (2004). Self-esteem in a broad-spectrum approach for mental health promotion. Journal of Health Education Research, 19(4), 357-372. Mashayekhi, M. (1998). A study of the construction of the elderly population in the country in 1996. Population Quarterly, (25&26). 71-89. [Persian] Melton, A. M. A., & Schulenberg, S. E. (2007). On the relationship between meaning in life and boredom proneness: Examining a logo therapy postulate. Psychological Reports, 10(3), 1016-1022. Milani, M. (2019). Meaning therapy / basics and applications of meaning therapy. Tehran: Dorsa. [Persian] Miller, D. K., Louis, L. Y., Perry, H. M., I. I., Kaiser, F. E., & Morley, J. E. (1999). Reported and Measured Physical Functioning in Older Inner-City Diabetic African Americans. The Journals of Gerontology, 54(5), 230-236. Miri, M., salehiniya, H., Tiyuri, A., bahlgerdi, M., taghizadeh, A. (2016). Prevalence of mental disorders and its related factors among elderly of Birjand. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 2 (2), 94-103. [Persian] Mirzaei, M., & Shamsghahfarokhi, M. (2007). Demography of Elder Population in Iran over the Period 1956 To 2006. Iranian Journal of Ageing, 2(3). 326-331. [Persian] Mohammadi, F. Dokanei Fard, F. Heidari, H. (2014). Effectiveness of Logo Therapy in Hope of Life in the Women Depression. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 159, 643 – 646. Mosafayi, M. (2004). The role of individual and national self-confidence in the development of the country. Proceedings of the Azad University Science Production Movement Conference. [Persian] Motamedi, A. (2017). Psychology of Aging. Tehran: Samt. [Persian] Navabinezhad, Sh. (2000). Psychology of the elderly and the promotion of their mental health; Proceedings of the First International Conference on Aging in Iran (Psychological issues, exercise and nutrition in old age), Volume 3. Tehran: Benevolent Women's Group. [Persian] Parvaei, Sh. (2019). A Qualitative Study of Gender Differences in Ageing Experience in Tehran City. Journal of Demographic Studies, 5(1), 65-102. [Persian] Prochaska, J., & Norcross, J. (2002). Psychotherapy Theories / Psychotherapy Systems Inter-Theoretical Analysis (Translated by Y. Seyed Mohammadi). Tehran: Roshd. (Original language release date, 1999). [Persian] Rice, F. (2007). Human growth from birth to death (translated by M. Foroughan) Tehran: Arjomand. (Original language release date, 2001). [Persian] Rohani, M., Rajai, A., Kimiaee, S., Malekzadeh, J., & BehnamVashani, H. (2013). Effectiveness of cognitive- behavior religious training on feeling of hopelessness, worthlessness and dissatisfaction on nurses’ life. Journal of Health Promotion Management, 2(3). 45-55. [Persian] Safari, A. (2010). The meaning and concept of self-belief and types of self-belief. Paper presented at the Conference of Regional Cultural Elites, Self-Confidence in Islamic and Iranian Culture, Gonbad Kavous. [Persian] Sanaie, N., Alhani, F., & Zolfaghari, M. (2015). the Effect of Education with the partnership approach on the self-efficacy and self-esteem of family caregivers of patients undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG). Medical - Surgical Nursing Journal, 4(3), 21-28. [Persian] Schulenberg, S. E., Hutzell, R. R., Nassif, C., & Rogina, J. M. (2008). Logo therapy for clinical practice. Journal of Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 45(4), 447-463. Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, (25), 1-65.Academic Press. Shao, J., Shen, J., Zhang, K., & Lin, T. (2013). Meaning in life and well-being of older stroke survivors in Chinese communities: Mediating effects of mastery and self-esteem. Journal of Aging & Mental Health, 5(4), 743-748. Shoaakazemi, M., Momeni Javid, M., Ebrahimi Tazekand. F., & Khalilid, SH. (2012). The effect of logo therapy on improving the quality of life in girl students with PTSD. Life Science Journal, 9(4), 5692-5698. Sivandi, R. (2013). Investigating the relationship between leadership quality and managers' self-confidence in Kerman University of Medical Sciences (Unpublished Master Thesis in Human Resource Management). Azad University, Rafsanjan. [Persian] Steger, M. F., & Kashdan, T. B. (2007). Stability and specificity of meaning in life and life satisfaction over one year. Journal of Happiness Studies, 8(2), 161-179. Steger, M. F., Mann, J. R., Michels, P., & Cooper, T. C. (2009). Meaning in life, anxiety, depression, and general health among smoking cessation patients. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 67(4), 353-358. Sudani, M., Shojaeian, M., and Nisi, A. (2012). The effect of group logo - therapy on loneliness in retired men. Journal of Research of Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences, 2(1), 43-54. [Persian] Taghvaeenia, A., & Delavarizadeh, S (2017). The Effectiveness of Group Logo therapy on the increase of Psychological Well-Being of the Elderly Retired Women. Journal of Aging Psychology, 2(2), 115-124. [Persian] Twigg, J. (2004). The body, gender, and age: Feminist insights in social gerontology. Journal of Aging Studies, 18(1). 59–73. Ulrichova, M. (2012). Logo Therapy and Existential Analysis in Counseling Psychology as Prevention and Treatment of Burnout Syndrome. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 69, 502-509. Vanki Farahani, Z., Pashang, S., & HosseinzadehTaghvaei, M. (2016). Group therapy with the approach of logo therapy on general health of elderlies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 10(37). 2008-4331. [Persian] Wild, S., Roglic, G., Green, A., Sicree, R., & King, H. (2004). Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Journal of Diabetes Care, 27(5), 1047-1053. Zanjari, N., Sadeghi, R., & Delbari, A. (2019). Analysis of Gender Differences in Time Use Among Iranian Older Adults. Iranian Journal of Ageing, 13(5). 588-603. [Persian] Zanjiran, S., Keyani, L., Zare, M., shayeghian, Z. (2017). The Effectiveness of Group Logotherapy on the Sense of Loneliness of Elderly Women Resident in Nursing Home. Knowledge & Research in Applied Psychology, 16(3), 60-67. [Persian] Zarebahramabadi, M., Vafaiebaneh, F., Ghaderi, A., & Taqvaei, D. (2013). The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy on the quality of life of patients with type 2 diabetes. Iranian Journal of Diabetes and Metabolism, 12(3). 225-232. [Persian]

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